VUV Spectroscopy of Atoms, Molecules and Surfaces

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16 VUV light generation: possibilities and limitations broad spectrum consisting of bremsstrahlung from free-electron-ion interactions and line emissions from bound-bound electronic transitions of various ion states [87]. The pulse duration is longer than but comparable to that of the plasma-producing laser, being determined by the thermalization process of the fast electrons which happens on a sub-picosecond time-scale (cf. chapter 5) [105, 106]. In addition to being spectrally very broad and inhomogeneous, a beam of laser-produced X-rays is incoherent and suffers from a very large divergence (2π steradians). In addition, the liberation of material during the laser-solid interaction makes the method less compatible with ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Among the sources of femtosecond VUV- and X-rays listed in table 1.2, high-order harmonics and laser-produced plasma X-rays, covering complementary energy regimes, are the least demanding in terms of experimental equipment and furthermore have the advantage of being inherently synchronized with the generating laser. By the application of a streak camera which acts as an ultrafast detector, effectively gating the synchrotron-radiation pulses, the temporal resolution has been improved to 3 ps [108]. The limit is set by the response time of the camera and, more importantly, the temporal jitter associated with the triggering of the device [109]. A further improvement in time resolution may be obtained by gating the electron bunches themselves by letting them interact with femtosecond laser pulses in an undulator [104]. This results in energy-modulated electron slices of femtosecond duration, spatially distinguihing themselves from the main bunches in a subsequent bend magnet or undulator and giving rise to femtosecond pulses of synchrotron radiation. On the subsequent turn of the main bunches around the ring the original electron-bunch structure is recovered and thus ready for slicing immediately afterwards. The method of Thomson scattering utilizes the two times relativitic Doppler shift experienced by laser photons scattered elastically off a relativistic electron beam. [103, 104]. The first Doppler shift arises when transforming the laser photon energy to the rest frame of the electron beam and the second from the transformation of the photon energy of the scattered radiation back into the laboratory frame.
References [1] H. Stapelfeldt et al., Phys.Rev.A58, 426 (1998). [2]G.StarkandP.L.Smith,inAtomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Handbook, edited by G. W. F. Drake (AIP Press, New York, 1996). [3] McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971), Vol. 14. [4] van Nostrand’s Scientific Encyclopedia, edited by D. M. Considine and G. D. Considine (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, Seventh Edition, 1989). [5] J.-P. Connerade, J. Phys. II France 2, 757 (1992). [6] K. S. Eikema et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1216 (1996). [7] A. Huber et al., Phys.Rev.A59, 1844 (1999). [8] S. Backus et al., Rev.Sci.Instrum.69, 1207 (1998). [9] P. A. Franken et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 118 (1961). [10] P. W. Milonni and J. H. Eberly, Lasers (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988). [11] R. Finley and E. Mazur, in Ultrafast Dynamics of Quantum Systems: Physical Processes and Spectroscopic Techniques, editedbyB.D.Bartolo (Plenum, NATO ASI Series, 1998). [12] J. F. Reintjes, Nonlinear Optical Parametric Processes in Liquids and Gases (Academic Press, Orlando, 1984). [13] K. Yamanouchi and S. Tsuchiya, J. Phys. B 28, 133 (1995).
Page 1: VUV Spectroscopy of Atoms, Molecule
Page 4 and 5: ii CONTENTS 4 .6 Conclusion . . . .
Page 6 and 7: iv Experimental and theoretical stu
Page 8 and 9: vi me to the principle of negative-
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Page 12 and 13: 2 VUV light generation: possibiliti
Page 20 and 21: 10 VUV light generation: possibilit
Page 28 and 29: 18 REFERENCES [14 ] C. R. Vidal, in
Page 30 and 31: 20 REFERENCES [55] C. J. G. Uiterwa
Page 32 and 33: 22 REFERENCES [98] Parameters from
Page 34 and 35: 24 Negative ions ing the binding en
Page 36 and 37: 26 Negative ions located energetica
Page 38 and 39: 28 Negative ions available has been
Page 40 and 41: 30 Negative ions assignment will th
Page 42 and 43: 32 Negative ions feel the repulsion
Page 44 and 45: 34 Negative ions Figure 2.1: Adiaba
Page 46 and 47: 36 Negative ions
Page 48 and 49: 38 REFERENCES [16] E. Kopp, Adv. Sp
Page 50 and 51: 40 REFERENCES [63] P. Balling et al
Page 52 and 53: 42 REFERENCES
Page 54 and 55: 44 High-resolution VUV spectroscopy
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Page 72 and 73: 62 Lifetimes of molecular negative
Page 74 and 75: 64 Lifetimes of molecular negative
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66 Lifetimes of molecular negative
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76 REFERENCES [19] V. V. Petrunin e
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78 REFERENCES [66] F. Robicheaux, P
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80 Chapter 5. Femtosecond VUV core-
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100 Chapter 5. Femtosecond VUV core
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120 REFERENCES [17] A. Cavalleri et
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122 REFERENCES [61] R. J. Finlay et
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124 REFERENCES [104]R.W.Joyner,inTh
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126 REFERENCES [152] T.-C. Chiang,
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128 Chapter 6. Two-colour pump-prob
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144 REFERENCES [16] Information ava
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146 REFERENCES [62] S. Baier et al.
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148 The following three chapters ar
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VUV Spectroscopy of Atoms, Molecules and Surfaces

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