Kumar-2011-Research-Methodology_-A-Step-by-Step-Guide-for-Beginners

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Chapter 2The Research Process: A Quick GlanceIn this chapter you will learn about:• The eight-step model for carrying out researchPHASE I DECIDING WHAT TO RESEARCH• Step I Formulating a research problemPHASE II PLANNING A RESEARCH STUDY• Step II Conceptualising a research design• Step III Constructing an instrument for data collection• Step IV Selecting a sample• Step V Writing a research proposalPHASE III CONDUCTING A RESEARCH STUDY• Step VI Collecting data• Step VII Processing and displaying data• Step VIII Writing a research reportKeywords: data, data display, data processing, empiricism, hypotheses,interview schedule, non-probability sample, primary data, probabilitysample, qualitative research, questionnaire, rationalism, reliability, researchdesign, research instrument, research objectives, research problem, researchproposal, sample, sample size, sampling design, secondary data, studydesign, unstructured interview, validity, variables.
18Research MethodologyBut much advantage will occur if men of science become their own epistemologists,and show to the world by critical exposition in non-technical terms the results andmethods of their constructive work, that more than mere instinct is involved in it: thecommunity has indeed a right to expect as much as this. (Poincaré 1952: xii)The research process: an eight-step modelResearch methodology is taught as a supporting subject in several ways in many academicdisciplines at various levels by people committed to a variety of research paradigms. Thoughparadigms vary in their contents and substance, their broad approach to enquiry, in the author’sopinion, is similar. Such ideas have also been expressed by Festinger and Katz, who in the forewordof their book Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences say that, ‘Although the basic logicof scientific methodology is the same in all fields, its specific techniques and approaches willvary, depending upon the subject matter’ (1966: vi). Therefore, the model developed here isgeneric in nature and can be applied to a number of disciplines in the social sciences. It isbased upon a practical and step-by-step approach to a research enquiry and each step providesa smorgasbord of methods, models and procedures.Suppose you want to go out for a drive. Before you start, you must decide where you wantto go and then which route to take. If you know the route, you do not need to consult a streetdirectory, but, if you do not know the route, then you need to use one. Your problem is compoundedif there is more than one route. You need to decide which one to take. The researchprocess is very similar to undertaking a journey. As with your drive, for a research journeythere are also two important decisions to make. The first is to decide what you want to findout about or, in other words, what research questions you want to find answers to. Havingdecided upon your research questions or research problems, you then need to decide how togo about finding their answers. The path to finding answers to your research questions constitutesresearch methodology. Just as there are posts along the way as you travel to your destination,so there are practical steps through which you must pass in your research journey in order tofind the answers to your research questions (Figure 2.1). The sequence of these steps is notfixed and with experience you can change it. At each operational step in the research processyou are required to choose from a multiplicity of methods, procedures and models of researchmethodology which will help you best achieve your research objectives. This is where yourknowledge base of research methodology plays a crucial role.The aim of this book is to provide you with knowledge that will enable you to select themost appropriate methods and procedures. The strength of this book lies in anchoring thetheoretical knowledge of the steps that you need to go through on your research journey. Ateach operational step, the book aims to provide, at a beginner’s level, knowledge of methodsand procedures used by both qualitative and quantitative researchers, though there is an inclinationtowards the quantitative way of thinking.Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies differ both in their underpinningphilosophy and, to some extent, in the methods, models and procedures used. Thoughthe research process is broadly the same in both, quantitative and qualitative research are
Page 1 and 2: 3rd editionResearchMethodologya ste
Page 3 and 4: SAGE has been part of the global ac
Page 5 and 6: © Ranjit Kumar 1999, 2005, 2011Fir
Page 8 and 9: ContentsList of figuresList of tabl
Page 10 and 11: Contentsix6 Constructing hypotheses
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Page 14: contentsxiiiSTEP VIII WRITING A RES
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Page 19 and 20: Tables1.1 Types of research studies
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Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1Research: A Way of Thinkin
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Classification baseClassificationTy
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Table 5.4Characteristics and exampl
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82Research Methodologywithout const
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84Research MethodologyPhase I Phase
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86Research MethodologyMaternal and
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88Research MethodologyWhen all null
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90Research MethodologyFor You to Th
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Chapter 7The Research DesignIn this
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Chapter 7: The research design 95of
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Chapter 7: The research design 97fo
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Chapter 7: The research design 99Ch
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Chapter 7: The research design 101S
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104Research MethodologyDifferences
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Classification baseStudy designsNum
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108Research MethodologyStudypopulat
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110Research Methodologyan attitude
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112Research Methodology(a)Studypopu
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114Research MethodologyIn the forme
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116Research Methodologyto compare t
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118Research MethodologyIn the exper
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120Research Methodology(Note that (
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122Research Methodology••Someti
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124Research MethodologyThe replicat
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126Blind studiesResearch Methodolog
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128Research Methodologyand open dis
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130Research MethodologyCommunity fo
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132Research MethodologyThere are tw
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This operational step includes thre
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138Research MethodologyDifferences
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140Research MethodologyCollecting d
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142Research MethodologyObserving a
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144Research Methodologybeing observ
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146Research MethodologyWhere to go?
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148Research Methodologyimportance o
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150Research Methodologyto prepare a
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152Research MethodologyA. Please in
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154Research Methodology••There
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156Research MethodologyConstructing
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158Research MethodologyIn terms of
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160Research MethodologyThere are th
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162Research Methodologyinformation.
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164Research Methodology••Validi
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Chapter 10Collecting Data Using Att
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Chapter 10: Collecting Data Using A
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Chapter 11Establishing the Validity
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Chapter 11: validit y and reliabili
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Chapter 12Selecting a SampleIn this
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 197P
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Table 12.3Chapter 12: Selecting a s
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Chapter 12: Selecting a sample 213a
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STEP VThis operational step include
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218Research Methodologyfor differen
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220Research Methodologythe student
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222Research Methodology(Continued)
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224Research MethodologyExample C•
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226Research MethodologyExample CMai
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228Research Methodology••Are yo
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230The settingResearch MethodologyB
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232Research MethodologyExample CThe
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234Research Methodology(Continued)
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236Research Methodology(Continued)C
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238Research MethodologyThe guidelin
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Chapter 14Considering Ethical Issue
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Chapter 14: Considering Ethical Iss
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Providing incentivesChapter 14: Con
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Chapter 15Processing DataIn this ch
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 255Thes
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 257ordi
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 259Ther
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 261Tabl
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Table 15.1(Continued)Chapter 15: Pr
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 265This
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 271RESP
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ProgramProgrammer DateIdentificatio
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 277ID A
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 283form
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Chapter 15: Processing Data 287seem
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292Research MethodologyBroadly, the
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294Research MethodologyTitleTable X
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296Research MethodologyTable 16.4 A
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298Research Methodologypeople misin
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300Research Methodology25Attitude t
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302Research MethodologyAttitude tow
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304Research Methodologyof the inter
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306Research MethodologyPercentage o
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308Statistical measuresResearch Met
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STEP VIIIThis operational step incl
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314Research MethodologyIn addition
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316Research MethodologyThe Family E
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318Research MethodologyFamily Engag
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320Research MethodologyProvide a ta
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322Research MethodologyFor You to T
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324Research MethodologyOver the pas
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326Research MethodologyEvaluation m
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328Research Methodology‘tested’
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330Research Methodologythe measurem
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332Research Methodologyreasonable p
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334Research Methodologythe percenta
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336Research Methodology••Opinio
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338Research MethodologyTotalchangeC
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340Research MethodologyIn the refle
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342Research Methodology••Simila
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344Research Methodologyobjectives b
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346Research Methodology(Continued)2
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348Research MethodologyConceptsIndi
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350Research MethodologyStep 4: Deve
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352Step 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Step 5St
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AppendixDeveloping a research proje
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Appendix 357• attitudes of host c
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Appendix 359Step V On the basis of
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Appendix 361The following table sug
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Appendix 363For qualitative studies
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Appendix 365The issues raised in th
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8(d) If you are using mailed questi
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Appendix 369For quantitative studie
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Appendix 371_______________________
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Appendix 373_______________________
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Appendix 375_______________________
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Glossary100 per cent bar chart: The
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Glossary 379the various frequencies
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Glossary 381to person. These words
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Glossary 383Cross-sectional studies
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Glossary 385Experimental group: An
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Glossary 387a number of reasons. Wh
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Glossary 389intervention of another
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Glossary 391linking causes with the
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Glossary 393the impact of extraneou
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Glossary 395visible characteristic
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Glossary 397Research objectives are
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Glossary 399Scattergram: When you w
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Glossary 401elements from other int
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BibliographyAckroyd, Stephen & John
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Bibliography 405Grinnell, Richard J
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Bibliography 407Stufflebeam, Daniel
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410conceptual framework 40concurren
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412matching 100maturation effect 10
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414schedule, work 237Schinke, S.P.
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Research MethodsBooks from SAGERead
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