Capturing CO2 from ambient air - David Keith

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Acknowledgments When I was deciding which graduate school to attend, I asked several Civil and Environmental Engineering students at Carnegie Mellon (CMU) about how the students related with each other, whether they were competitive, whether they tend to help each other out, and so forth. Then-graduate-student Joe Bushey replied that the general feeling is that “we’re all trying to save the world here, so we might as well do it together”. After four years at CMU, this is the best way I can describe the interactions I have had with colleagues in my departments and elsewhere on campus. I can’t think of a time, in this wonderfully collaborative and cooperative environment, when I was denied assistance by anyone or when I declined to give assistance when asked. The seminars, reading groups, and informal talks with students and professors have stimulated my thinking, broadened my knowledge, and improved my research. I must thank my superlative colleagues for making my time at CMU enjoyable and deeply satisfying. The spirit of cooperative assistance is exemplified by my friend and colleague Jeffrey Pierce, who took nights out of his vacation to write code for, and help me use, a model of drop coalescence in the late days of this thesis, handily navigating my complete inexperience with Fortran 77 and mounting deadline-related desperation. I must thank Professor Granger Morgan for his unwavering enthusiasm (even, perhaps, when my own wavered) and support for my research and his wisdom in many subjects. I thank Professor Jay Apt, also for his enthusiasm, and for providing me with many opportunities to present my findings. I thank Peter Adams for some very key research help, particularly on modeling coalescence, but on other topics as well. I also thank Professor Edward Rubin for adamantly pointing out a weakness in my research which, in large part, pushed me to model coalescence in the first place. I owe the success of the prototype experiments partly to two excellent, hard-working undergraduates at the University of Calgary: Kenton Heidel and Leif Menezes. Without their labors, the completion of those experiments would not have been possible in the short summer I spent in Calgary. The construction of that prototype was also aided by practical advice from Professor Larry Cartwright, who I thank for demonstrating in many subtle (as well as obvious) ways what it is to be an engineer. Of course I owe the largest debt of gratitude to my advisors. I thank Professor Greg Lowry for the years of help and support, particularly his open-door policy and frequent guidance on practical matters and for his remarkable experimental insight. The same thanks go to Professor David Keith, particularly for challenging me and for having big ideas and inviting my opinions on them. The research presented in this thesis was funded from a variety of sources: the Pittsburgh Infrastructure Technology Alliance (PITA), the Carnegie Mellon Seed Fund, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, and the Climate Decision Making Center (CDMC), which was created through a cooperative agreement iv
etween the National Science Foundation (SES-0345798) and Carnegie Mellon University. v
Page 1 and 2: Capturing CO2 from ambient air: a f
Page 3: For my family, friends, and everyon
Page 7 and 8: Contents Acknowledgments iv Abstrac
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures 1.1 Global CO2 emis
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Introduction The climate
Page 13 and 14: egeneration at a high enough concen
Page 15 and 16: 1.4 Routes to air capture 1.4.1 Org
Page 17 and 18: The NaOH approach is the primary su
Page 19 and 20: there is no compelling reason to ca
Page 21 and 22: 7Na2CO3(l)+5Na2Ti3O7(s) ⇋ 4Na8Ti5
Page 23 and 24: changing the process design to acco
Page 25 and 26: Component / source GJ/t-CO2 electri
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 3 Contactor In this chapter
Page 29 and 30: the CO2 capture rate in a spray sys
Page 31 and 32: CO 2 absorption per pass [mol/l] 10
Page 33 and 34: CO 2 absorption [mmol/pass] 16 14 1
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3.5: Water loss measured in
Page 37 and 38: 3.3.1 CO2 depletion in air With lon
Page 39 and 40: where vt,1 and vt,2 are the termina
Page 41 and 42: surface area [m 2 -surface / m 3 -r
Page 43 and 44: spray mass density [kg / ln(μm)] 1
Page 45 and 46: average surface area [m 2 -spray /
Page 47 and 48: As a bound on the effects of coales
Page 49 and 50: Draft type Height [m] Crosssectiona
Page 51 and 52: 2. Median assumptions, no coalescen
Page 53 and 54: capture system. We can also see tha
Page 55 and 56:
Multistage spray One possible solut
Page 57 and 58:
Although, the cost of water loss ma
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3.5.6 Solids formation - scaling an
Page 61 and 62:
Chapter 4 Cost of air capture Altho
Page 63 and 64:
Capital Capacity Electric a Thermal
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Component Capital + O&M Energy cost
Page 67 and 68:
Chapter 5 Discussion Overview In th
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5.2 Lessons for assessing of future
Page 71 and 72:
Bibliography Adams, P. J. and Seinf
Page 73 and 74:
IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: M
Page 75 and 76:
Tzivion, S., Feingold, G., and Levi
Page 77 and 78:
F Liquid flow rate in the contactor
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Appendix B Experimental details and
Page 81 and 82:
Figure B.2: Photograph of completed
Page 83 and 84:
Figure B.4: Two cranes lift the rea
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fastened together and lined, the re
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The prototype has three particle fi
Page 89 and 90:
Figure B.7: Sampling points of CO2
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In order to calculate CO2 absorbed,
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Absorbed CO 2 [mol/l] 0.3 0.25 0.2
Page 95:
periodic switching of the spray on
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Capturing CO2 from ambient air - David Keith

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