Capturing CO2 from ambient air - David Keith

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Appendix A List of Symbols A Cross sectional area of the contactor [m 2 ] C Concentration of CO2 in air C0 Concentration of CO2 in solution at the drop surface [mol/m 3 ] Cap Amortized capital cost [US$/yr] Cin Concentration of CO2 in air at the contactor inlet Cout Concentration of CO2 in air at the contactor outlet ] Concentration of carbonate ions in solution [mol/L] � cl Heat capacity of solution [CO 2− 3 � J K·kg � J cp,air Heat capacity of air at constant pressure K·kg D Drop diameter [m] Dg Diffusivity of CO2 in gas (air) Dl Diffusivity of CO2 in liquid (water) ˙E Rate of energy use by the contactor ˙Eelec Rate of electrical energy use by a component ˙E f an Rate of energy use to run the fan in the contactor ˙Eli fting Rate of energy use to lift solution in the contactor ˙Enozzle Rate of energy use to overcome the pressure drop across the nozzles in the contactor ˙Etherm Rate of thermal energy use by a component � 66
F Liquid flow rate in the contactor [m 3 /s] g Gravitational constant [m 2 /s] H Height of the contactor [m] h Vertical coordinate (height) within contactor [m] K Collection kernel for colliding drops [cm 3 /s] kg Gas-side mass transfer coefficient kspray Empirical spray constant: CO2 absorption per unit surface area per unit time kv Empirical constant for calculating the terminal velocity of a drop ˙M Rate of CO2 absorption by the contactor O&M Operating costs excluding energy [US$/yr] [OH − ] Concentration of hydroxide ions in solution [mol/L] pelec Price of carbon-neutral electricity [US$/GJ] ptherm Price of thermal energy (natural gas equivalent) [US$/GJ] Q Rate of CO2 absorption by a drop [mol/s] R Gas constant R C/Cnet � mol m2 � s Ratio of carbon processed by a component to net carbon captured by the total system [] R H2O/CO2 Ratio of water lost by evaporation to CO2 absorbed by NaOH solution, molar basis [] RH Relative humidity of air S Average surface area of spray per unit bulk volume in the contactor � m2 surface m2 � contactor t time since a drop leaves the nozzle or since a parcel of air entered the contactor [s] T Temperature of air V Volume of the contactor [m 3 ] Vd Volume of a drop ΔCH2O Difference between inlet and outlet water vapor concentration in the contactor ΔG Change in free energy 67
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Capturing CO2 from ambient air: a f
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For my family, friends, and everyon
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etween the National Science Foundat
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Contents Acknowledgments iv Abstrac
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List of Figures 1.1 Global CO2 emis
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Chapter 1 Introduction The climate
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egeneration at a high enough concen
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1.4 Routes to air capture 1.4.1 Org
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The NaOH approach is the primary su
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there is no compelling reason to ca
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7Na2CO3(l)+5Na2Ti3O7(s) ⇋ 4Na8Ti5
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changing the process design to acco
Page 25 and 26: Component / source GJ/t-CO2 electri
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 3 Contactor In this chapter
Page 29 and 30: the CO2 capture rate in a spray sys
Page 31 and 32: CO 2 absorption per pass [mol/l] 10
Page 33 and 34: CO 2 absorption [mmol/pass] 16 14 1
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3.5: Water loss measured in
Page 37 and 38: 3.3.1 CO2 depletion in air With lon
Page 39 and 40: where vt,1 and vt,2 are the termina
Page 41 and 42: surface area [m 2 -surface / m 3 -r
Page 43 and 44: spray mass density [kg / ln(μm)] 1
Page 45 and 46: average surface area [m 2 -spray /
Page 47 and 48: As a bound on the effects of coales
Page 49 and 50: Draft type Height [m] Crosssectiona
Page 51 and 52: 2. Median assumptions, no coalescen
Page 53 and 54: capture system. We can also see tha
Page 55 and 56: Multistage spray One possible solut
Page 57 and 58: Although, the cost of water loss ma
Page 59 and 60: 3.5.6 Solids formation - scaling an
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 4 Cost of air capture Altho
Page 63 and 64: Capital Capacity Electric a Thermal
Page 65 and 66: Component Capital + O&M Energy cost
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 5 Discussion Overview In th
Page 69 and 70: 5.2 Lessons for assessing of future
Page 71 and 72: Bibliography Adams, P. J. and Seinf
Page 73 and 74: IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: M
Page 75: Tzivion, S., Feingold, G., and Levi
Page 79 and 80: Appendix B Experimental details and
Page 81 and 82: Figure B.2: Photograph of completed
Page 83 and 84: Figure B.4: Two cranes lift the rea
Page 85 and 86: fastened together and lined, the re
Page 87 and 88: The prototype has three particle fi
Page 89 and 90: Figure B.7: Sampling points of CO2
Page 91 and 92: In order to calculate CO2 absorbed,
Page 93 and 94: Absorbed CO 2 [mol/l] 0.3 0.25 0.2
Page 95: periodic switching of the spray on
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