VUV Spectroscopy of Atoms, Molecules and Surfaces

More documents

Recommendations

Info

22 REFERENCES [98] Parameters from the homepage of the 10.0.1 beamline of the ALS storage ring, Berkeley, USA (available from http://wwwals.lbl.gov/als/als users bl/bl table.html, 2001). [99] Parameters from the homepage of the 5-3 beamline at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, USA (available from http://wwwssrl.slac.stanford.edu/beamlines/bl characteristics.html, 2001). [100] P. Jaeglè, Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences 31, 101 (1998). [101] J. Zhang et al., Science 276, 1097 (1997). [102] Parameters of the VUV-FEL and X-FEL at DESY, Hamburg, Germany (see http://www-hasylab.desy.de/workshops/cluster.html, 2001). [103] W. P. Leemans et al., IEEE J. Quantum Electronics 33, 1925 (1997). [104] R. W. Schoenlein et al., Appl. Phys. B 71, 1 (2000). [105] A. Rousse et al., Rev.Mod.Phys.73, 17 (2001). [106] C. Rose-Petruck et al., Nature398, 310 (1999). [107] A. Rousse et al., J. Appl. Cryst. 32, 977 (1999). [108] A. M. Lindenberg et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 111 (2000). [109] J. Larsson et al., Opt. Lett. 22, 1012 (1997).
Chapter 2 Negative ions 2.1 Introduction Compared with their neutral- and positively charged counterparts, negatively charged atoms and molecules have until recently been studied to a much lesser extent [1, 2, 3, 4]. Obvious reasons are their minor abundance in nature and the challenges that they impose to experiment and theory. Experimentally, negative ions can only be generated in limited amounts and are more fragile than neutral systems. In addition, detachment thresholds and excited electronic states are often located in the far infrared and UV/VUV parts of the spectrum, respectively, where laser light is not readily available. Theoretically, calculations of negative-ion properties are complicated by the electroncorrelation effects introduced by the presence of the extra electron, and for molecules the lack of spherical symmetry induces further difficulties. Negative ions are thus interesting in their own right as systems which are representative of new challenges to theory and experiment. In addition, understanding their properties adds to our feeling of moving towards a completion of the periodic table by knowing not only the properties of the neutral atoms and molecules but also those of the singly charged positive- and negative ions. Proceeding a step further, one might be interested in the properties of doubly-charged positive- and negative ions [5] or even more exotic systems like positronic atoms [6] and -molecules [7] obtained by adding a positron to the corresponding neutral system. Apart from these fundamental aspects, negative ions are interesting from the point of view of their role in different physical processes in nature as well as in technical applications. For example, H − has long been recognized as the main source of opacity in the infrared part of the solar spectrum, due to its detachment by photon energies exceed-
Page 1: VUV Spectroscopy of Atoms, Molecule
Page 4 and 5: ii CONTENTS 4 .6 Conclusion . . . .
Page 6 and 7: iv Experimental and theoretical stu
Page 8 and 9: vi me to the principle of negative-
Page 10 and 11: viii
Page 12 and 13: 2 VUV light generation: possibiliti
Page 20 and 21: 10 VUV light generation: possibilit
Page 28 and 29: 18 REFERENCES [14 ] C. R. Vidal, in
Page 30 and 31: 20 REFERENCES [55] C. J. G. Uiterwa
Page 34 and 35: 24 Negative ions ing the binding en
Page 36 and 37: 26 Negative ions located energetica
Page 38 and 39: 28 Negative ions available has been
Page 40 and 41: 30 Negative ions assignment will th
Page 42 and 43: 32 Negative ions feel the repulsion
Page 44 and 45: 34 Negative ions Figure 2.1: Adiaba
Page 46 and 47: 36 Negative ions
Page 48 and 49: 38 REFERENCES [16] E. Kopp, Adv. Sp
Page 50 and 51: 40 REFERENCES [63] P. Balling et al
Page 52 and 53: 42 REFERENCES
Page 54 and 55: 44 High-resolution VUV spectroscopy
Page 70 and 71: 60 REFERENCES [19] J. S. Nielsen an
Page 72 and 73: 62 Lifetimes of molecular negative
Page 82 and 83:
72 Lifetimes of molecular negative
Page 84 and 85:
74 Lifetimes of molecular negative
Page 86 and 87:
76 REFERENCES [19] V. V. Petrunin e
Page 88 and 89:
78 REFERENCES [66] F. Robicheaux, P
Page 90 and 91:
80 Chapter 5. Femtosecond VUV core-
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
100 Chapter 5. Femtosecond VUV core
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
120 REFERENCES [17] A. Cavalleri et
Page 132 and 133:
122 REFERENCES [61] R. J. Finlay et
Page 134 and 135:
124 REFERENCES [104]R.W.Joyner,inTh
Page 136 and 137:
126 REFERENCES [152] T.-C. Chiang,
Page 138 and 139:
128 Chapter 6. Two-colour pump-prob
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
144 REFERENCES [16] Information ava
Page 156 and 157:
146 REFERENCES [62] S. Baier et al.
Page 158 and 159:
148 The following three chapters ar
show all

VUV Spectroscopy of Atoms, Molecules and Surfaces

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?