Jeweller - November 2021

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in catastrophic explosions known as kimberlitic eruptions. Those familiar with diamond formation will recognise the term ‘kimberlite’, which refers to the diamond-rich channels made by these eruptions. Dazzling diamonds Intriguingly, the rarest and largest diamonds are believed to be of super-deep origin. These diamonds are often described as ‘Cullinan-like’, named after the largest diamond ever discovered – the Cullinan diamond, which weighed 3,106 carats. It was discovered by Thomas Evan Powell on 26 January 1905 at the Premier Mine in South Africa. Cullinan-like diamonds have metallic inclusions with compositions that support the processes involved in the formation of super-deep diamonds. So far, mines containing super-deep diamonds have been identified as the most productive globally, with South Africa and Brazil the main producers of super-deep diamonds. Other locations might bear super-deep diamonds, but they have not been discovered yet. Unlocking Earth’s secrets An even rarer type of diamonds is the oceanic type. These diamonds share similarities with super-deep diamonds and formed when the oceanic crust crashed into the continental lithosphere. The comparative study of both super-deep and oceanic diamonds indicates that carbon from dead organisms seems to be the primary source of carbon, suggesting that the deep carbon cycles are closely linked to the surface carbon cycles. The super-deep and oceanic diamonds are the sole samples we have from deep within the Earth and give us invaluable information on what is happening hundreds to thousands of kilometres below our feet. So far, studies on these diamonds demonstrate that Earth’s interior is wetter than expected and that surface material, including organic matter, has been recycled deep in the mantle. The fundamental question that remains to be answered is, when does it start? This question will keep scientists busy for the years to come. While recycling is becoming a modern-day necessity for our sustainable survival, we were particularly surprised to learn, through this research, that Mother Nature has been showing us how to recycle with style for billions of years. This research helps us to understand Earth’s carbon cycle and could provide the key to even more secrets of the Earth’s history; by mapping the distribution of continental and oceanic diamonds, we can potentially identify the past locations of mantle plumes and superplumes. The Curtin University Earth Dynamics Research Group's study of super-deep diamonds, 'Oceanic and super-deep continental diamonds share a transition zone origin and mantle plume transportation', was published in the journal Nature Scientific Report in August <strong>2021</strong>. Visit: geodynamics.curtin.edu.au/research/ research-highlights 18ct Diamond & Precious Coloured Gemstone <strong>Jeweller</strong>y DJDIAMONDDESIGNS.COM.AU DR LUC DOUCET is a research fellow at the Earth Dynamics Research Group of Curtin University in Perth, Western Australia. He and his team reconstruct the geodynamic processes that made the Earth the way it is today. Visit: geodynamics.curtin.edu.au Daniel Jacuk - 0412 071 103 sales@djdiamonddesigns.com.au
SCIENTIFIC REPORT | Super-Deep Diamonds CHART B: SUBDUCTION DIAGRAM The diagram below indicates how the subduction process occurs, dragging tectonic plates back into the mantle. Metallic melt forms in the transition zone, while super-deep diamonds form in the lower mantle. Diagram provided by Dr. Luc Doucet
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Jeweller - November 2021

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