Kumar-2011-Research-Methodology_-A-Step-by-Step-Guide-for-Beginners

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Research Methodology
6.3 Types of hypothesis 87
6.4 Type I and Type II errors in testing a hypothesis 88
7.1 Factors affecting the relationship between a counselling service and
the extent of marital problems 96
7.2 The relationship between teaching models and comprehension 98
7.3 The proportion attributable to the three components may vary markedly 99
7.4 Building into the design 100
8.1 Types of study design 106
8.2 Before-and-after (pre-test/post-test) study design 108
8.3 The regression effect 109
8.4 The longitudinal study design 110
8.5a Retrospective study design 112
8.5b Prospective study design 112
8.5c Retrospective-prospective study design 112
8.6 Experimental and non-experimental studies 113
8.7 Randomisation in experiments 114
8.8 The after-only design 115
8.9 Measurement of change through a before-and-after design 116
8.10 The control experimental design 117
8.11 Double-control designs 119
8.12 Comparative experimental design 121
8.13 The placebo design 122
8.14 The cross-over experimental design 123
8.15 The replicated cross-sectional design 124
8.16 Action research design 131
9.1 Methods of data collection 139
9.2 A three-directional rating scale 143
9.3 Types of interview 144
9.4 Example 1: Where to go? A study of occupational mobility among immigrants 146
9.5 Example 2: Occupational redeployment – a study of occupational
redeployment among state government employees 147
9.6 Examples of closed questions 152
9.7 Examples of open-ended questions 153
10.1 An example of a categorical scale 170
10.2 An example of a seven-point numerical scale 171
10.3 An example of a scale with statements reflecting varying 171
degrees of an attitude
10.4 The procedure for constructing a Likert scale 172
10.5 Scoring positive and negative statements 173
10.6 Calculating an attitudinal score 173
10.7 The procedure for constructing the Thurstone scale 174