Kumar-2011-Research-Methodology_-A-Step-by-Step-Guide-for-Beginners

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Table 12.3Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 201Selecting a sample using a table for random numbers1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101 48461 14952 72619 73689 52059 37086 60050 86192 67049 647392 76534 38149 49692 31366 52093 15422 20498 33901 10319 433973 70437 25861 38504 14752 23757 29660 67844 78815 23758 868144 59584 03370 42806 11393 71722 93804 09095 07856 55589 468205 04285 58554 16085 51555 27501 73883 33427 33343 45507 500636 77340 10412 69189 85171 29802 44785 86368 02583 96483 765537 59183 62687 91778 80354 23512 97219 65921 02035 59487 914038 91800 04281 39979 03927 82564 28777 59049 97532 54540 794729 12066 24817 81099 48940 69554 55925 48379 12866 41232 2158010 69907 91751 53512 23748 65906 91385 84983 27915 48491 9106811 80467 04873 54053 25955 48518 13815 37707 68687 15570 0889012 78057 67835 28302 45048 56761 97725 58438 91529 24645 1854413 05648 39387 78191 88415 60269 94880 58812 42931 71898 6153414 22304 39246 01350 99451 61862 78688 30339 60222 74052 2574015 61346 50269 67005 40442 33100 16742 61640 21046 31909 7264116 56793 37696 27965 30459 91011 51426 31006 77468 61029 5710817 56411 48609 36698 42453 85061 43769 39948 87031 30767 1395318 62098 12825 81744 28882 27369 88185 65846 92545 09065 2265319 68775 06261 54265 16203 23340 84750 16317 88686 86842 0087920 52679 19599 13687 74872 89181 01939 18447 10787 76246 8007221 84096 87152 20719 25215 04349 54434 72344 93008 83282 3167022 83964 55937 21417 49944 38356 98404 14850 17994 17161 9898123 31191 75131 72386 11689 95727 05414 88727 45583 22568 7770024 30545 68523 29850 67833 05622 89975 79042 27142 99257 3234925 52573 91001 52315 26430 54175 30122 31796 98842 37600 2602526 16586 81842 01076 99414 31574 94719 34656 80018 86988 7923427 81841 88481 61191 25013 30272 23388 22463 65774 10029 5837628 43563 66829 72838 08074 57080 15446 11034 98143 74989 2688529 19945 84193 57581 77252 85604 45412 43556 27518 90572 0056330 79374 23796 16919 99691 80276 32818 62953 78831 54395 3070531 48503 26615 43980 09810 38289 66679 73799 48418 12647 4004432 32049 65541 37937 41105 70106 89706 40829 40789 59547 0078333 18547 71562 95493 34112 76895 46766 96395 31718 48302 4589334 03180 96742 61486 43305 84183 99605 67803 13491 09243 2955735 94822 24738 67749 83748 59799 25210 31093 62925 72061 6999136 04330 60599 85828 19152 68499 27977 35611 96240 62747 8952937 43770 81537 59527 95674 76692 86420 69930 10020 72881 1253238 56908 77192 50623 41215 14311 42834 80651 93750 59957 3121139 32787 07189 80539 75927 75475 73965 11796 72140 48944 7415640 52441 78392 11733 57703 29133 71164 55355 31006 25526 5579041 22377 54723 18227 28449 04570 18882 00023 67101 06895 0891542 18376 73460 88841 39602 34049 20589 05701 08249 74213 2522043 53201 28610 87957 21497 64729 64983 71551 99016 87903 6387544 34919 78801 59710 27396 02593 05665 11964 44134 00273 7635845 33617 92159 21971 16901 57383 34262 41744 60891 57624 0696246 70010 40964 98780 72418 52571 18415 64362 90637 38034 0490947 19282 68447 35665 31530 59838 49181 21914 65742 89815 3923148 91429 73328 13266 54898 68795 40948 80808 63887 89939 4793849 97637 78393 33021 05867 86520 45363 43066 00988 64040 0980350 95150 07625 05255 83254 93943 52325 93230 62668 79529 66964Source: Statistical Tables, 3e, by F. James Rohlf and Robert R. Sokal. Copyright © 1969, 1981, 1994 byW.H. Freeman and Company. Used with permission.
202Research MethodologyStep 1 Identify the total number of elements in the study population, for example 50, 100, 430, 795 or1265. The total number of elements in a study population may run up to four or more digits (ifyour total sampling population is 9 or less, it is one digit; if it is 99 or less, it is two digits; …).Step 2 Number each element starting from 1.Step 3 If the table for random numbers is on more than one page, choose the starting page by arandom procedure. Again, select a column or row that will be your starting point with a randomprocedure and proceed from there in a predetermined direction.Step 4 Corresponding to the number of digits to which the total population runs, select the samenumber, randomly, of columns or rows of digits from the table.Step 5 Decide on your sample size.Step 6 Select the required number of elements for your sample from the table. If you happen to selectthe same number twice, discard it and go to the next. This can happen as the table for randomnumbers is generated by sampling with replacement.Figure 12.3The procedure for using a table of random numbersTable 12.4Selected elements using the table of random numbersColumn in Table 12.349 2329 246 16134 40Elements selected52 29 65243 61 2136310 23423168 108 72 2544 211 156 2202 149 246Sampling with or without replacementRandom sampling can be selected using two different systems:1 sampling without replacement;2 sampling with replacement.Suppose you want to select a sample of 20 students out of a total of 80. The first student isselected out of the total class, and so the probability of selection for the first student is 1/80.When you select the second student there are only 79 left in the class and the probability ofselection for the second student is not 1/80 but 1/79. The probability of selecting the nextstudent is 1/78. By the time you select the 20th student, the probability of his/her selection is1/61. This type of sampling is called sampling without replacement. But this is contraryto our basic definition of randomisation; that is, each element has an equal and independentchance of selection. In the second system, called sampling with replacement, the selected
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3rd editionResearchMethodologya ste
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SAGE has been part of the global ac
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© Ranjit Kumar 1999, 2005, 2011Fir
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ContentsList of figuresList of tabl
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Contentsix6 Constructing hypotheses
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contentsxiThe concept of reliabilit
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contentsxiiiSTEP VIII WRITING A RES
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xviResearch Methodology6.3 Types of
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Tables1.1 Types of research studies
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xxResearch Methodologyareas covered
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Chapter 1Research: A Way of Thinkin
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Chapter 1: Research: A Way of Think
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Chapter 2The Research Process: A Qu
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Chapter 2: The Research Process: A
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Considerationsand steps informulati
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STEP IThis operational step include
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32Research Methodologybody of knowl
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34Research MethodologyThere are fou
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36Research MethodologyIn most libra
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38Research Methodology(Continued)
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40Research MethodologyNote: Prelimi
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42Research MethodologySummaryReview
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44Research MethodologyHowever, more
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46Research MethodologyIn fact, a cl
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48Research Methodology••Level o
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50Step 4Step 5Step 6Step 7Research
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Example 2: Suppose you want to stud
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54Research MethodologySubobjectives
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56Research Methodologyor operationa
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58Research MethodologyOnce I superv
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Chapter 5Identifying VariablesIn th
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Chapter 5: Identifying Variables 63
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Table 5.2 Converting concepts into
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Classification baseClassificationTy
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Table 5.4Characteristics and exampl
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82Research Methodologywithout const
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84Research MethodologyPhase I Phase
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86Research MethodologyMaternal and
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88Research MethodologyWhen all null
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90Research MethodologyFor You to Th
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Chapter 7The Research DesignIn this
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Chapter 7: The research design 95of
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Chapter 7: The research design 97fo
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Chapter 7: The research design 99Ch
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Chapter 7: The research design 101S
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104Research MethodologyDifferences
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Classification baseStudy designsNum
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108Research MethodologyStudypopulat
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110Research Methodologyan attitude
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112Research Methodology(a)Studypopu
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114Research MethodologyIn the forme
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116Research Methodologyto compare t
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118Research MethodologyIn the exper
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120Research Methodology(Note that (
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122Research Methodology••Someti
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124Research MethodologyThe replicat
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126Blind studiesResearch Methodolog
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128Research Methodologyand open dis
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130Research MethodologyCommunity fo
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132Research MethodologyThere are tw
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This operational step includes thre
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138Research MethodologyDifferences
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140Research MethodologyCollecting d
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142Research MethodologyObserving a
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144Research Methodologybeing observ
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146Research MethodologyWhere to go?
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148Research Methodologyimportance o
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Page 187 and 188: 164Research Methodology••Validi
Page 190 and 191: Chapter 10Collecting Data Using Att
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Page 200 and 201: Chapter 11Establishing the Validity
Page 202 and 203: Chapter 11: validit y and reliabili
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Page 214 and 215: Chapter 12Selecting a SampleIn this
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Page 238: STEP VThis operational step include
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Page 247 and 248: 224Research MethodologyExample C•
Page 249 and 250: 226Research MethodologyExample CMai
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Page 255 and 256: 232Research MethodologyExample CThe
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Page 259 and 260: 236Research Methodology(Continued)C
Page 261 and 262: 238Research MethodologyThe guidelin
Page 264 and 265: Chapter 14Considering Ethical Issue
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Page 268 and 269: Providing incentivesChapter 14: Con
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Chapter 15Processing DataIn this ch
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 255Thes
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 257ordi
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 259Ther
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 261Tabl
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Table 15.1(Continued)Chapter 15: Pr
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 265This
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 267Resp
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 2692 co
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 271RESP
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ProgramProgrammer DateIdentificatio
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 275In t
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 277ID A
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 279Cont
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 281Buil
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 283form
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 285(Con
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 287seem
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 289cert
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292Research MethodologyBroadly, the
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294Research MethodologyTitleTable X
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296Research MethodologyTable 16.4 A
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298Research Methodologypeople misin
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300Research Methodology25Attitude t
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302Research MethodologyAttitude tow
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304Research Methodologyof the inter
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306Research MethodologyPercentage o
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308Statistical measuresResearch Met
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STEP VIIIThis operational step incl
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314Research MethodologyIn addition
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316Research MethodologyThe Family E
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318Research MethodologyFamily Engag
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320Research MethodologyProvide a ta
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322Research MethodologyFor You to T
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324Research MethodologyOver the pas
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326Research MethodologyEvaluation m
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328Research Methodology‘tested’
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330Research Methodologythe measurem
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332Research Methodologyreasonable p
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334Research Methodologythe percenta
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336Research Methodology••Opinio
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338Research MethodologyTotalchangeC
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340Research MethodologyIn the refle
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342Research Methodology••Simila
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344Research Methodologyobjectives b
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346Research Methodology(Continued)2
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348Research MethodologyConceptsIndi
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350Research MethodologyStep 4: Deve
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352Step 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Step 5St
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AppendixDeveloping a research proje
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Appendix 357• attitudes of host c
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Appendix 359Step V On the basis of
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Appendix 361The following table sug
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Appendix 363For qualitative studies
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Appendix 365The issues raised in th
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8(d) If you are using mailed questi
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Appendix 369For quantitative studie
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Appendix 371_______________________
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Appendix 373_______________________
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Appendix 375_______________________
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Glossary100 per cent bar chart: The
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Glossary 379the various frequencies
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Glossary 381to person. These words
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Glossary 383Cross-sectional studies
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Glossary 385Experimental group: An
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Glossary 387a number of reasons. Wh
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Glossary 389intervention of another
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Glossary 391linking causes with the
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Glossary 393the impact of extraneou
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Glossary 395visible characteristic
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Glossary 397Research objectives are
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Glossary 399Scattergram: When you w
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Glossary 401elements from other int
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BibliographyAckroyd, Stephen & John
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Bibliography 405Grinnell, Richard J
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Bibliography 407Stufflebeam, Daniel
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410conceptual framework 40concurren
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412matching 100maturation effect 10
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414schedule, work 237Schinke, S.P.
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Research MethodsBooks from SAGERead
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