Kumar-2011-Research-Methodology_-A-Step-by-Step-Guide-for-Beginners

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Chapter 8: Selecting a study design 105more appropriate. For good quantitative research it is important that you combine quantitativeskills with qualitative ones when ascertaining the nature and extent of diversity and variationin a phenomenon. In the author’s opinion, the qualitative–quantitative–qualitative approachto research is comprehensive and worth consideration. This involves starting with qualitativemethods to determine the spread of diversity, using quantitative methods to quantify thespread and then going back to qualitative to explain the observed patterns. As already stated,the author does not recommend your locking yourself into either the qualitative or quantitativeparadigm and, though you may have your preference, it is the purpose that shoulddetermine the choice between quantitative and qualitative study designs. If you already know(from previous studies or practice knowledge) the nature of diversity in any area of interestto you, knowledge about its extent can be determined only by using quantitative methods. Inmost cases where you want to explore both, you need to use methods that fall in the domainof both paradigms.Study designs in quantitative researchSome of the commonly used designs in quantitative studies can be classified by examiningthem from three different perspectives:1 the number of contacts with the study population;2 the reference period of the study;3 the nature of the investigation.Every study design can be classified from each one of these perspectives. These perspectivesare arbitrary bases of classification; hence, the terminology used to describe them is not universal.However, the names of the designs within each classification base are universally used.Note that the designs within each category are mutually exclusive; that is, if a particular studyis cross-sectional in nature it cannot be at the same time a before-and-after or a longitudinalstudy, but it can be a non-experimental or experimental study, as well as a retrospectivestudy or a prospective study. See Figure 8.1.Another section has been added to the three sections listed above titled ‘Others – somecommonly used study designs’. This section includes some commonly used designs which arebased on a certain philosophy or methodology, and which have acquired their own names.Study designs based on the number of contactsBased on the number of contacts with the study population, designs can be classified intothree groups:1 cross-sectional studies;2 before-and-after studies;3 longitudinal studies.
Classification baseStudy designsNumber of contactsOne Two Three or moreCross-sectionalstudiesLongitudinalstudiesBefore-andafterstudiesFigure 8.1 Types of study designTypes of study designReference periodNature of theinvestigationRetrospective ExperimentalProspectiveNon-experimentalRetrospective–prospectiveSemi-experimental
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3rd editionResearchMethodologya ste
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SAGE has been part of the global ac
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© Ranjit Kumar 1999, 2005, 2011Fir
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ContentsList of figuresList of tabl
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Contentsix6 Constructing hypotheses
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contentsxiThe concept of reliabilit
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contentsxiiiSTEP VIII WRITING A RES
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xviResearch Methodology6.3 Types of
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Tables1.1 Types of research studies
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xxResearch Methodologyareas covered
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Chapter 1Research: A Way of Thinkin
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Chapter 1: Research: A Way of Think
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Chapter 2The Research Process: A Qu
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Chapter 2: The Research Process: A
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Considerationsand steps informulati
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STEP IThis operational step include
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32Research Methodologybody of knowl
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34Research MethodologyThere are fou
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36Research MethodologyIn most libra
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38Research Methodology(Continued)
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40Research MethodologyNote: Prelimi
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42Research MethodologySummaryReview
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44Research MethodologyHowever, more
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46Research MethodologyIn fact, a cl
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48Research Methodology••Level o
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50Step 4Step 5Step 6Step 7Research
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Example 2: Suppose you want to stud
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Page 171 and 172: 148Research Methodologyimportance o
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156Research MethodologyConstructing
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158Research MethodologyIn terms of
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160Research MethodologyThere are th
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162Research Methodologyinformation.
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164Research Methodology••Validi
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Chapter 10Collecting Data Using Att
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Chapter 10: Collecting Data Using A
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Chapter 11Establishing the Validity
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Chapter 11: validit y and reliabili
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Chapter 12Selecting a SampleIn this
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 193S
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 195f
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 197P
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 199
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Table 12.3Chapter 12: Selecting a s
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 203S
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 205N
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 207t
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 209o
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 211l
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 213a
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STEP VThis operational step include
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218Research Methodologyfor differen
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220Research Methodologythe student
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224Research MethodologyExample C•
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226Research MethodologyExample CMai
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228Research Methodology••Are yo
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230The settingResearch MethodologyB
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232Research MethodologyExample CThe
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236Research Methodology(Continued)C
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238Research MethodologyThe guidelin
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Chapter 14Considering Ethical Issue
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Chapter 14: Considering Ethical Iss
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Providing incentivesChapter 14: Con
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Chapter 15Processing DataIn this ch
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 255Thes
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 257ordi
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 259Ther
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 261Tabl
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Table 15.1(Continued)Chapter 15: Pr
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 265This
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 267Resp
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 2692 co
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 271RESP
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ProgramProgrammer DateIdentificatio
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 275In t
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 277ID A
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 279Cont
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 281Buil
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 283form
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 285(Con
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 287seem
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 289cert
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292Research MethodologyBroadly, the
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294Research MethodologyTitleTable X
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296Research MethodologyTable 16.4 A
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298Research Methodologypeople misin
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300Research Methodology25Attitude t
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302Research MethodologyAttitude tow
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304Research Methodologyof the inter
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306Research MethodologyPercentage o
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308Statistical measuresResearch Met
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STEP VIIIThis operational step incl
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314Research MethodologyIn addition
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316Research MethodologyThe Family E
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318Research MethodologyFamily Engag
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320Research MethodologyProvide a ta
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322Research MethodologyFor You to T
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324Research MethodologyOver the pas
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326Research MethodologyEvaluation m
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328Research Methodology‘tested’
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330Research Methodologythe measurem
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332Research Methodologyreasonable p
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334Research Methodologythe percenta
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336Research Methodology••Opinio
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338Research MethodologyTotalchangeC
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340Research MethodologyIn the refle
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342Research Methodology••Simila
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344Research Methodologyobjectives b
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346Research Methodology(Continued)2
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348Research MethodologyConceptsIndi
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350Research MethodologyStep 4: Deve
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352Step 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Step 5St
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AppendixDeveloping a research proje
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Appendix 357• attitudes of host c
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Appendix 359Step V On the basis of
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Appendix 361The following table sug
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Appendix 363For qualitative studies
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Appendix 365The issues raised in th
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8(d) If you are using mailed questi
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Appendix 369For quantitative studie
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Appendix 371_______________________
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Appendix 373_______________________
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Appendix 375_______________________
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Glossary100 per cent bar chart: The
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Glossary 379the various frequencies
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Glossary 381to person. These words
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Glossary 383Cross-sectional studies
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Glossary 385Experimental group: An
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Glossary 387a number of reasons. Wh
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Glossary 389intervention of another
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Glossary 391linking causes with the
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Glossary 393the impact of extraneou
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Glossary 395visible characteristic
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Glossary 397Research objectives are
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Glossary 399Scattergram: When you w
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Glossary 401elements from other int
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BibliographyAckroyd, Stephen & John
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Bibliography 405Grinnell, Richard J
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Bibliography 407Stufflebeam, Daniel
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410conceptual framework 40concurren
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412matching 100maturation effect 10
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414schedule, work 237Schinke, S.P.
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Research MethodsBooks from SAGERead
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