Students Book

2 Grammar
Participle clauses
a Look at the examples. For each sentence,
say who or what is the subject of the
verbs.
Watching the sunset, you feel in awe of the
beauty of nature.
Having spent five days in a city, we thought we’d
maybe like to ‘get back to nature’.
b Match sentences 1 and 2 with the
meanings a and b. Then complete the
rule. Write present or past.
1 Reading the letter, I was very nervous.
2 Having read the letter, I was very nervous.
a I felt nervous after I finished reading the
letter.
b I felt nervous at the same time that I was
reading the letter.
RULE: We use a participle
(the -ing form of the verb) when the
action happens or happened at the same
time as the main action.
We use the present participle of have
+ participle when the action
happened before the main action.
A
C
The subject of the participle clause and the main
clause must be the
same.
Walking down the street, the sun was shining.
This would mean, the sun was walking down the street!
Walking down the street, the boy kicked a stone.
This means, the boy was walking down the street
and the boy kicked the stone.
These clauses are more common in writing than in
speaking.
3 Vocabulary
Geographical features
a Match the words with the pictures. Write
1–10 in the boxes.
1 a coral reef
6 a mountain range
2 a bay
3 a lake
4 a canyon
5 a waterfall
7 a cliff
8 a plain
9 a glacier
10 a desert
2
B
D
c Join the two sentences to make one. Use
participle clauses.
1 I was swimming past a rock. I saw a shark
in the distance.
Swimming past a rock, I saw a shark in
the distance.
2 She waved her hands. She tried to keep
the flies away from her face.
3 You walk between the trees. You can see
the sun coming through the branches.
4 The visitors watched the sunset on the
rock. Then they walked back to their
hotel.
5 The Amazon River travels 1000 km. Then
it meets the Rio Negro.
6 The trees stand in the forest. They seem
to be indestructible.
7 The man listened to the sounds of
nature. He felt very alone.
E
G
I
b
CD3 T12
Listen and check your answers.
c Work in pairs. You have three minutes to think
of as many famous examples of these features
as you can.
F
H
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UNIT 12 89