Calcium-Binding Protein Protocols Calcium-Binding Protein Protocols

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Solution Scattering 137 12 Small-Angle Solution Scattering Reveals Information on Conformational Dynamics in Calcium-Binding Proteins and in their Interactions with Regulatory Targets Jill Trewhella and Joanna K. Krueger 1. Introduction When a beam of neutrons or X-rays encounters a protein in solution, a small portion of the beam will be deflected or “scattered.” The angular dependence of this scattering is related to the structure of the protein. For a solution of randomly oriented proteins, the scattering is concentrated in the vicinity of the direct beam, or zero-angle. Solution scattering is therefore often referred to as small-angle or low-angle scattering. Structural information encoded in the scattering data includes the overall size and shape of the protein. Although this information is relatively low-resolution, it is not limited by the requirement of having crystals and it can be applied to structures with dimensions in the range 10–1000 Å. This range is extremely useful for studies of proteins and the complexes they form. The calcium-binding proteins have proven ideal candidates for study using small-angle solution-scattering techniques. Small-angle scattering studies of the dumbbell-shaped calcium-binding proteins, calmodulin (CaM) and troponin C (TnC), have been particularly fruitful. They have provided key insights into the conformational dynamics of the multifunctional CaM in different stages of the Ca 2+ signaling sequence, as well as into the nature of different CaM target enzyme interactions (see Subheading 3.5.1.). In the case of TnC, small-angle neutron scattering experiments have provided important structural constraints regarding its interactions with troponin I (see Subheading 3.5.2.). From: Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 173: Calcium-Binding Protein Protocols, Vol. 2: Methods and Techniques Edited by: H. J. Vogel © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ 137
138 Trewhella and Krueger This chapter will outline the practical aspects of small-angle scattering using X-rays or neutrons, the underlying theory of the technique, and approaches to scattering data analysis. Examples of scattering experiments on calcium-binding proteins and their interactions with the proteins whose activities they regulate will be highlighted in order to illustrate the information that can be obtained. Comprehensive reference texts on the theory and practice of small-angle scattering that are extremely useful have been written by Glatter and Kratky (1) and Feigin and Svergun (2). There is also a recent review (3) that gives an overview of the techniques and their application to biomolecular structural analysis in general. 2. Materials 2.1. Small-Angle Scattering Facilities A small-angle scattering instrument generally consists of (1) a radiation source that provides a beam of neutrons or X-rays; (2) a monochromator that selects the wavelength of the radiation; (3) a collimator that directs or focuses the radiation to a point on a detector; (4) a sample environment between the source and the detector; and (5) a position sensitive detecting device. The detectors are one- or two-dimensional proportional counters. One-dimensional detectors are less expensive, but with a two-dimensional area detector, the data can be circularly averaged to give a one-dimensional scattering profile with maximum signal to noise. This feature is particularly useful at the larger scattering angles where the scattering signal is weakest. In general, small-angle scattering instruments for protein studies are found at large user facilities, or are custom built in specialist laboratories. Synchrotron and neutron facilities have user programs whereby scientists can apply for time on the instruments, usually via a peer reviewed proposal system. Interacting with an established small-angle scattering laboratory or a user facility is often the best way to get started. 2.1.1. X-Ray Scattering Sources and Instruments X-rays are produced either at synchrotron sources, where the radiation is emitted by the acceleration of electrons circulating at ultrahigh speed, or by laboratory X-ray generating devices such as X-ray tubes or rotating anodes. Laboratory devices depend upon the electronic transitions in atoms that emit X-rays (e.g., the Kα transition of copper which yields 1.54 Å X-rays). The useful X-ray wavelengths for small-angle scattering are approx 1–2 Å. Synchrotron radiation has very high brilliance (intensity) which facilitates rapid data acquisition on small samples. Laboratory devices are comparatively weak, but they cause less damage to samples due to the ionizing radiation. There are
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Methods in Molecular BiologyTM Biol
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M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R
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© 2002 Humana Press Inc. 999 River
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Preface Calcium plays an important
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Contents Dedication ...............
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Contents xi 26 Enzymatic Assays to
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xiv Contents of Companion Volume 15
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xvi Contributors LESLIE D. HICKS
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20 Dean, Kelsey, and Re
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2 Yazawa
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4 Yazawa Fig. 1. Schematic represen
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6 Yazawa Fig. 2. Shop drawing for t
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8 Yazawa DuPont-NEN and the molar c
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10 Yazawa Fig. 4. Examples of the C
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12 Yazawa 5. Plot the calculated Ca
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14 Yazawa 12. Starovasnik, M. A., D
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16 Fig. 1. Molecular structures and
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18 Linse 7. 0.1 M EDTA. Dissolve 37
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20 Linse iterate the other paramete
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22 Linse tive to small alterations
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24 Linse References 1. Tsien, R. Y.
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26 Haiech and Kilhoffer to use the
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28 Haiech and Kilhoffer where γ is
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30 Haiech and Kilhoffer reporter gr
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32 Haiech and Kilhoffer tein with i
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34 Haiech and Kilhoffer Calmodulin
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36 Haiech and Kilhoffer Fig. 3. Mec
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38 Haiech and Kilhoffer We may sugg
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40 Haiech and Kilhoffer 29. Stewart
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42 Haiech and Kilhoffer 62. Becking
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44 Martin and Bayley Fig. 1. Absorp
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46 Martin and Bayley evaporation. C
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48 Martin and Bayley 4. Set the tem
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50 Martin and Bayley Fig. 2. Near-U
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52 Martin and Bayley discussed by M
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54 Martin and Bayley References 1.
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20 Dean, Kelsey, and Reik
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58 Fabian and Vogel are equipped wi
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60 Fabian and Vogel The penetration
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62 Fabian and Vogel perature, ionic
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64 Fabian and Vogel Fig. 3. IR spec
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66 Fabian and Vogel Fig. 4. Lower t
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68 Fabian and Vogel These correlati
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70 Fabian and Vogel Fig. 5. Amide I
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72 Fabian and Vogel 4. ATR-FTIR spe
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74 Fabian and Vogel 25. Georg, H.,
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76 Weljie and Vogel Fig. 1. Simplif
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78 Weljie and Vogel Fig. 3. Steady-
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80 Weljie and Vogel VIS spectrophot
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82 Weljie and Vogel 4. A series of
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84 Table 1 Advanced Fluorescence Me
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188 Brokx and Vogel Fig. 2. 20% SDS
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190 Brokx and Vogel it through an a
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192 Brokx and Vogel 8. Weljie, A. M
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196 Berliner Fig. 1. Aqueous X-band
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198 Berliner in the Bruker instrume
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200 Berliner Fig. 3. ESR spectra of
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202 Berliner Fig. 5. Low-temperatur
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204 Berliner 14. Musci, G., Reed, G
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206 Clarke and Vogel cal calcium-bi
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208 Clarke and Vogel Fig. 1. 113 Cd
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214 Clarke and Vogel The linewidth
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218 Drakenberg sands, of Hertz broa
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220 Drakenberg 1. Bloch equations m
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222 Drakenberg Fig. 2. Measurement
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224 Drakenberg Fig. 3. (A) 43 Ca NM
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226 Drakenberg Fig. 5. 43 Ca NMR sp
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228 Drakenberg NMR at sub-mM concen
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230 Drakenberg 30. Shimizu, T., Hat
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232 Weljie and Heringa Table 1 Amin
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234 Weljie and Heringa Table 2 Webs
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236 Weljie and Heringa diction meth
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238 Weljie and Heringa these databa
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240 Weljie and Heringa lineages. Th
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242 Weljie and Heringa compared, an
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244 Weljie and Heringa sequences as
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246 Weljie and Heringa much larger
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248 Weljie and Heringa ment require
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250 Weljie and Heringa 10. Kawasaki
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252 Weljie and Heringa 44. Thompson
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254 Weljie and Heringa
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256 Li et al. In order for these ex
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258 Li et al. 7. Mineral Mixture (s
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260 Li et al. 3. When the 45% D 2O/
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262 Li et al. sion system works eff
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264 Li et al. reliably produce high
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268 Mal et al. NMR data, X-PLOR (11
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270 Mal et al. Table 1 Simulated An
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272 Mal et al. 3.1.2.1. AMBIGUOUS D
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274 Mal et al. molecular dynamics a
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276 Mal et al. Assuming a rigid bod
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278 Mal et al. assign (segid A and
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280 Mal et al. References 1. Drenth
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282 Mal et al. 33. Jeener, J., Meie
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286 Werner et al. Our research has
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288 Fig. 1. (A) T 1, T 2 and the he
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290 Werner et al. tion, using gradi
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292 Werner et al. Fig. 3. (A) Rotat
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294 Werner et al. Fig. 4. (A) Line-
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296 Werner et al. Table 2 Models of
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298 Werner et al. 9. Reinhardt, D.
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300 Werner et al. 39. Press, W. H.,
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302 Boyd et al. utilize residual di
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304 Boyd et al. Fig. 1. (A) The sol
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306 Boyd et al. or significant peak
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308 Boyd et al. Fig. 3. Histogram o
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310 Boyd et al. total and NOE energ
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312 Boyd et al. 2. When studying mu
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314 Boyd et al. 4. Downing, A. K.,
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316 Boyd et al. 35. Schulte-Herbrug
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318 Yap et al. image representation
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320 Yap et al. modified EF-hand is
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322 Table 1 Angle and Distance Outp
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324 Yap et al. 2. Ikura, M. (1995)
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326 Kobayashi that S-100A1 and S-10
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328 Kobayashi 3.2. Coupling of Crom
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330 Kobayashi Fig. 2. Tricine/SDS/P
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332 Kobayashi 0.1% TFA at a flow ra
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334 Kobayashi Both recombinant S-10
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336 Kobayashi Fig. 6. Affinity chro
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340 Walsh et al. verts CaM from an
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342 Walsh et al. 11. Bovine serum a
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344 Walsh et al. Fig. 1. CaM-depend
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348 Walsh et al. 3.5. NOS Reduction
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354 Walsh et al. 3. Cho, M. J., Vag
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356 Hughes et al. The electroporati
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358 Hughes et al. 4. 1 M Na 2CO 3.
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360 Hughes et al. range, repeat ste
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362 Hughes et al. Table 1 Examples
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366 Persechini of the different CaM
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368 Persechini Fig. 1. Schematic re
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370 Persechini 2. 1 L of Terrific b
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372 Persechini Fig. 4. Titration wi
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374 Persechini Table 1 Parameters f
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376 Persechini Fig. 6. The [Ca 2+ -
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378 Persechini determined if the di
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380 Persechini relatively insensiti
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382 Persechini 18. Chafouleas, J. G
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384 Török et al. actions in the c
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386 Török et al. 3. The reaction
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388 Török et al. Fig. 2. Electros
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390 Török et al. Fig. 3. Peptides
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392 Török et al. Table 1 Peptide
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394 Török et al. Fig. 7. Nanospra
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396 Török et al. Fig. 9. Nanospra
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398 Török et al. Fig. 11. Electro
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400 Török et al. 3 µM FL-calmodu
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402 Török et al. Fig. 14. Localiz
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404 Török et al. Fig. 16. Indicat
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406 Török et al. the significantl
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408 Török et al.
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410 Index substitutes, see Fluoresc
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412 Index Stern-Volmer plot, 78, 81
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414 Index Phenothiazines, see Calmo
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