Kumar-2011-Research-Methodology_-A-Step-by-Step-Guide-for-Beginners

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ProgramProgrammer DateIdentification numberStatementNumberMarital statusStudy area Difference in work Level of satisfaction1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 350 0 3 1 6 4 3 8 8 0 9 8 8 8 8 2 2 6 9 7 7 7 8 3 8 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 40 5 9 1 6 1 3 8 8 0 1 8 8 8 8 0 3 1 9 7 7 8 8 8 8 2 4 3 4 2 4 3 5 3 50 8 1 1 5 1 2 8 8 1 3 8 8 8 8 1 7 0 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 3 2 4 3 5 2 4 2 4Record no. Age Achievement levelFortran S36 37 38 39 40Cont.Figure 15.7 An example of coded data on a code sheet
274Research MethodologyStep IV: Verifying the coded dataOnce the data is coded, select a few research instruments at random and record the responsesto identify any discrepancies in coding. Continue to verify coding until you are sure that thereare no discrepancies. If there are discrepancies, re-examine the coding.Developing a frame of analysisAlthough a framework of analysis needs to evolve continuously while writing your report, it isdesirable to broadly develop it before analysing the data. A frame of analysis should specify:••which variables you are planning to analyse;••how they should be analysed;••what cross-tabulations you need to work out;••which variables you need to combine to construct your major concepts or to develop indices(in formulating a research problem concepts are changed to variables – at this stage changethem back to concepts);••which variables are to be subjected to which statistical procedures.To illustrate, let us take the example from the survey used in this chapter.Frequency distributionsA frequency distribution groups respondents into the subcategories into which a variablecan be divided. Unless you are not planning to use answers to some of the questions,you should have a frequency distribution for all the variables. Each variable can be specifiedeither separately or collectively in the frame of analysis. To illustrate, they are identified hereseparately by the names used in the code book. For example, frame of analysis should includefrequency distribution for the following variables:••age;••ms;••tedu (tedu1, tedu2, tedu3 – multiple responses, to be collectively analysed);••study (study1, study2, study3 – multiple responses, to be collectively analysed);••difwk (difwk1, difwk2, difwk3, difwk4, difwk5 – multiple responses, to be collectively analysed);••jobsta, jobstb;••jobsata, jobsatb;••motiva, motivb.••etc.Cross-tabulationsCross-tabulations analyse two variables, usually independent and dependent or attribute anddependent, to determine if there is a relationship between them. The subcategories of boththe variables are cross-tabulated to ascertain if a relationship exists between them. Usually, theabsolute number of respondents, and the row and column percentages, give you a reasonablygood idea as to the possible association.
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3rd editionResearchMethodologya ste
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SAGE has been part of the global ac
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© Ranjit Kumar 1999, 2005, 2011Fir
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ContentsList of figuresList of tabl
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Contentsix6 Constructing hypotheses
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contentsxiThe concept of reliabilit
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contentsxiiiSTEP VIII WRITING A RES
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xviResearch Methodology6.3 Types of
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Tables1.1 Types of research studies
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xxResearch Methodologyareas covered
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Chapter 1Research: A Way of Thinkin
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Chapter 1: Research: A Way of Think
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Chapter 2The Research Process: A Qu
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Chapter 2: The Research Process: A
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Considerationsand steps informulati
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STEP IThis operational step include
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32Research Methodologybody of knowl
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34Research MethodologyThere are fou
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36Research MethodologyIn most libra
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38Research Methodology(Continued)
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40Research MethodologyNote: Prelimi
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42Research MethodologySummaryReview
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44Research MethodologyHowever, more
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46Research MethodologyIn fact, a cl
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48Research Methodology••Level o
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50Step 4Step 5Step 6Step 7Research
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Example 2: Suppose you want to stud
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54Research MethodologySubobjectives
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56Research Methodologyor operationa
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58Research MethodologyOnce I superv
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Chapter 5Identifying VariablesIn th
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Chapter 5: Identifying Variables 63
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Table 5.2 Converting concepts into
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Classification baseClassificationTy
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Table 5.4Characteristics and exampl
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82Research Methodologywithout const
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84Research MethodologyPhase I Phase
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86Research MethodologyMaternal and
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88Research MethodologyWhen all null
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90Research MethodologyFor You to Th
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Chapter 7The Research DesignIn this
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Chapter 7: The research design 95of
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Chapter 7: The research design 97fo
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Chapter 7: The research design 99Ch
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Chapter 7: The research design 101S
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104Research MethodologyDifferences
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Classification baseStudy designsNum
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108Research MethodologyStudypopulat
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110Research Methodologyan attitude
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112Research Methodology(a)Studypopu
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114Research MethodologyIn the forme
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116Research Methodologyto compare t
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118Research MethodologyIn the exper
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120Research Methodology(Note that (
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122Research Methodology••Someti
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124Research MethodologyThe replicat
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126Blind studiesResearch Methodolog
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128Research Methodologyand open dis
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130Research MethodologyCommunity fo
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132Research MethodologyThere are tw
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This operational step includes thre
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138Research MethodologyDifferences
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140Research MethodologyCollecting d
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142Research MethodologyObserving a
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144Research Methodologybeing observ
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146Research MethodologyWhere to go?
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148Research Methodologyimportance o
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150Research Methodologyto prepare a
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152Research MethodologyA. Please in
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154Research Methodology••There
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156Research MethodologyConstructing
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158Research MethodologyIn terms of
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160Research MethodologyThere are th
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162Research Methodologyinformation.
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164Research Methodology••Validi
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Chapter 10Collecting Data Using Att
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Chapter 10: Collecting Data Using A
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Chapter 11Establishing the Validity
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Chapter 11: validit y and reliabili
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Chapter 12Selecting a SampleIn this
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 193S
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 195f
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 197P
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 199
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Table 12.3Chapter 12: Selecting a s
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 203S
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 205N
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 207t
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 209o
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 211l
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 213a
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STEP VThis operational step include
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218Research Methodologyfor differen
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220Research Methodologythe student
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Page 247 and 248: 224Research MethodologyExample C•
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Page 255 and 256: 232Research MethodologyExample CThe
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Page 259 and 260: 236Research Methodology(Continued)C
Page 261 and 262: 238Research MethodologyThe guidelin
Page 264 and 265: Chapter 14Considering Ethical Issue
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Page 268 and 269: Providing incentivesChapter 14: Con
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Page 276 and 277: Chapter 15Processing DataIn this ch
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Page 334: STEP VIIIThis operational step incl
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324Research MethodologyOver the pas
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326Research MethodologyEvaluation m
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328Research Methodology‘tested’
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330Research Methodologythe measurem
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332Research Methodologyreasonable p
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334Research Methodologythe percenta
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336Research Methodology••Opinio
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338Research MethodologyTotalchangeC
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340Research MethodologyIn the refle
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342Research Methodology••Simila
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344Research Methodologyobjectives b
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346Research Methodology(Continued)2
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348Research MethodologyConceptsIndi
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350Research MethodologyStep 4: Deve
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352Step 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Step 5St
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AppendixDeveloping a research proje
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Appendix 357• attitudes of host c
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Appendix 359Step V On the basis of
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Appendix 361The following table sug
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Appendix 363For qualitative studies
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Appendix 365The issues raised in th
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8(d) If you are using mailed questi
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Appendix 369For quantitative studie
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Appendix 371_______________________
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Appendix 373_______________________
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Appendix 375_______________________
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Glossary100 per cent bar chart: The
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Glossary 379the various frequencies
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Glossary 381to person. These words
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Glossary 383Cross-sectional studies
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Glossary 385Experimental group: An
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Glossary 387a number of reasons. Wh
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Glossary 389intervention of another
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Glossary 391linking causes with the
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Glossary 393the impact of extraneou
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Glossary 395visible characteristic
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Glossary 397Research objectives are
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Glossary 399Scattergram: When you w
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Glossary 401elements from other int
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BibliographyAckroyd, Stephen & John
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Bibliography 405Grinnell, Richard J
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Bibliography 407Stufflebeam, Daniel
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410conceptual framework 40concurren
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412matching 100maturation effect 10
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414schedule, work 237Schinke, S.P.
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Research MethodsBooks from SAGERead
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