Annual report Chair on Drinking Water Engineering 2007 - TU Delft

<strong>Annual</strong> <strong>report</strong> <strong>Chair</strong> on Drinking Water Engineering 

2007 

Faculty of Civil Engineering 

Department of Watermanagement 

Section Sanitary Engineering Delft University of Technology

This <strong>report</strong> is produced by the <strong>Chair</strong> Drinking Water Engineering 

For actual information about eduction and research of the <strong>Chair</strong> Drinking Water Engineering visit our 

webpage: www.drinkwater.tudelft.nl 

or contact the secretary of the section Sanitary Engineering Mrs Mieke Hubert 

telephone: +31 15 2784732 

fascilime: +31 15 2784918 

email: m.a.j.hubert@tudelft.nl 

2 <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>report</strong> DWE 2007

Introduction 4 

Highlights 6 

Research 8 

Research mission and objective 10 

Research themes 12 

Academic staff 15 

Research collaboration 16 

Research exchange 20 

Conferences/Symposia/Workshops 22 

Awards 24 

� ��output 26 

Individual research projects 36 

Education 80 

General 83 

MSc thesis 84 

Overview MSc thesis since 1991 86 

Mid careers 89 

Internship projects students 90 

Other activities 94 

Drinking Water Engineering in the media 98 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

3

Introduction 

Since two years an annual <strong>report</strong> of the <strong>Chair</strong> on Drinking Water Engineering is published. The previous versions 

can be found on our web site. We have received many positive comments on the previous annual <strong>report</strong>s 

from the Dutch drinking water sector and also from academics around the world. This year we have used the 

opportunity of the “Vakantiecursus” as a deadline for our annual <strong>report</strong>, so we can hand it over to all participants. 

of this annual symposium. 

The annual <strong>report</strong> describes the progress in education and research of the chair on Drinking Water Engineering 

of Delft University of Technology. Our objectives are (1) to achieve practical breakthroughs in the drinking 

water research by a coordinated research approach in close cooperation with the Dutch drinking water sec- 

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and technology. 

In 2007 our research group welcomed again several new PhD-students. Their research projects together with 

all other research projects can be found in the individual research paragraph of this annual <strong>report</strong>. Presently, 

nearly 20 PhD-students are working on drinking water research projects. Several of the PhD researchers and 

supervisors have an appointment at a water company, research institute or engineering consultant. In this 

way we maintain good contact with the drinking water industry. It also results in a dynamic, young and enthusiastic 

group. 

In 2007 Jan Vreeburg and Alex van der Helm defended their theses successfully. For 2008 another three PhD 

researchers (Patrick Smeets, Rene van der Aa, Arne Verliefde) are scheduled to defend their thesis. 

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in the last two years. Furthermore, the research group is developing all kind of new initiatives like the annual 

workshop “High Quality Drinking Water”, a new on line journal “Drinking Water Engineering and Science” and 

the Delft Academic Press publisher. 

In 2007 we saw a further strengthening of the collaboration with UNESCO-IHE. Every month research colloquia 

are organised. MSc and PhD researchers from both organisations update each other on their progress by 

giving presentations and participating in discussions. These colloquia are open to the public and announced 

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become stronger. Both organisations exchange lecturers to give the students better and broader education in 

drinking water treatment related topics. It is the objective of both organisations to present ourselves more and 

more as one Delft drinking water research group. 

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deliver at the moment. Therefore we are actively involved in several actions to increase the number of drinking 

water engineers. Examples are (1) the development of our part-time MSc for water professionals, which 

has already attracted some 10 students from the water industry (2) the transformation of the Faculty of Civil 

Engineering into the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering in order to attract more environmental 

focused students, (3) the development of a NLT module “drinking water” for students in secondary school to 

attract students already at a young age, (4) the development of an international masters on Drinking Water 

Engineering in collaboration with University of Poitiers, University of Dresden and three leading universities 

in the United Sates. 


Another initiative is the Open Educational Resources (OpenER) pilot project of Delft University 

of Technology in which we participated. In this pilot project all our lecturing material has been 

made available for free on the internet. All lecture notes, presentations but also video recordings 

of the lectures are available by our web site, www.drinkwater.tudelft.nl. Just click on the 

“OpenER Drinking water” button on the right side of the screen. So you can study at home 

too, let us know your opinion. 

Our web site plays a very important role in our communication with the water sector. All MSc 

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notes, are available for free on our web site. And of course the descriptions of all research 

projects can be found on this web site. So check the web site frequently if you want to stay up 

to date on drinking water research and education. 

I hope you will enjoy reading this annual <strong>report</strong> of our young, enthusiastic and bustling drinking 

water research group. 

Professor Hans van Dijk 

<strong>Chair</strong> on Drinking Water Engineering 

Head of Sanitary Engineering Section 

<strong>Chair</strong>man of Department of Watermanagement 

INTRODUCTION 

5

Highlights in 2007 

More than 400 people participated in the annual “Vakantiecursus” in the second week of January. The theme of 

the “Vakantiecursus” was “Crossing borders” and several well known national and international water researchers 

gave presentations about water related topics on this day. 

Jan Vreeburg defended his PhD thesis “Discolouration in drinking water systems: a particular approach” successfully 

in the spring of 2007. Alex van der Helm defended his thesis “Integrated modeling of ozonation for 

optimization of drinking water treatment” at the end of 2007. 

Several international researchers visited our research group to work on collaborative research projects. Janis 

Rubulis (Estonia), Bhekie Mamba (South Africa), Zhiping Li (China), Rusnandi Garsadi (Indonesia) worked 

during some time together with some of our researchers. Luuk Rietveld visited the University of Johannesburg 

(South Africa) for 3 months for a sabbatical. 

On June 21-22 the second International Conference High Quality Drinking Water was held at Delft University 

of Technology. The seminar was organized in collaboration with UNESCO-IHE, Delft Cluster and Techneau. 

Around 60 researchers and engineers from the Netherlands and abroad participated. The presentations were 

given by PhD-students and professors from around the globe. All presentations were recorded and can be 

viewed on-line from our web site. 

In 2007 three new PhD projects were initiated. Our research group welcomed Doris van Halem, Karin Teunissen 

and Mirjam Blokker as new PhD-students (see also section “Individual Research Projects”). 

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grant is aimed to stimulate knowledge exchange between universities and companies. In 2007 three Innowator 

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with plate aerators and PhotoOx for advanced photocatalytic oxidation for drinking water treatment. 

An example of a research project that created an important break through is: Sheng Li’s research on fouling 

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PhD defense dr. ir. Jan Vreeburg PhD defense dr. ir. Alex van der Helm 


On November 15th a delegation of the Dutch Antilles, Aruba and Surinam and Delft University 

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drinking water engineering. 

In November our research group was involved in the sustainability conference of Delft University 

of Technology. This conference deals with smart solutions for non developing countries. Our 

ideas about combining renewable energy and desalination attracted much attention. Especially 

the wind powered desalination installation received a lot of attention. This installation is currently 

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In September three persons started with their “mid-career MSc”. All persons are already work- 

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program these “older” students follow in part-time different water management courses. Within 

four years these students can receive their MSc-degree. 

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towards journals with a higher impact factor can be observed. Delft University of Technology 

and UNESCO-IHE have started a new journal on drinking water research. This journal is an 

open-access journal, meaning that all issues are freely available for the public. The title of 

the journal is “Drinking Water Engineering and Science” and the aim is on papers discussing 

applied drinking water research. 

Our researchers gave presentations in many conferences all over the world. At the IWA particle 

conference in Toulouse, WQTC in Charlotte, North Carolina, Aachener Tagung in Aachen, IWA 

Leading Edge Technologies in Singapore, CCWI/SUWM in Leicester, Automet in Gent, IMSTEC 

in Sydney and many more conferences our researchers presented their research. 

Only during the “Vakantiecursus” the lecture 

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HIGHLIGHTS 

7


c. 

a. 

d. 

b. 

a. Mass balance model 

b. Field research 

c. Experiment set-up Weren de Vet 

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RESEARCH 

9

Mission statement chair on Drinking Water Engineering 

The Dutch water sector is characterised by a well developed and large scale infrastructure and organisation. 

The primary goal of the sector is to provide high quality drinking water at acceptable costs and with minimal 

impact on the environment. Future developments that will challenge this goal include water pollution and 

increased expectations from clients and government. 

The focus of the <strong>Chair</strong> on Drinking Water Engineering is well attuned to the goals of the Dutch drinking water 

sector. As a result of this, the group focuses on the following research questions: 

• How should we deal with emerging threats to the water quality such as endocrine disrupting compounds 

(EDC’s), pharmaceuticals and Legionella and how should we develop emerging technologies such as mem- 

�� O to this end? 

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• How can we improve water quality and reduce costs and environmental impact by modelling and improved 

operation of the infrastructure? 

• How will we take care that the water produced at a treatment plant will not deteriorate in the distribution 

system? 

• How do we safe guard the drinking water supply for all people. Not only at the moment, but also in the 

future? 

The mission of the research programme is to achieve practical breakthroughs in these niches by a coordinated 

��ing 

together within a well-developed network with the stake holders from science and industry, we aim to cover 

the complete innovation cycle, from the initial brain wave, through research planning, funding and execution, 

to implementation in practice and sometimes also valorisation/commercialisation. 

Research approach 

We believe in challenging our PhD students. We ask them to present their work frequently at our monthly colloquia, 

meetings with project steering committees, at national workshops and at international congresses. They 

are also required to publish their results, both in Dutch and international journals. The research projects are 

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these partners, which ensures that the projects are well prepared and supported. Many experiments are carried 

out at water and waste water treatment plants and the results are applied directly in practice. This provides 

a highly stimulating environment for our PhD students. Some experiments are carried out in the Laboratory 

of Sanitary Engineering or in cooperation with the Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics or other laboratories of Delft 

University of Technology, such as ChemTech and Biotechnology. 

Our research philosophy includes obtaining a mixture of desk-top research, laboratory experiments, pilot-plant 

experiments and full-scale experiments. Computer modelling is very important as it enables us to understand 

the complex reality and limit the number of experiments to achieve an optimal result. We use laboratory experiments 

to test our initial hypothesis on synthetic water. We also need pilot-plant experiments at treatment plant 

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carry out full-scale investigations at treatment plants and pipe networks in order to study the effect of large 

scale hydraulic (mal-) distribution. 


Our work can also be characterised as a mixture of water quality/process technology and 

hydraulics. Water treatment processes are based on physical-chemical-biological processes, 

��sibility 

in large scale plants. It is our experience that these mixtures of scales and sciences 

provide a total view on the issue that stimulates new ideas and approaches. 

The professors have a down-to-earth approach and practice ‘management by participation’. 

They stimulate discussions between PhD students, staff members and experts from science 

and industry. Moreover, they frequently participate in national and international meetings on 

the research agenda for the water sector, such as the Global Water Research Coalition, providing 

additional stimuli to the research. The processes of improvement and innovation function 

primarily through the interaction with the experts from science and industry. Frequent external 

visitors are invited to participate in meetings and colloquia. 

Our research is carried out in an international framework of the IWA and in co-operation with 

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Wales, Johannesburg, Boulder, Waterloo, Trondheim, Dresden, Poitiers and Zürich). 

Next to papers and <strong>report</strong>s, our research is communicated through a newsletter. In addition, 

many ideas are disseminated at our annual ‘Vakantiecursus’ which is acknowledged as the 

leading Dutch conference on sanitary engineering. Finally, we have published a state-of-theart 

handbook on the Dutch drinking water know-how. 

Ambition 

The programme was started ten years ago and has been developed gradually and in close 

contact with the leading organisations in the Dutch water sector. The research programme is 

closely attuned to the research visions and needs of the Dutch drinking water sector. 

We aim at achieving a balanced combination of societal and industrial pull and scientific 

push. We believe that this is in the best interest of both science and industry. 

The university benefits not only from the scientific and professional publications 

and PhD theses, but also from patents, from concrete applications in practice, from 

the use of results in teaching and from the increased recognition in the industry. 

Our research is carried out in an international framework of the IWA and in co-operation with 

foreign universities. We aim to translate international research results to the Dutch water situation 

and to contribute to the international research. 

In the research themes, at the moment 16 students carry out their PhD-research. It is the ambition 

to broaden the scope in the coming 5 year. This means in practice: 

- Permanently 20 PhD-students on Drinking Water Supply 

- Highly fundamental research in processes in drinking water treatment and distribution 

- Innovations and break-throughs in technology 

- Internationally recognised Centre of Knowledge/Excellence in drinking water treatment and 

distribution 

- International network in research and education 

- International Masters programme on Environmental or Water Engineering 

- Publish all our lecture material on the world wide web by Open Course Ware 

research 

RESEARCH MISSION AND OBJECTIVE 

11


The Dutch water companies maintain high technical standards as a result of which safe drinking water is supplied 

at all times and at an acceptable price. Their so-called ‘Dutch secret’ includes the concept of producing 

and distributing drinking water of a high quality. No chemical disinfectant is used during drinking water production, 

which is possible because the multiple barrier treatment systems produce water that is biologically stable. 

Moreover, the drinking water is soft, has a pleasant taste and colour and pipeline leakages are virtually zero. As 

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However, this good drinking water quality is threatened by new emerging substances in the source waters, biological 

growth (for example Legionella) in the distribution system and in-house installations and water quality 

deterioration in the distribution system. These threats and solutions for these threats are covered in the research 

themes “new technologies/innovative treatment” and “water quality in the distribution system”. Furthermore water 

quality improvement is obtained in the theme “modelling and improved operation”. This theme aims to optimise 

the treatment plant performance by an integrated modelling approach. A new research theme is “sustainable 

drinking water solutions”. Research in this theme is focused on improving the drinking water quality in developing 

countries. 

Theme 1: Emerging threats and technologies 

In recent years it has become clear that the pollution of 

water sources has become so widespread that traces of 

compounds such as endocrine disruptors, polar pesticides 

and pharmaceuticals can even be found in Dutch drinking 

water. Only a few of these emerging substances are 

known and measured in our drinking water. To face these 

new substances application of advanced water treatment 

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have come to understand that also microbiological threats 

still cannot be ignored, the most relevant being Legionalla 

and Cryptosporidium. Fortunately, in recent years we have 

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ozone/UV/H O . These technologies can be used both on the drinking water as well as on the waste water side 

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and an integral approach has to be developed. Our research in this theme deals with the further development 

of these technologies and in particular the determination of the practical feasibility including such aspects as 

��nologies 

and treatment combinations in removing these emerging substances is investigated. Also a modelling 

approach will be developed to predict the removal of new emerging substances and to assess the plant 

performance toward pathogens and organic micro pollutants. 

Research projects 

Production of outstanding drinking water Bas Heijman 

Safe drinking water from the river Meuse Bram van der Veer 

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Innovation in water treatment of swimming pools Maarten Keuten 

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QSAR’s in drinking water treatment Vacancy 

Theme 2: Modelling and improved operation 

Drinking water treatment plants consists of numerous treatment processes in series and in parallel. 

The operation of the present-day infrastructure is done by operators that mainly focus on 

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lower costs and with less impact on the environment by utilising available options such as buffer 

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models it is now also possible to improve the water quality leaving the treatment plant while 

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achieve the concept of a ‘virtual treatment plant’, that is a model of the plant that can function 

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Improving operation of drinking water treatment through modelling Luuk Rietveld 

CFD in drinking water treatment Jan Hofman 

Integrated modeling of ozonation for optimization of drinking water treatment 

Alex van der Helm 

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Flight simulation for drinking water treatment plants Ignaz Worm 

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Kim van Schagen 

CFD in drinking water treatment Bas Wols 

Microbial risk analysis framework Patrick Smeets 

Models of drinking water treatment processes Petra Ross 

research 

RESEARCH THEMES 

13

Theme 3:Water quality in distribution systems 

After water is treated to drinking water it is transported to the 

customers in large underground distribution systems. In the 

distribution systems the water quality deteriorates in time due 

to several complex interrelated processes. The objective of this 

research theme is to understand the water quality processes in 

the distribution network and to propose innovations and guidelines 

to prevent future water quality deterioration. Focus will 

be on the effect of natural organic matter (NOM), the hydraulic 

behaviour of sediment in the distribution system and the chemical 

interaction between water and the piping material. Furthermore 

different tools will be developed to asses the water quality in the 

distribution system on-line. 


Water quality in distribution systems Jasper Verberk 

Water quality in the distribution system: sediment Jan Vreeburg 

Chemical conditioning of water Peter de Moel 

Natural Organic Matter and drinking water supply Anke Grefte 

Stochastic demand patterns in hydraulic models Mirjam Blokker 

Theme 4:Sustainable drinking water solutions for all 

Safe drinking water is at present not available for every human 

being on earth. The current knowledge on low-cost drink- 

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in remote and underdeveloped areas. Either solutions do not 

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not at hand. Research to develop and improve treatment systems 

for the poor is the main objective of the work done within 

this new research theme. The (upcoming) projects in this 

theme aim at critically evaluating existing treatment options 

and the development of new innovative technologies. The 

�� surface 

arsenic removal, and utilization of renewable energy. 

Research project 

Subsurface arsenic removal from groundwater Doris van Halem 


Professors and lecturers 

The research is performed by our PhD-students. Detailed descriptions of all PhD-projects are 

given in the section “Individual research projects” of this <strong>report</strong>. All PhD-students are supervised 

on the long term by the professors and on a daily basis by associate/assistant professors 

and lecturers. 

prof.ir. J.C. van Dijk 

prof. K. Vairavamoorthy 

dr. ir. J.Q.J.C. Verberk 

dr. ir. S.G.J. Heijman 

Professor drinking water engineering 

Head section sanitary engineering 

Head department watermanagement 

Room 4.51 

j.c.vandijk@tudelft.nl 

+31 15 27 85 227 

Professor in Drinking Water Supply 

Room 4.55 

k.vairavamoorthy@unesco-ihe.org 

+ 31 15 27 83 347 

Assistant professor drinking water 

engineering 

Room 4.48 

j.q.j.c.verberk@tudelft.nl 

+31 15 27 85 838 

Research topics: 

- new technologies/innovative treatment 

- water quality in dsitribution systems 

Lecturer 

Room 4.51 

s.g.j.heijman@tudelft.nl 

+31 15 27 83 347 



lecturer 

Room 4.54 

j.a.m.h.hofman@tudelft.nl 

+31 (0)15-2783347 

research topics: 


dr. ir. J.A.M.H. Hofman - modelling of treatment processes 

prof.dr. G.L. Amy 

dr. ir. L.C. Rietveld 

ir. P.J. de Moel 

Professor of Urban Water Supply and 

Sanitation 

Room 4.55 

g.amy@unesco-ihe.org 

+31 15 21 51 781 

Associate professor drinking water 

engineering 

Room 4.69 

l.c.rietveld@tudelft.nl 

+31 15 27 84 732 


- modelling of treatment processes 


Lecturer 

Room 4.54 

p.j.demoel@tudelft.nl 

+31 15 27 83 347 


- modelling of treatment processes 

Lecturer/researcher 

Room 4.65 

j.h.g.vreeburg@tudelft.nl 

+31 15 27 87 894 


dr. ir. J.H.G. Vreeburg - water quality in dsitribution systems 

dr. ir. A.W.C. van der 

Helm 

lecturer 

Room 4.69 

a.w.c.vanderhelm@tudelft.nl 

+31 (0)6-15093313 

research topics: 

- Integrated modeling of ozonation for 

optimization of drinking water treatment 

research 

ACADEMIC STAFF 

15

Research collaboration 

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by PhD students in close supervision by our staff members and experts from science and industry. 

The research can be characterised as innovative but public accessible. All results are applicable to the public 

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research is fundamental but at the same time applied. 

Our researchers collaborate with more than 40 companies, research groups, governmental institutions and consultants. 

Our research is multi disciplinary and our researchers act like a spider in the water web. 

The following collaborations have been established in the different projects: 

Research groups and research institutions 

Our researchers are actively participating in multi disciplinary national collaborative research programmes like 

Delft Cluster and Water Research Centre Delft. Furthermore we participate in different projects in the 6th framework 

research programme of the European Union, e.g.: TECHNEAU and Microrisk. In other projects there is a close 

collaboration with the leading water research organisations like TZW, IWW and CRC WQ&T. 

Collaboration with: Delft Cluster, Water Research Centre Delft, Kiwa Water Research, Delft Hydraulics, TTI Wetsus, 

Cooperative Research Centre of Water Quality and Treatment (Australia), Global Water Research Coalition, Swedish 

Institute for Infectious Disease Control (Sweden), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (Australia), 

Anjou Recherche (France), Water Research Centre-NSF (United Kingdom), Institute of hygiene and public health 

(Germany), Suez Environment (France), DVGW Technologiezentrum Wasser (Germany), IWW (Germany) 

Universities 

We work together with different research groups within the Delft University of Technology and with research groups 

of other universities. For example, within the faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences the fundamental knowledge 

of the department of Fluid Mechanics and the applied knowledge on water treatment processes is combined 

in the PhD-project on CFD in drinking water treatment. Furthermore these is a close collaboration with professor 

Olsthoorn of Geohydrology and professor Bruining form Geosiences 

Within the Delft University of Technology there are combined PhD-projects with the faculty of ITS, group of professor 

Babushka and the faculty of TNW, group of professor van Loosdrecht. 

On national level there is a very intensive collaboration with the Department of Municipal Infrastructure of UNESCO- 

IHE, group professor Amy. On a monthly basis researchers from UNESCO-IHE and TU Delft organise research 

colloquia to inform each other of the ongoing project and to have discussions with each other. Also with the Catholic 

University of Leuven, group of professor van der Bruggen, an intensive collaboration exists. 

Collaboration with: Wageningen University, Unesco-IHE, Catholic University Leuven (Belgium), RWTH Aachen 

(Germany), INSA Toulouse (France), University of Johannesburg (South Africa), University of Wollongong (Australia), 

University of Barcelona (Spain), University of East Anglia (United Kingdom) 

Commercial companies 

Collaboration with commercial companies focuses on the development of innovative products. The results of this 

research will be protected by patents and will be commercialised by the commercial companies. Some recent pat- 


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Stimela. Collaboration with engineering consultants results in direct application of the outcomes 

of the research in engineering and design projects. 

Collaboration with: Norit, ABB, DHV, Hellebrekers, Hatenboer, URaason, AKZO NOBEL 

Drinking water companies 

Most of our practical applied research projects are performed at actual water treatment plants 

and pipe networks in the Netherlands. In these plants for example the effects of the natural variation 

of water quality on treatment effectiveness is investigated. In the pipe networks the dynamic 

behaviour of sediment in sewerage systems is monitored. 

Collaboration with: Waternet, Vitens, Evides, DZH, PWN, Oasen 

Governmental institutions 

Several projects are funded by governmental organisations. In order to obtain funding for these 

projects we have to apply for grants. The grant proposals are reviewed by international experts 

and only the best proposals have been selected for funding. Examples of granted projects are: 

Microrisk, PROMICIT, BAKF, IS-NOM and several Innovator projects. Moreover, we will participate 

actively in TTI Wetsus. 

Collaboration with: RIVM, VROM, European Union (6th framework), Techneau, Aqua for All, NWO 

Partner for progress 

Partners TUDelft 

research 

RESEARCH COLLABORATION 

17

High-quality knowledge infrastructure for drinking water in the Antilles 

On 15 November, a cooperative agreement was signed in Delft between the University of the Netherlands 

Antilles, the Caribbean Water Technology Research Institute, the Association of Dutch Water Companies, the 

Suriname Water Board and Delft University of Technology. The cooperative agreement promotes far-reaching 

cooperation in higher education and research concerning the provision of drinking water supplies. The group’s 

common goal is to set up a high-quality knowledge infrastructure in water-system management for the Dutch 

Antilles, Aruba and Suriname. 

��nation 

with the aid of windmills and solar cells, biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes, hardening drinking 

water using calcium carbonate granules, decentralised microbiological disinfection in the distribution net, and 

the effect of new political relations on the policy aspects governing drinking water. There will also be a range 

of lectures and intensive workshops on water technology organised in 2008 in the Antilles. 

An initiative of the drinking water sector in the Netherlands, this agreement was drawn up by Alexander Vos 

de Wael, director of the Oasen drinking water company. and ben Statia, director of Aqualectra. 

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Exchange program between TU-Delft and Tongji University, Shanghai 

Within the Neth-Sin Joint Water Research Project it is foreseen that in the period 2006-2007 staff and student 

exchange will take place in order to come to a joint research program that can be continued afterwards. 

It is agreed that during the second half year of 2006 two MSc-students of TU-Delft will work on a project in 

Shanghai related to the design of a demo plant for the World Expo 2010. They will prepare their work in July/ 

August 2006 in the Netherlands and will visit Shanghai in the period September till December 2006. They will 

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work together with two PhD students of Tongji University and they will also participate in the workshop “Drinking 

Water Treatment” to be held in Shanghai in September 2006. For their practical work they can use the laboratory 

facilities of Tongji University. Chemicals and other necessary consumables will be provided by TU-Delft. The 

project foresees in the travel expenses and a daily subsistence allowance for the MSc-students. Supervision of 

the Msc students is essentially done by staff of TU-Delft (also present at the workshop in Shanghai to be held 

in September 2006), but some support will be given by staff of Tongji during the practical work in Shanghai. 

During the presentations given during the inception visit it became clear that much common interest exist 

related to the research of TU-Delft and Tongji. Common topics are amongst others: biological activated carbon 

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papers published in peer-reviewed journals. During the training visit of Chinese partners to the Netherlands 

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2006 to be held in Shanghai the PhD students of Tongji University will participate and it will be attempted that 

also some PhD-students from TU-Delft will participitate (on own costs) as well. 

It is foreseen that two PhD-students of Tongji university join for a period of 3 months Delft University of Technology. 

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Staff exchange will be on short 

visits. On one hand staff of 

Tongji University will participate 

in the training session in 

June 2006. On the other hand 

staff of TUD will participate in 

the workshops to be held in 

Shanghai. In addition, around 

the workshops, extra supervision 

sessions will be organized 

for PhD/Msc-students, 

which can lead to joint papers 

or <strong>report</strong>s. Also guest lectures 

are foreseen, but still have to 

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research 

19

Research exchange 

Jasper Verberk back from Australia 

In January 2007 Jasper Verberk returned at Delft University of Technology after 

having done research period of almost 1.5 years in Australia. He worked at the 

Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment in Adelaide. 

This year he presented his work and experiences during the workshop, 

“Vakantiecursus 2007”. 

After his research period in Adelaide Jasper is involved in several research 

projects of the chair on drinking water supply. He is of course also engaged in 

the educational part of drinking water. 

Janis Rubulis 

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and Technology of the Riga Technical University. 

This University (www.rtu.lv) is founded in 1862. and there are 14’850 students 

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Economics). I am involved with the European Commission Research and 

Technology Development 6th Framework project TECHNEAU. My responsibil- 

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of the water distribution system. Because of this project I am staying at the TU 

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to get new experience. I love an active life and in the meantime I take some 

running experience around TU Delft with my colleagues. I enjoy my stay in the 

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Bhekie Mamba 

My name is dr. Bhekie Mamba, senior lecturer in Chemistry (polymer & organic) 

at the University of Johannesburg, Department of Chemical Technology in 

South Africa. 

My research group focuses on the removal of organic pollutants and inorganic 

species, to a lesser extent, from water using carbon based nanomaterials and 

cyclodextrin polymers. Our research group is part of the UJ Water and Health 

group which is co-led by prof. Paul Jagals (Department of Environmental Health) 

and prof. Johannes Haarhoff (Department of Civil Engineering Science). My 

visit to the Department of Water Management at the TU Delft entails familiarising 

myself with the water treatment projects currently underway here with the 

ultimate objective of initiating research collaborations between our two universities. 

To this end, I am on a 2.5 months visit. 

20 <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>report</strong> DWE 2007 

Jasper Verberk 

Janis Rubulis 

Bhekie Mamba

Luuk Rietveld 

From August to October 2007 I stayed at the University of 

Johannesburg for 3 months in the group of Johannes Haarhoff, 

Paul Jagals and Bhekie Mamba . The departments of Civil 

Engineering, Health and Chemistry has started a new collaboration 

on Water and Health. Research objectives are the development 

of alternative techniques for water supply and research on 

the effects of interventions in the water supply on health and the 

development in rural areas in South Africa. One of the research 

topics is the characterisation of Natural Organic Material (NOM) 

and the removal of organic micro pollutants with nanospores. 

�� 

water in South Africa has totally different characteristics (warmer, 

other composition of organic material). 

Rusnandi Garsadi 

l am Rusnandi Garsadi from ITB Bandung in Indonesia. From 

October 2006 to January 2007 I stayed at Delft University to 

��- 

�� 

in Indonesia after the Tsunami of 2005. At the moment it is in 

use in more than 30 installations. In Delft I validate my CFD 

�� 

by comparing them with measured velocity gradients made 

by acoustic doppler velocimetry measurements. My research 

period is sponsored by Vitens Evides International. 

Zhiping Li 

I am an associate professor from School of Resources and 

Environment, North China Institute of Water Conservancy and 

Electric Power, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China. I am 

a specialist in hydrology and water resources. I have come to 

Delft to enhance my knowledge on drinking water and geohydrology. 

In the coming year I will work together with different 

�� 

�� 

in the Netherlands. 

�� 

�� 

Rusnandi Garsadi 

Zhiping Li 

research 

RESEARCH EXCHANGE 

21

High Quality Drinking Water congres 2007 

On June 21st and 22nd the yearly “high quality drinking water” conference was organised at Delft University of 

Technology. In total 23 researchers from 9 different countries presented their research. Among the presenters 

were some well known researchers, like the professors Uhl (Dresden, Germany), Huck (Waterloo, Canada), 

Lawler (Texas, United Sates), Leiknes (Trondheim, Norway), Juna (Riga, Estonia). Furthermore researchers 

from different water research institutes participated (TZW, EAWAG, Kiwa, UNESCO-IHE and of course Delft 

University of Technology). The conference was sponsored by Delft Cluster and Techneau. The conference was 

jointly organised by UNESCO-IHE and Delft University of Technology. 

In the program the source to tap approach was covered. There were presentation about risk assessment, 

water treatment processes, natural organic material and water quality in the distribution system. One of the 

��etry 

to count cells in drinking water. 

The conference was attended by about 75 participants from the Dutch water companies. For those who have 

missed the conference, all presentations were video taped by the MultiMedia Services (MMS) of Delft University 

of Technology. Just go to the web site www.drinkwater.tudelft.nl and afterwards “news and events” and then 

“research congresses” and “HQ2007”. Click on the name of the presentation in the list on the web site and the 

video in combination with the powerpoint slides will be displayed. 

All presentors of the HQ2007 conference 


Impressions of the “Vakantiecursus” 2007 

research 

CONFERENCES / SYMPOSIA / WORKSHOPS 

23

Cees Boeter Award 2007 

On June 8th�� As from 2006 the award is called the Cees Boeter award. Cees Boeter was involved for almost 40 years to 

the laboratory of Sanitary Engineering. The Cees Boeter award is used by the department Water manage- 

�� 

practice. The winner of the award receives 250 Euro. The award is sponsored by Delft Hydraulics and Kiwa 

Water Research 

For the academic year 2006/2007 the following persons were nominated: 

�� Ruben Rothuizen determined, based on the analysis of the rain 

date, the best moment to start seeding corn in Monze, Zambia. With 

�� 

�� Suze Ann Bakker�� 

the conditioning of drinking water in Surinam. She especially focues 

�� 

�� Harmen van der Laan investigated research the fouling mecha- 

��- 

�� 

�� Stijn de Jong developed a scale model to investigate Ed Veling’s 

theory on the rise of ground water after drainage underneath 

houses. 

The jury decided to give the “Cees Boeter award 2007” to Harmen van der Laan. Besides investigating the dif- 

�� 

�� 

DEMO Prize 2007; It is not just a prize..., it is also a prototype 

On June 8th, during the jubilee Summer Festival, the winner of the DEMO Competition was announced. Her 

name is Evgenia Rabinovitch, the name of the winning project. DEMO contributes to education and research 

at TU Delft by developing, constructing and maintaining unique experimental set-ups, prototypes and instru- 

�� 

�� 

the client. DEMO has workshops in various faculties. 

Evgenia has won the DEMO Prize for the design of a pilot installation of het Msc thesis. Evgenia investigates 

the possibilities of the use of wind energy to desalinate sea water. The DEMIO prize has a value of 40,000 

euro. From this money the pilot installation will be built that will be tested in the Netherlands and also in the 

Dutch Antilles. 


Harmen van der Laan receiving the 

��

DEMO Prize 2007 

�� 

research 

AWARDS 

25

Dissertations 

Helm, AWC van der r ( 2007, december 03). Integrated modeling of ozonation for optimization of drinking water 

treatment. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (150 pag.) (Delft: Water Management Academic Press). Prom./ 

coprom.: Prof.ir. JC van Dijk & Dr.ir. LC Rietveld. 

Vreeburg, JHG (2007, juni 25). Discolouration in drinking water systems: a particular approach. TUD Technische 

Universiteit Delft (183 pag.). Prom./coprom.: Prof.ir. JC van Dijk, prof.dr. PM Huck & Dr. JB Boxall. 

International refereed journals 

Barrios, R, Siebel, MA, Helm, AWC van der� �� 

life cycle impact assessment of drinking water production at Waternet. Journal of cleaner production, 1-6. 

Brdjanovic, D, Mithaiwala, M, Moussa, MS, Amy, GL & Loosdrecht, MCM van (2007). Use of modelling for 

optimization and upgrade of a tropical wastewater treatment plant in a developing country. Water science and 

technology, 56(7), 21-31. 

Bruggen, B van der & Verliefde, ARD �� 

the netherlands and assessment of removal possibilities with NF. Environmental pollution, 146, 281-289. 

Cornelissen, ER, Vrouwenvelder, JS, Heijman, SGJ, Viallefont, XD, Kooij, D van der & Wessels, LP (2007). 

Periodic air/water cleaning for control of biofouling in spiral wound membrane elements. Journal of membrane 

science, 287, 94-101. 

Cornelissen, ER, Vrouwenvelder, JS, Heijman, SGJ, 

Viallefont, XD, Kooij, D van der & Wessels, LP (2007). Air/ 

water cleaning for biofouling control in spiral wound mem- 

brane elements. Desalination, 204(1-3), 145-147. 

Gorantiwar, SD, Smout, IK & Vairavamoorthy, K (2007). 

Performance-based optimization of land and wate resources 

within irrigation schemes. I: method. Journal of irrigation and 

drainage engineering-asce, 132(4), 332-340. 

Halem, D van �� ters 

for household drinking water treatment in developing 

countries: material characterization and performance study. 

Water science and technology, 7(5-6), 9-17. 

Heijman, SGJ, Vantieghem, M, Raktoe, S, Verberk, JQJC 

& Dijk, JC van (2007). Blocking of capillaries as fouling 

�� brane 

science, 287, 119-125. 


Integrated modeling of 

ozonation for optimization of 

drinking water treatment 

A.W.C. van der Helm

Helm, AWC van der, Smeets, PWMH, Baars, ET, Rietveld, LC & Dijk, JC van (2007). Modeling 

of ozonation for dissolved ozone dosing. Ozone-science & engineering, 29(5), 379-389. 

Her, N, Amy, GL�� 

foulants. Water research, 41(7), 3936-3947. 

Huang, H, Lee, N, Young, T, Amy, GL, Lozier, J & Jacangelo, J (2007). Natural organic mat- 

�� 

conditions. Water research, 41(17), 3823-3832. 

Jarusutthirak, C & Amy, GL (2007). Understanding soluble microbial products as a component 

�� 

Kim, TK, Drewes, J, Summers, RS & Amy, GL (2007). Solute transport model for trace organic 

�� 

research, 41(17), 3977-3988. 

Lieverloo, H van, Blokker, EJM & Medema, GJ (2007). Quantitative microbial risk assessment 

of distributed drinking water using faecal indicator incidence and concentrations. Journal of 

water and health, 5(1), 151-170. 

Marquet, R, Muhammad, N, Vairavamoorthy, K & Wheatley, A (2007). Particle size distribu- 

�� 

85(1 B), 99-103. 

Suspended 

solids 

(AOC and 

dissolved 

solids) 

Discolouration in drinking 

water systems: 

a particular approach 

Regular 

deposition & 

resuspension 

�� 

Biofilm 

formation & 

sloughing 

incidental 

resuspension 

Corrosion 

Precipitation & 

flocculation 

Suspended 

solids 

(AOC and 

dissolved 

solids) 

Bed load 

transport 

Jan Vreeburg 

Martijn, B, Veer, AJ van der & Kruithof, 

JC (2007). Byproduct formation in ozone 

and uv-based processes as a critical factor 

in process selection. Water practice, 

1(3), 1-14. 

Mons, MN, Wielen, L van der, Blokker, 

EJM & Sinclair, JL (2007). Estimation 

of the consumption of cold tap water for 

microbiological risk assessment: an overview 

of studies and statistical analysis of 

data. Journal of water and health, 5(1), 

151-170. 

research 

SCIENTIFIC OUTPUT 

27

Smeets, PWMH, Dullemont, YD, Gelder, PHAJM van, Dijk, JC van & Medema, GJ (2007). Improved meth- 

��- 

�� 

Smout, IK, Gorantiwar, SD & Vairavamoorthy, K (2007). Performance-based optimization of land and 

water resources within irrigation schemes: II: application. Journal of irrigation and drainage engineeringasce, 

132(4), 341-348. 

Vairavamoorthy, K, Yan, JD, Galgale, HM & Gorantiwar, SD (2007). IRA-DWS: a GIS-based risk analysis 

tool for water distribution systems. Environmental modelling & software, 22(7), 951-965. 

Verberk, JQJC, O’Halloran, KJ, Hamilton, LA, Vreeburg, JHG & Dijk, JC van (2007). Measuring particles 

in drinking water transportation systems with particle counters. Journal of water supply research and technology-aqua, 

56(5), 345-355. 

Verberk, JQJC & Drikas, M (2007). Interaction between treatment and distribution systems: the key to 

delivery quality. Water: Journal of the Australian Water Association, 34(3), 144-149. 

Verberk, JQJC, Doolan, C, Jayarantna, A, Teasdale, P & Vreeburg, JHG (2007). International collaborative 

research on discoloured water. Water: Journal of the Australian Water Association, 34(1), 144-149. 

Verliefde, ARD, Heijman, SGJ, Cornelissen, ER, Amy, GL, Bruggen, B van der & Dijk, JC van (2007). 

�� 

during NF/GAC treatment of pharmaceutically active compounds in surface water. Water research, 41, 

3227-3240. 

Yan, J, Vairavamoorthy, K & Gorantiwar, SD (2007). Modelling the risk of contaminant intrusion in water 

mains. Proceedings of the institution of civil engineers-water management, 160(2), 123-132. 

Yan, JD, Vairavamoorthy, K & Gorantiwar, SD (2007). Contaminant transport model for unsaturated soil 

using fuzzy approach. Journal of environmental engineering and science, 132(11), 1489-1497. 

Zabalaga, J, Amy, GL & Munch, E von (2007). Evaluation of agricultural reuse practices and relevant guidelines 

for the alba rancho wwtp in cochabamba. Water science and technology, 55(1-2), 469-475. 


(Contribution to) international and national books 

Amy, GL, Carlson, K, Collins, MJ, Drewes, J, Gruenheid, S & Jekel, M (2006). Integrated comparison of 

��tion 

processes. In R Gimber & N Graham (Eds.), (pp. 3-12). IWA. 

Weijden, WJ van der, Leewis, R & Bol, P (2007). Biological globalisation: bio-invasions and their impact on 

nature, the economy and public health. KNNV Publishing. 

Editor international conference proceedings 

Vairavamoorthy, K (Ed.). (2007). Water management challenges in global change. London: Taylor & Francis. 

Verberk, JQJC. (Ed.). High Quality Drinking Water conference. Delft. Delft University of Technology. 

Conference proceedings 

Amy, GL (2007). Fundamental understanding of organic matter fouling of membranes. In Interrnational 

�� 

Amy, GL��ing-edge 

conference and exhibition on water and wastewater technologies (pp. 1-8). Singapore: IWA. 

Amy, GL (2007). North America or Europe: who is the true world leader? In AWWA Water Quality Technology 

(pp. 1-26). Charlotte, NC: AWWA. 

Blokker, EJM, Vreeburg, JHG, Bekhof, T & Blaauwgeers, HGP (2007). Performance assessment of hydrants. 

In LESAM 2007 (pp. 1-9). Lisbon: IWA. 

Blokker, EJM, Schaap, PG & Vreeburg, JHG (2007). Self-cleaning networks put to the test. In 2nd Leading 

Edge Conference on Strategy (pp. 1-10). Lisbon: LESAM. 

Blokker, EJM, Vreeburg, JHG, Buchnberger SG, Dijk, JC van (2007). Importance of demand modelling 

in network water quality models: a review. In J Verberk (Eds.) High Quality Drinking Water 07 (pp 1-10). 

Delft, Delft University of Technology 

Broeke, LJP van den, Helm, AWC van der, Rietveld, LC & Ross, PS (2007). On-line monitoring of drink- 

�� 

exposition proceedings (pp. 1-11). Charlotte, NC: American Water Works Association. 

Broeke, LJP van den, Ross, PS, Helm, AWC van der, Baars, E.T. & Rietveld, LC (2007). Use of on-line 

uv/vis-spectrometry in the measurement of dissolved ozone and aoc concentration in drinking water treatment. 

In AutMoNet conference (pp. 1-8). Gent: AutMoNet. 

research 

29

Dudley, J, Dillon, G, Ross, PS, Rietveld, LC & Schagen, KM van (2007). The European water treatment 

simulator. In B Ulanicki & K Vairavamoorthy (Eds.), Water management challenges in global change (pp. 

271-277). London: Taylor & Francis group. 

Grefte, A, Dignum, M, Rietveld, LC & Dijk, JC van (2006). Evaluation of a regular measurement program 

of water quality parameters in a full-scale non-chlorinated distribution system. In Taking water quality to 

new heights (pp. 1-8). Denver: AWWA. 

Grefte, A, Dignum, M, Helm, AWC van der, Rietveld, LC, Cornelissen, ER, Amy, GL & Dijk, JC van (2007). 

Removal of nom fractions by different anion exchange and sorbent resins. In 4th IWA leading edge conference 

and exhibition on water and wastewater technologies (pp. 1-8). Singapore: IWA. 

Grefte, A, Dignum, M, Rietveld, LC, Cornelissen, ER & Amy, GL (2007). Removal of nom fractions by different 

iex and adsorbent resins and effect on the performance of activated carbon. In AWWA Wate rQuality 

Technology (pp. 1-12). Charlott, NC: AWWA. 

Grefte, A, Dignum, M, Helm, AWC van der, Rietveld, LC, Cornelissen ER, Amy, GL, Dijk, JC van (2007). 

NOM Fraction Removal by Different Anion Exchange and Sorbent Resins. In J Verberk (Eds.) High Quality 

Drinking Water 07 (pp 1-8). Delft, Delft University of Technology 

Haarhoff, J, Verberk, JQJC & Ceronio, AD (2007). Towards better models and procedures for particle 

counting in distribution systems. In Particle separation 2007 - from particle characterisation to separation 

processes (pp. 1-8). Toulouse: IWA. 

Halem, D van, Heijman, SGJ, Soppe, G & Dijk, JC van�� 

household drinking water treatment in developing countries: material characterization and performances 

study. In International conference on water management and technology applications in developing countries 

(pp. 1-8). Kuala Lumpur: IWA The Malaysian Water Association. 

Halem, D van, Heijman, SGJ, Dijk, JC van & Amy, GL�� 

��ogy 

conference and exposition proceedings (pp. 1-7). Denver: American Water Works Association. 

Heijman, SGJ, Guo, H, Li, S & Dijk, JC van (2007). Liquid discharge: 99% recovery is possible. In T Melin, 

J Pinnenkamp & M Dohmann (Eds.), 7. Aacher Tagung Wasser und Membranen (pp. W8-1-W8-12). Aken: 

Mainz Verlag. 

Heijman, SGJ, Verliefde, ARD, Cornelissen, ER, Amy, GL & Dijk, JC van��- 

�� 

membranes for water and wastewater treatment (pp. 1-8). London: IWA. 


Heijman, SGJ, Guo, H, Li, S, Dijk, JC van & Wessels, LP (2007). Zero liquid discharge: heading for 99% 

recovery,. In IMSTEC 2007 (pp. 1). Sydney: IMSTEC. 

Hofman, JAMH, Shao, L, Wols, BA , Uijttewaal, WSJ & IJpelaar, G (2007). Design of UV reactors by CFD: 

model development and experimental validation. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the European COMSOL 

Conference, Grenoble, France (pp. 866-870). Grenoble: COMSOL. 

Hofman, JAMH, Wind, D, Wols, BA , Uijttewaal, WSJ, Dijk, JC van & Stelling, GS (2007). The use of CFD 

�� 

ozone contactors. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of theEuropean COMSOL Conference, Grenoble, France (pp. 

859-865). Grenoble: Comsol. 

Keuten, MGA, Keltjens, JT, Traksel, D & Dijk, JC van (2007). Traditional and future pool water treatment 

in relation to dbp’s. In L Dunemann & C Höller (Eds.), 2nd Pool and Spa Conference (pp. 1-2). Munchen: 

Verein fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene. 

Kjellberg, S, Jayaratne, A, Cadan, E, Sukumaran, N, Vreeburg, JHG & Verberk, JQJC (2007). The resuspension 

potential method -yarra valley water’s novel approach to routine mains cleaning. In Aspire (pp. 1- 

8). Perth: Aspire. 

Lee, N, Amy, GL & Pellegrino, J (2007). Modeling nom fouling of low pressure membranes: impact of membrane 

properties and nom characteristics. In International conference on membranes for water and waste- 

�� 

Li, S, Dijk, JC van & Heijman, SGJ��ineralized 

water. In T Melin, J Pinnekamp & M Dohmann (Eds.), 7. Aacher Tagung Wasser und Membranen 

(pp. W20-1-W20-8). Aachen: Mainz Verlag. 

Munch, E von, Ochs, E, Amy, GL , Mwasw, H & Fesselet, JF (2006). Provision of sustainable sanitation in 

emergency situations: role of ecosan. In . Colombo, Sri Lanka. 

Mysore, C, Lozier, J, Amy, GL & Jacangelo, J (2007). Comparing nom-related fouling of low-pressure mem- 

�� 

and exposition proceedings . Charlotte, NC: American Water Works Association. 

Nam, S, Krasner, S & Amy, GL�� 

impact of efom on drinking water source. In . Heidelberg, Germany. 

Nam, S, Amy, GL�� 

water dbp’s in indirect potable reuse. In 2007 Water quality technology conference and exposition proceedings 

(pp. 1-12). Denver: American Water Works Association. 

research 

31

Rietveld, LC, Worm, GIM, Helm, AWC van der, Schagen, K van (2007).Modelling and simulation of 

drinking water treatment plants. In J Verberk (Eds.) High Quality Drinking Water 07 (pp 1-8). Delft, Delft 

University of Technology 

Ross, PS, Helm, AWC van der, Broeke, LJP van den, Aa, LTJ van der & Rietveld, LC (2007). 

Charecterization of nom and uv spectrography in drinking water treatment processes to assess biological 

stability. In 4th IWA leading-edge conference and exhibition on water and wastewater technologies (pp. 1- 

8). Singapore: IWA. 

Ross, PS, Rietveld, LC, Baars, ET & Dijk, JC van�� 

by biomass and calcium carbonate particles. In Particle separation 2007 - from particle characterisation to 

separation processes (pp. 1-8). Toulouse: IWA. 

Ross, PS, Rietveld, LC, Aa, LTJ van der & Dijk, JC van (2007). Modelling of clogging of biological acti- 

�� 

Ross, PS, Helm, AWC van der, Broeke, J van der, Dignum M, Rietveld, LC, Dijk, JC van (2007). Drinking 

Water Treatment: Biological Stability assessed using UV-spectrography. In J Verberk (Eds.) High Quality 

Drinking Water 07 (pp 1-8). Delft, Delft University of Technology 

Schippers, E, Bakker, SH, Brummel, D & Heijman, SGJ (2007). Particle removal from surface water with 

�� 

(pp. 1-8). Toulouse: IWA. 

Sharma, SK, Amy, GL , Chaweza, D & Holzbecher, E (2007). Framework for assessing feasibility of river- 

�� 

(pp. 1-17). Denver: American Water Works Association. 

Smeets, PWMH & Medema, GJ (2007). Including microbial method uncertainty in quantative microbial risk 

assessment based on full-scale monitoring. In IWA HWRM Water Micro 2007 Conference (pp. 1-8). Tokyo: 

IWA. 

Teunissen, K, Abrahamse, A, Leijssen H, Rietveld, LC, Dijk, JC van (2007). Removal of both dissolved 

and particulate iron from groundwater. In J Verberk (Eds.) High Quality Drinking Water 07 (pp 1-11). Delft, 

Delft University of Technology 

Teunissen, K, Vet, WWJM de, Abrahamse, AJ, Leijssen, H, Rietveld, LC & Dijk, JC van (2007). Removal 

of both dissolved and particulate iron from groundwater. In Particle Separation (pp. 1-8). Toulouse: IWA. 

Vairavamoorthy, K & Sseguya, j (2007). Whole life cost optimisation model for water distribution systems: 

using modelling optimisation techniques to explore cost effective mains rehabilitation in kampala city, uganda. 

In LESAM 2007 (pp. 1-12). Lisbon: IWA. 


Verberk JQJC (2007). Assessment of particulate water quality in treatment and distribution systems. In J 

Verberk (Eds.) High Quality Drinking Water 07 (pp 1-8). Delft, Delft University of Technology 

Verberk, JQJC, Dijk, JC van & Amy, GL (2007). Perspective of membrane technology in municipal water 

supply. In T Melin, J Pinnekamp & M Dohmann (Eds.), 7. Aacher Tagung Wasser und Membranen (pp. U5- 

1-U5-12). Aken: Mainz Verlag. 

Verberk, JQJC, Dijk, JC van, Teunissen, K, Vreeburg, JHG, Bosch, A. & Leijssen, H (2007). Counting 

particles in distribution networks, an on-line tool to assess the water quality. In B Ulanicki & K Vairavamoorthy 

(Eds.), Water management challenges in global change (pp. 287-295). London: Taylor & Francis. 

Verberk, JQJC, Vreeburg, JHG & Dijk, JC van (2007). Particles in drinking water treatment and distribution 

systems. In IWA Particle separation (pp. 1-8). Toulouse: IWA. 

Verberk, JQJC, Vreeburg, JHG & Dijk, JC van�� 

distribution system. In AWWA Water Quality Technology (pp. 1-14). Charlotte, NC: AWWA. 

Verliefde, ARD, Dijk, JC van, Cornelissen, EC, Heijman, SGJ & Bruggen, B van der (2007). Rejection of 

�� 

J Pinnekamp & M Dohmann (Eds.), 7. Aacher Tagung Wasser und Membranen (pp. W9-1-W9-12). Aken: 

Mainz verlag. 

Verliefde, ARD, Heijman, SGJ, Cornelissen, ER, Amy, GL , Bruggen, B van der & Dijk, JC van (2007). 

Rejection of trace organic pollutants with high pressure membranes (NF/RO). In North American Membrane 

Society (pp. 1-8). Orlando. 

Verliefde, ARD, Heijman, SGJ, Cornelissen, ER, Amy, GL , Bruggen, AC van & Dijk, JC van (2007). 

Removal of pharmaceutically active compounds from surface water. In AWWA Membrane Technology 

Conference (pp. 1-8). Tampa Bay: AWWA. 

Vet, WWJM de, Rietveld, LC�� 

�� 

Toulouse: IWA. 

Vreeburg, JHG, Schaap, P, Verberk, JQJC & Dijk, JC van (2007). Effect of particle free water in a drinking 

water distribution network. In B Ulanicki & k Vairavamoorthy (Eds.), Water management challenges in 

global change (pp. 297-304). London: Taylor & Francis group. 

Vreeburg, JHG, Schaap, PG, Verberk, JQJC & Sjoerdsma, P (2007). Effects of particle-free water in a 

common drinking water distribution system. In Particle separation 2007 - from particle characterisation to 

separation processes (pp. 1-8). Toulouse: IWA. 

research 

33

Vreeburg, JHG, Schaap, PG, Verberk, JQJC & Sjoerdsma, P (2007). Particles in the distribution system. 

In J Verberk (Eds.) High Quality Drinking Water 07 (pp 1-8). Delft, Delft University of Technology 

Wols, BA , Hofman, JAMH, Uijttewaal, WSJ, Rietveld, LC, Stelling, GS & Dijk, JC van (2007). Residence 

time distributions in ozone contactors. In World Congress on Ozone and Ultraviolet Technologies, Los 

Angeles, USA (pp. 1-15). Los Angelos: World Congress on Ozone and Ultraviolet Technologies. 

Yangali V, Kim T, Kennedy M, Amy, GL (2007). Prediction of RO/NF Membrane Rejections of PhACs and 

Organic Compounds: A Statistical Analysis. In J Verberk (Eds.) High Quality Drinking Water 07 (pp 1-8). 

Delft, Delft University of Technology 

Worm, G.I.M., Oudmans, J, Schagen, K van & Rietveld, LC�� 

drinking water treatment plant. In B Zupancic & R Karba (Eds.), Eurosim 2007 (pp. 1-8). Ljubljana: 2007 

Eurosim/slosim. 

Professional publications 

Amy, GL (2007). USA or Europe: who is the true world leader in drinking water technology. In J.C. van Dijk 

& M van der Meulen (Eds.), Grenzen verleggen (pp. 19-29). Amsterdam: IOS Press. 

Blokker, EJM, Vreeburg, JHG, Sjoerdsma, P & Roer, M van der (2007). SIMDEUM-model ook toepasbaar 

voor waterkwaliteitsberekeningen. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 40(6), 48-51. 

Blokker, EJM, Schaap, P, Vreeburg, JHG & Horst, W van der (2007). Evaluatie bevestigt effectiviteit ontwerpconcepten 

zelfreinigende netten. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 40(8), 41-43. 

Dijk, JC van (2007). The dutch water empire. In JC Dijk & M van der Meulen (Eds.), Grenzen verleggen 

(pp. 1-8). Amsterdam: IOS Press. 

Heijman, SGJ (2007). Onderzoek naar nieuwe behandelingsconcepten. In J.C. van Dijk & M. van der 

Meulen (Eds.), grenzen verleggen (pp. 57-62). Amsterdam: IOS Press. 

Helm, AWC van der (2007). Integrale modellering van ozonisatie voor optimalisatie drinkwaterbereiding. 

H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 49-52. 

Hofman, JAMH, Hoek, JP van der, Nederlof, MM & Groenendijk, M (2007). Twenty years of experience 

�� 

21-24. 

Rietveld, LC & Geilvoet, SP (2007). Waterwereld verlegt grenzen tijdens de Vakantiecursus. H2O: tijdschrift 

voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 40(2), 6-10. 


Teunissen, K, Abrahamse, AJ & Leijssen, H (2007). De wondere wereld van de deeltjes in het pompstation. 

H O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 40(13), 41-44. 

2 

Teunissen, K, Knol, T, Rietveld, LC & Dijk, JC van (2007). Verhoging uv-transmissie bij voorzuivering 

Bergambacht. H O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 40(4), 36-39. 

2 

Verberk, JQJC (2007). The down under water experience. In JC van van Dijk & M van der Meulen (Eds.), 

Grenzen verleggen (pp. 29-42). Amsterdam: IOS Press. 

Vet, WWJM de�� 

voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 22, 39-42. 

Vreeburg, JHG, Verberk, JQJC, Schaap, P & Dijk, JC van (2007). Hoe bruin water leidt tot een nieuwe 

aanpak. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 40(13), 37-40. 

Vreeburg, JHG (2007). Grenzen verleggen in distributie. In J.C. van Dijk & M. van der Meulen (Eds.), 

Grenzen verleggen (pp. 43-56). Amsterdam: IOS Press. 

Wessels, LP, Cornelissen, E, Abrahamse, JC & Heijman, SGJ�� 

voor de behandeling van oppervlaktewater. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 40(2), 

44-47. 

Zhang, YL & Vairavamoorthy, K (2007). Application of method-on-lines to charging-up process in pipelines 

with entrapped air. Tsinghua science and technology, 11(3), 324-331. 

Zhang, YL & Vairavamoorthy, K�� 

bounderies. Tsinghua science and technology, 11(3), 313-323. 

research 

35


c. 

a. 

d. 

b. 

a. Detail of DOPFR pilot installation 

�� 

c. Liquid chromatograph 

�� 

INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PROJECTS 

37

MODELLING OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVATED CARBON FILTRATION 

Research objectives 

��tration 

in drinking water treatment. The model includes adsorption and biodegradation processes and should 

be able to predict the removal of organic matter and pesticides. 

Project outline 


�� 

�� 

capacity result in lower solid-phase concentrations of organic matter on activated carbon. The reduced solid- 

�� 

run times for pesticides. 

Approach 

��age 

of the project a measurement method for biomass on activated carbon was developed and the dominant 

bacteria species were determined and characterized. Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the 

effect of oxidation on the adsorption characteristics of the organic matter. This provided data for model calibration. 

Pilot plant studies on ground and surface water were performed to provide data for model validation. 

Results 

Laboratory experiments showed that due to oxidation and biodegradation the solid-phase concentrations of 

dissolved organic matter reduce up to 50% of the original values. Pesticide spiking experiments at a concen- 

Figure 1. Atrazine breakthrough in GAC and BAC at empty bed contact times of 5 min and 10 min 


�� 

�� 

��surement 

method. Surprisingly biomass concentration peaks in spring and 

not in summer when the temperatures are maximal. 

�� 

�� 

��titative 

prediction of the overall BAC process may help us to understand the 

�� 

Social relevance 

The research is performed in close co-operation with industry. The model 

�� 

result in: 

- improvement of drinking water quality (removal of dissolved organic matter 

to prevent regrowth in the drinking water distribution system, robust barrier 

against micro pollutants like pesticides) 

- reduction of operational costs by reducing the regeneration frequency 

- reduction of environmental loading by reducing the regeneration frequency 

Literature 

- Aa L.T.J. van der, Achari V.S., Rietveld L.C., Siegers W.G., Dijk J.C. van (2004). 

�� 

of organic compounds. WISA Conference, Cape Town. 

- Aa L.T.J. van der, Kolpa R.J., Magic-Knezev A., Rietveld L.C., Dijk J.C. van (2003). 

�� 

Quality Technology Conference, Philadelphia. 

�� grating 

adsorption and biodegradation in one model. Proceedings of Workshop 

�� 

René van der Aa 


Faculty of Civil Engineering and 

Geosciences 

Department of Water Management 

Section Sanitary Engineering 

Tel.: +31 20 55 37 054 

Fax: +31 20 39 76 880 

e-mail:rene.van.der aa@waternet.nl 

www.drinkwater.tudelft.nl 

Postal address: 

Waternet 

Postbus 94370 

1090 GJ Amsterdam 

Visiting address: 

Korte Ouderkerkerdijk 7 

1096 AC Amsterdam 

Start date: Jan 2000 

Expected end date: Summer 2008 

Key words: 

��tion, 

modelling 

Cooperation with other 

institutes: 

Waternet; Norit; Vitens; 

Wageningen University and Research; 

Kiwa Water Research. 

The project has been co-funded by 

the Dutch Deparment of Economics 

through Senter 

individual research projects 

39



STOCHASTIC DEMAND PATTERNS IN HYDRAULIC MODELS 

�� 

�� 

in drinking water systems are responsible for the generation of discoloration of the water, leading to an unacceptable 

aesthetic water quality. Apart from the aesthetic aspect of particles in the drinking water system, also 

public health could be compromised, as particles can be related to other water quality aspects, such as the 

biological re-growth problems in the network. Discoloration of the water is the most important cause for customers 

to complain at their water company and leads to 3,000 to 6,000 water quality complaints per year. 

Approach 

�� 

End-Use Model. A distribution network model is easily constructed from GIS-information of pipes (location and 

diameter of pipes and pipe roughness) and customers (location of demand nodes and yearly water use) and 

�� 

and age of houses). 

The application of a demand model in a distribution network model is investigated. Existing network models 

have been developed to model the transport network. A distribution network model requires the possibility 

of many different demands and short time steps in the calculation process. Possibly, in the Darcy-Weisbach 

equation an acceleration term must be taken into consideration. 

Results 

The demand model SIMDEUM based on (residential) end-use is developed from statistical information on 

�� 

�� 

Information on number of people per household is also used. The (statistical) information is retrieved from 

�� 

on time budget. The model is validated by measurements on individual household level and on street level 

(of 5 to 512 houses). 

�� 

and residence times were calculated. In this small network velocities are low (< 0.1 m/s) and in pipes where 

�� 

�� 

The processes that govern the settling and resuspension of particles in the network are not fully understood. 

However, it is clear that the hydraulic conditions in the distribution network are a key factor. Existing demand 

models, based on measured demand at the pumping station, are applicable to transport models. These models 

�� 

�� 

reason for this is that distribution networks have much more demand nodes and these demand nodes show 

much more uncorrelated demands (both in time and in space) than demand nodes in transport networks. The 


esult is that sediment in distribution networks is much more of a problem 

than in transport networks. 

Several demand models have been built based on the Pulse Rectangular 

Poisson (PRP) model of Buchberger (university of Cincinnati). This PRPmodel 

requires a lot of (expensive) measurements and seems to be spe- 

�� 

because the PRP-model gives no insight in how population and in-home 

installation affect the parameters of the model. A demand model based on 

�� 

�� 

terrorist attacks on the drinking water distribution system. By modeling optimum 

sensor locations the detection of deliberate degradation of the water 

quality in the distribution network is improved. By using the sensor input and 

applying algorithms for source location inversion the water company should 

be able to quickly identify the source location of the pollution and limit the 

consequence of the attack. All of the suggested solutions assume perfect 

sensors and known demands. McKenna et al. (2005) have suggested that 

due to the stochastic nature of demands and thus limited covariance in 

demands source location inversion is only possible with accurate information 

on demand. 


Discoloration seriously undermines the customer’s faith in drinking water. 

Possible public health effects are not very severe because the color of the 

water will prevent people from actually consuming the water. The effects 

on water quality of resuspended sediment in the sub-visual region, below 

5 FTU, are probably not negligible. Water companies spend a lot of money 

�� 

in the network. More knowledge on hydraulic conditions in the distribution 

network will help determine how to maintain the network, which will decrease 

the number of discolored water incidents and increase customer’s trust in 

save and healthy drinking water. 

Literature 

- Blokker, E.J.M., Vreeburg, J.H.G. (2005) “Monte Carlo Simulation of residential 

water demand: a stochastic end-use model” ASCE conf. proc. 173, 34, May 15- 

19 2005. 

- Blokker, E.J.M.,Vreeburg, J.H.G., & Vogelaar, A.J. (2006). “Combining the probabilistic 

demand model SIMDEUM with a network model”. In s.n. (Ed.), 8th <strong>Annual</strong> 

Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium (pp. 1-11). Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: 

University Cincinnati. 


Mirjam Blokker 



Geosciences 



Tel.: +31 15 27 86 588 

Fax: +31 15 27 84 918 

e-mail: e.j.m.blokker@tudelft.nl 



Postbus 1072 

3430 BB Nieuwegein 


Groningenhaven 7 

3433 PE Nieuwegein 

Start date: May 2007 

Expected end date: May 2011 

Key words: 

stochastic demands, hydraulic 

models 


institutes: 

Kiwa Water Research 

41

INFLUENCE OF NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER (NOM) ON DRINKING WATER 

TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION 


The objective of this research is to model the behaviour of different natural organic matter (NOM) fractions in 

treatment processes. By tracking the removal of different NOM fractions at different locations in the treatment 

train, the effects on the resultant water quality can be elucidated. 



Although the drinking water is of high quality after treatment, deterioration of the water quality in the distribu- 

�� 

�� 

and accumulation of sediment in the distribution system. With new technologies it should be possible to deter- 

�� 

distribution system and the performance of treatment steps. 

Approach 

�� 

this new treatment step on the water quality after treatment and after distribution will be investigated in batch 

experiments and on pilot scale. Those processes can then be optimized, leading to cost effective alternative 

��ments. 

Also the effect of NOM removal by IEX on granular activated carbon (GAC) is investigated. Next step 

is to repeat those experiments on pilot scale. 

Results 

Weesperkarspel water is used for batch experiments with 3 different IEX resins and 1 sorbent resin. The IEX 

resins that are used are: MIEX from Orica, Lewatit VP OC 1071 from Bayer, and Duolite A7 from Rohm and 

�� 

excitation emission matrices (EEM), see Figure 1, UVA and DOC. 

254 

Because WPK water consists of mainly humic NOM fractions, DOC or UVA provided a good indication of 

254 

�� 


Figure2. Breakthrough curves of GAC after pre-treatment 

��

NOM (removal). Fluorescence EEM did not yield much extra information, 

because there were no proteins found. LC-OCD gave extra information, 

especially about the non-humic substances. Lewatit VP OC 1071 and MIEX 

�� 

�� 

for DOC removal, see Figure 2. In future work, the simulated breakthrough 

�� 

�� 

NOM is, more or less, removed by the existing drinking water treatment and 

affects the effectiveness of certain treatment processes. NOM is presently 

�� 

NOM fractions has not received much attention. By modeling the behaviour 

of different NOM fractions in the treatment process, insight can be obtained 

in the behaviour of NOM in the treatment under changing circumstances 

and the effects on the treatment effectiveness. By performing the removal 

of different NOM fractions on different locations in the treatment the effect 

on the water quality can be studied, also the consequence for environment 

and costs. 


As the research is executed in co-operation with water companies, the results 

of the research will directly be implemented in practice. By improved drinking 

water treatment and avoiding deterioration of the water quality during distribution, 

in combination with the distribution processes, the excellent Dutch 

drinking water quality will be safeguarded for the future. 

Literature 

- Anke Grefte, Marco Dignum, Luuk Rietveld and Hans van Dijk. Evaluation of a 

regular measurement program of water quality parameters in a full-scale nonchlorinated 

distribution system. WQTC conference proceedings, Denver, 2006 

- Anke Grefte, Marco Dignum, Alex van der Helm, Luuk Rietveld, Emile Cornelissen, 

Gary Amy and Hans van Dijk. Removal of NOM Fractions by Different Anion 

Exchange and Sorbent Resins. Leading Edge conference proceedings, Singapore, 


- Anke Grefte, Marco Dignum, Luuk Rietveld, Emile Cornelissen and Gary Amy. 

Removal of NOM Fractions by Different Ion Exchange (IEX) and Adsorbent Resins 

and Effect on the Performance of Activated Carbon. WQTC conference proceedings, 

Charlotte, 2007 



Geosciences 



Tel.: +31 15 27 81 585 

Fax: +31 15 27 84 918 

e-mail:a.grefte@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 

2600 GA Delft 


Stevinweg 1 

2628 CN Delft 

Building of Civil Engineering 

Room 4.59 


Expected end date: Jan 2010 

Key words: 

Drinking water quality, advanced 

treatment, NOM, distribution 

system 


institutes: 

Waternet; Kiwa Water Research; 

Vitens; Unesco-IHE 


Anke Grefte 

43

IN-SITU ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM GROUNDWATER FOR APPLICATION IN 

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 


The main objective of this Ph.D. study is to determine the applicability of in-situ iron removal for the retention 

of high arsenic concentrations from groundwater. Investigation of the subsurface processes is required for a 

�� 



Arsenic contamination in groundwater is found in many countries worldwide, including Argentina, Bangladesh, 

Hungary, India, the United States, and Vietnam. The main reason for concern is de gradual, chronic poison- 

�� 

toughening of palms and soles (black-foot disease). Chronic exposure may cause cancer of the skin, lungs, 

urinary bladder and kidneys. 

Even though many techniques have been developed over the years to remove arsenic from groundwater, a 

solution is not yet at hand for people living at the Bottom of the Pyramid. The use of in-situ arsenic removal 

could proof a reliable alternative, since arsenic is retained in the aquifer and thus no waste stream is produced. 

The periodic injection of aerated water oxidizes adsorbed Fe(II) to Fe(III) and therefore forming new adsorption 

areas for Fe(II) and other trace elements such as arsenic. 

Approach 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

Results 

�� 

preliminary laboratory work. First results are expected in the beginning of 2008. 


�� 

Even though in-situ iron removal is operated worldwide for many decades 

�� 

base is needed to improve the operation of this technology for the removal 

of arsenic. Precipitation and adsorption of iron, manganese, and arsenic 

under shifting redox conditions is interfered by various substances. Also, the 

remobilization of arsenic might be of serious concern, thus research on the 

dissolution and aging of arsenic-containing iron (hydr)oxides is required. 


One only has to hear about the ‘mass poisoning’ of people living in the Bengal 

Delta to understand the social relevance of arsenic-related research topics. 

The use of in-situ iron removal for this purpose is not only interesting from 

�� 

worldwide. Therefore this research study should extend beyond acquiring 

theoretical answers and thus also translate the technology to the practicality 

of the users’ real world. In Bangladesh the study is supported by the Arsenic 

Research and Mitigation Foundation (ARMF), working closely together with 

�� 

Literature 

- Halem, D van, Soppe, G, Kroesbergen, J & Jagt, H van der (2006). Effectiviteit 

�� 

schaal. H O, 39(25/26), 41-43. 

2 

- Halem, D van, Heijman, SGJ, Soppe, G & Dijk, JC van (2007). Ceramic silver- 

��tries: 

material characterization and performances study. In International conference 

on water management and technology applications in developing countries (p. 1- 

8). IWA Specialist Conference: The Malaysian Water Association. Kuala Lumpur. 

May 14-16. 

- Halem, D van, Heijman, SGJ, Soppe, G & Dijk, JC van (2007). Ceramic silver- 

��tries: 

material characterization and performances study. Accepted for publication 

in Water, Science & Technology. 

- Halem, D van, Heijman, SGJ, Dijk, JC van & Amy, GL (2007). Low-cost membrane 

�� 

�� 

November 4-8. 

- Halem, D van, Laan, H van der, Dijk, JC van & Amy, GL (2007). Assessing the sus- 

�� 

water treatment. Accepted for publication in Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 


Doris van Halem 



Geosciences 



Tel.: +31 15 27 83 539 

Fax: +31 15 27 84 918 

e-mail:d.vanhalem@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.44 

Start date: Jan 2007 


Key words: 

Arsenic, drinking water, in-situ 


institutes: 

Unesco-IHE 

45

NEW TREATMENT CONCEPTS FOR DRINKING WATER PRODUCTION 


New treatment concepts are investigated for large scale but also for small scale drinking water production. The 

research is aiming at high tech solutions in order to further improve the water quality in the Netherlands. But 

also innovative treatment concepts for developing countries and remote area’s are investigated. The implementation 

of new technologies is part of the research. 



In the densely populated industrial countries there is a growing concern for the micro pollutants in the water 

sources of the drinking water production. The apolar micro pollutants are well removed by activated carbon. 

�� 

disadvantages. To create a robust barier against all micro pollutants it is probably necessary to have two bar- 

�� 

�� 

In developing countries the removal of human pathogens (microorganism and viruses) has the highest priority 

to provide safe drinking water to the people in rural area’s. Most of the time there is no distribution network 

so the treatment system should be designed for village scale (500 people) or even household scale (10 people). 

So the treatment systems investigated are most of the time low-tech disinfection techniques for remote 

area’s preferably driven by solar or wind energy. Also sustainable desalination concepts (on wind and sun) 

are investigated. 

Approach 

Most of the time experimental research is done on both lab scale as well as pilot scale. Sometimes it is useful 

to model the results to get a better understanding of what is happening. From the pilot scale we learn important 

design parameters and water production rate. We can estimate the investment costs of a full scale installation 

and can estimate a water price. This is also important for the village or household systems. Also we can 

measure the water quality produced with the investigated treatment concept. 

Results 

�� pended 

solids, NOM and micro pollutants in one step. 

�� 

• Seawater evaporation by sun power using vapour compression. Sustainable production of fresh water from 

saline water. 

• Drinking with the wind: combination sea water desalination with a windmill. Sustainable production of fresh 

water from saline water. 

• Ammonium removal with zeolites. Adsorptive removal of ammonium. 

• Sustainable small scale treatment systems. Treatment systems for developing countries and remote areas. 

�� 


�� 

Innovative solutions are needed to overcome the problems of both small systems 

as well as large treatment concepts. The solutions are either improving 

the water quality further or decreasing the costs of water production. Science 

provide methods to improve or adapt existing concepts and to evaluate the 

�� 


Excess to safe and healthy drinking water is important in developing as 

well as in developed countries. The systems needed only differ in size and 

technology. But the fundaments are always a reliable appropriate technology 

and an adequate implementation of the technology. The alternative 

concepts developed should always evaluated on the water price and the 

water quality. 

Literature 

• Heijman,S.G.J., Guo,H., Li, S., Dijk, J.C. van, Wessels, L.P., “Zero liquid discharge: 

99% recovery is possible”, proceeding 7te Aachener Tagung Wasser und 

Membranen. 30+31 oktober 2007. 

• Heijman, S.G.J., H. Guo,S.Li, J.C. van Dijk, L.P. Wessels, “Zero liquid discharge: head- 

�� 

• Heijman*, S.G.J. Verliefde, A.R.D., Cornelissen, E.R., Amy, G., van Dijk, 

��- 

��ceedings 

IWA membrane conference Harrogate. 

• Schippers Doeke, Bakker Simon, Brummel Dik and Heijman Bas “Particle removal 

�� 

particle characterisation to separation processes (pp. 1-8). Toulouse: IWA. (TUD) 

• Anneke Abrahamse, Weren de Vet, Petra Scholte, Bas Heijman, “Toepassing zeolieten 

voor verwijdering ammonium bij de drinkwaterzuivering” 

• Bas Heijman, Sheng Li, Peter Wessels, Hans van Dijk , “Een nieuwe zuiveringsopzet 

voor directe behandeling van oppervlaktewater tot drinkwater” H2O 

(2006),39,nr.17. 

• Heijman, SGJ, Li, S & Dijk, JC van (2006). Treatment concept for future drinking 

water production. In s.n. (Ed.), Water Quality Technology (pp. 1-8). Denver: 

AWWA. 

• Heijman, SGJ, Guo, H, Li, S & Dijk, JC van (2007). Liquid discharge: 99% recovery 

is possible. In T Melin, J Pinnenkamp & M Dohmann (Eds.), 7. Aacher Tagung 

Wasser und Membranen (pp. W8-1-W8-12). Aken: Mainz Verlag. 

• Schippers, JC, Heijman, SGJ & Bakker, EF (2006). Oppervlaktezuivering door middel 

van keramische membranen. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 

39(14/15), 45-48. 


Bas Heijman 



Geosciences 



Tel.: +31 15 27 84 282 

Fax: +31 15 27 84 918 

e-mail:S.G.J.Heijman@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.59 

Start date: ongoing 

Expected end date: ongoing 

Key words: 

Drinking water treatment; new con- 

�� 

resin; zeolites; ceramic membranes; 

windmill; sun power 


institutes: 

Vitens, UNESCO-IHE, Kiwa Water 

Research, Aqua-for-All 

47

INTEGRATED MODELING OF OZONATION FOR OPTIMIZATION OF DRINKING 

WATER TREATMENT 


The research has two objectives: to determine the objectives for optimization of operation of drinking water treatment 

plants and to develop an integrated model for ozonation that can be used for operational support and process 

control. The model has to be able to function as a part of an integrated model for the entire Weesperkarspel 

drinking water treatment plant of Waternet. 



In the Netherlands, drinking water treatment plants are robust and designs are based on the performance of 

individual processes with pre-set boundary conditions. In operation of drinking water treatment plants, the processes 

are usually optimized individually on the basis of “rules of thumb” and operator knowledge and experience. 

However, changes in operational conditions of individual processes can affect subsequent processes and an optimal 

operation, which can include a number of water quality parameters, costs and environmental impact, is different 

for every operator. It is assumed that an integrated approach to the entire treatment plant can lead to a more 

�� 

an instrument for operational support and for process control to further improve the operation of a drinking water 

treatment plant, making maximal use of the installed infrastructure and postponing new investments. 

Approach 

�� 

it describes integrated modeling of ozonation. Ozonation plays a key role in integrated modeling of the treatment 

plants of Waternet, water cycle company for Amsterdam and surrounding areas, that were used in case studies. 

��- 

�� 

ozonation model, experiments in different bench-scale and pilot-scale ozone installations with different natural waters 

are performed. In addition different control strategies for ozonation are assessed, a new design for ozone installations 

is developed, and the character and removal of natural organic matter (NOM) prior to ozonation is studied. 

Results 

The objective for integrated optimization of the operation of drinking water treatment plants should be the improvement 

of water quality and not an a priori reduction of environmental impact or costs. Therefore modeling efforts 

focused on water quality modeling. The developed ozonation model was used for evaluating the current control strategy 

of the full-scale ozone installation at Weesperkarspel and for assessing other control strategies for operational 

support and process control of ozonation. It is a tool that directly shows the consequences of changes in operation 

of the ozone installation. It enables water supply companies to make more objective choices for operational settings 

and, thus, is a valuable tool for controlling the balance between disinfection, bromate (a possible carcinogenic 

according to the World Health Organization) formation and AOC formation.From the experimental work and modeling 

studies, the importance of the hydraulic conditions for ozonation was demonstrated. The dissolved ozone plug 

�� 

in a pre-treated side stream and dosed to the main stream just before a static mixer. Subsequently, contact time in 

��- 


out increasing AOC 

and bromate formation. 

Also the effects 

of the character and 

the removal of NOM 

on the formation of 

AOC and the formation 

of bromate and 

disinfection during 

ozonation were evaluated in order to determine what amount and which part 

�� 

�� 

humic substances as compared to the removal of the building blocks fraction 

of NOM, as determined by SEC-DOC, because it led to less bromate formation 

and less AOC formation. 

�� 

Integrated modeling leads to more knowledge of the interactions between processes 

as well as more knowledge of the processes itself. From the experimental 

work and modeling studies, amongst others, the importance of the hydraulic 

conditions is demonstrated and new insights in ozonation are gained. 


This research has shown that water quality should be the objective for control 

of drinking water treatment plants in order to minimize the use of bottled water 

which has an environmental impact and cost impact of more than 100 times 

compared to tap water. The use of integrated models for control of drinking 

�� 

quality and higher reliability of treatment plants. With the new dissolved ozone 

dosing principle it is possible to decrease bromate concentration in drinking 

water while maintaining te same level of disinfection. 

Literature 

- Helm A.W.C. van der, Smeets P.W.M.H., Baars E.T., Rietveld L.C. and Dijk J.C. van 

(2005). Dosing Ratios for Reduced Bromate Formation by Dissolved Ozone Dosing. 

Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 5(5), 35-40. 

- Smeets P.W.M.H., Helm A.W.C. van der, Dullemont Y.J., Rietveld L.C., Dijk J.C. van 

and Medema, G.J. (2006). Inactivation of Escherichia coli by ozone under bench-scale 

�� 

- van der Helm, A.W.C., Smeets, P.W.M.H., Baars, E.T., Rietveld, L.C. and van Dijk, 

J.C. (2007). Modeling of ozonation for dissolved ozone dosing. Ozone Science and 

Engineering, 29(5), 379-389. 



Geosciences 



DHV B.V. 

Unit Water Treatment 

Tel.: +31 61 50 93 313 

Fax: +31 15 27 84 918 

e-mail:alex.vanderhelm@dhv.com 

a.w.c.vanderhelm@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.69 


Finished: Dec 2007 

Key words: 

Drinking water treatment, optimization, 

modeling, integrated, ozone 


institutes: 

DHV B.V. 


ABB B.V. 


Alex van der Helm 

49

FUTURE POOL WATER TREATMENT IN PUBLIC SWIMMING POOLS 


The research objective is to reduce the use of chemical disinfectants in public swimming pools. This can be 

done by combining alternative disinfection techniques with adapted water treatment in a new pool water treatment 

concept including aspects of hygienic control of pool visitors. The goal is to have chemical disinfectant 

free swimming pool water during the public opening hours. 



The main disadvantage of the use of a chemical disinfectant in pool water treatment is the formation of disinfection 

by-products. Operating pool water treatment without a chemical disinfectant introduces new questions 

like: 

- Can human pathogens be controlled in swimming pool water, using alternative disinfection techniques? 

- What effects will alternative disinfection techniques have on the design of the pool water treatment? 

- What is the effect on other water quality parameters like turbidity, urea and organic matter? 

�� 

Approach 

�� 

pathogens will mainly be a theoretical study. The effect on pool water treatment and other water quality param- 

�� 

and experimental basis. During the lab scale tests, chemical and biological pollutants will be dosed to determine 

which alternative disinfection technique is within reach for swimming pool operation. The most promising 

technique will be tested full scale in a swimming pools During these full scale tests the robustness of the 

alternative technique will be an important parameter. 


Results 

This research will result in a robust alternative technique for disinfection in 

public swimming pools. The research project is still in an initial stage. First 

results are expected in 2008. 

�� 

Current pool water treatment relies on chemical disinfection. The development 

of a pool water treatment with alternative disinfection techniques is a 

�� 

quality must be kept in control. Foreseeable and unforeseeable effects of 

alternative disinfection will be closely examined during this project. Creating 

stable microbial pool water without the use of chemical disinfectants can lead 

to new viewpoints for comparable water treatment processes. 


Since the early ages bathing and swimming play an important role in communities. 

The use of water basins changed over the ages from religious via 

hygienic to more recreational and educational purposes. During this development 

bathing and swimming has always been a social activity. Complaints 

about “swimming pool odor”, eye irritation or a sensitive pulmonary system 

are common reasons why nowadays some people never visit public swimming 

pools. Chemical disinfectant free pool operation will give this group of 

people the opportunity of using a swimming pool frequently without complaints 

about disinfection by-products. 

Literature 

- M.G.A. Keuten, L.L.M. Keltjens, D. Traksel, J.C. van Dijk (2007) Traditional and 

future pool water treatment in relation to DBP’s. Abstract & presentation for 2nd 

Pool and Spa Conference 14th to 16th March 2007 in Munich 



Geosciences 

Department of Water management 


Tel.: +31 15 27 83 539 

Fax: +31 15 27 84 918 

e-mail:m.g.a.keuten@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.71 

Prestudy Started: Feb 2006 

Start date Project: Mar 2007 

Expected end date: Apr 2010 

Key words: 

Pool water treatment, disinfection 

byproducts, alternative disinfection 


institutes: 

- 


Maarten Keuten 

51


ULTRAFILTRATION WITH A BACKWASH OF RO PERMEATE 

�� 

2. make this technique mature, ready to use in industrial world 



�� 

the obstacle hindering this technique is fouling of membrane. Without any pretreatment, the membrane will be 

fouled easily, so some pretreatments have been introduced, such as coagulation, softening and ion exchange. In 

�� 

fouling control is promising, but the problem of this technique is the waste stream with a high metal concentration 

�� 

waste stream. Therefore, in this PhD project, another fouling control technique will be investigated: backwashing 

with RO permeate. The reason for us to start this project is the good laboratory scale experiment results got from 

TU Delft and Kiwa Water Research. Compared 

with inline coagulation, backwashing with RO 

permeate has the following advantages: 

- no coagulant dosage 

- no high concentrated metal waste stream 

Approach 

In order to reach the above two goals, experiments 

of three scales will be carried out: 

- fundamental scale 

- bench scale 

- pilot scale 

The fundamental scale experiments will be 

�� 

while the bench scale and pilot scale focus on 

the technique optimization and long-term consistency. 

Results 

Previous research [Li et all, 2007] shows that 

backwashing with RO-permeate is an option to 

��face 

water. The possible mechanism is either 

the absence of Calcium-NOM complexes on the 

membrane surface or the repulsion of the negative 

membrane surface and the negative NOMmolecules. 

Also the absence of NOM molecules 


Figure1. Normalized TMP as a function of time for three types of back- 

�� 

�� 

Figure2. Normalized TMP as a function of time for three types of back- 

�� 

��

�� 

�� 

�� 

hard to say exactly which kind of substance in the untreated backwash water 

is leading to the bad fouling control. In the latest research, experiments were 

focused on the impact of different components in backwashing water. 

Figure 1 and 2 show that UF fouling became serious with additions of Ca and 

Na in the demineralized water, so both Ca and Na in backwash water contribute 

to the fouling of UF, probably by reducing the zeta potential of both the membrane 

as well as the natrural organic matter during backwash. As UF permeate, 

which consists of 2 mmol/l Ca and 2.5 mmol/l Na, behaved the same as ROpermeate 

with 3 mmol/l added Ca (as shown in Figure 3), organic compounds 

�� 

experiment should be done to provide the substantial proof. 

�� 

Recently, many researchers focus on the ions effect on the membrane fouling, 

but most of them emphasize on the calcium removal before membrane 

�� 

focus on the ions effect, but the different point is that we investigate the ionfree 

condition in backwashing water. 


Nowadays, many UF treatment plant use coagulation as pre-treatment, but they 

have to face the problem of high concentrated metal waste stream. Discharging 

a big amount of metal waste stream is not an environmental friendly action, so 

we should try to use this technique to replace the coagulation pretreatment. 

Literature 

�� 

backwashing with demineralised water. 7th Aachen conference water and membranes, 

Germany 



Geosciences 



Tel. : +31 15 27 84 282 

Fax : +31 15 27 84 918 

e-mail : s.li@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.51 

Start date: Sep 2006 

Expected end date: Sep 2010 

Key words: 

�� 

zeta potential 

Cooperation with other institutes: 

- 


Sheng Li 

53

MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS 


�� 

the treatment plant of Weesperkarspel of Waternet in an integrated way for operational optimisation. The second 

is to develop a modelling platform for water treatment processes and the third is to develop a treatment 

plant simulator for operational decision support and training of operators. 



Although drinking water treatment has a long history, the mathematical analysis for operational improvements 

of these treatment processes is still young. With mathematical models factors such as quality (good, constant 

�� 

�� 

as possible. With models operators can also be trained and supported in making decisions during calamities. 

The use of models will lead to an increased understanding of the processes in general, and to fewer mistakes 

in the rare critical situations. 

Approach 

Several initiatives have been developed to enable the integrated assessment of drinking water treatment plants 

by modelling and simulation. Modelling is based on numerical integration of ordinary differential equations. To 

be able to come to an integrated approach the objectives for treatment are explicitly determined. 

Results 

From the analysis made for the Weesperkarpel plant in the PROMICIT project it was concluded that water quality 

must have the highest priority. This conclusion could lead to a change in the operation of this plant, leading 

�� 

softening is not optimal, leading to increased costs for chemical dosing and deterioration of the water quality. 

�� 


A water treatment plant simulator for improving operation and maintenance 

of existing treatment plants (the ‘European Water Treatment Simulator’ within 

the TECHNEAU project) is being developed and will be will build upon the 

experiences of existing modelling platforms and models. 

A pilot is executed for a treatment plant simulator for operator training and 

decision support. Results of this pilot and reactions of end users encouraged 

nine Dutch companies to start the WATERSPOT project in which a generic 

�� 

of model based operation. 

�� 

In general it can be concluded that nowadays designs of drinking water treatment 

plants are robust, plants are operated by experience (operator dependent) 

and more on quantity than on quality. This results in a delayed water 

quality control and sub-optimal operation. New developments in monitoring, 

modelling and simulation will result in a robustly operated plant, including 

�� 

knowledge systems. Quality will be controlled based on predictions, resulting 

in optimal performance of the plant. 


Drinking water treatment plants are operated more and more automatically. 

Fully automated treatment plants will require more sophisticated operator 

�� 

knowledge and must have to understand what is happening behind the 

“treatment plant chatter”. Therefore, mathematical models are required to 

simulate the treatment processes. 

Literature 

- Rietveld, L.C., van der Helm, A.W.C., van Schagen, K.M., van der Aa L.T.J. and 

van Dijk, J.C., Integrated simulation of drinking water treatment, Journal of Water 

Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA (accepted for publication). 

- Dudley, J., Dillon G. and Rietveld, L.C., Water treatment simulators. Journal of 

Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA (accepted for publication). 

- Rietveld, L.C., Worm, G.I.M., Helm, A.W.C. van der, Schagen, K.M. van. Simulation 

of drinking water treatment. In: Proceedings of Workshop High Water Quality, Delft, 

The Netherlands, 2007. 


Luuk Rietveld 



Geosciences 



Tel.: +31 15 27 83 347 

Fax: +31 15 27 84 918 

e-mail: L.C.Rietveld@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.69 



Key words: 

Drinking water treatment; simulation; 

modelling 


institutes: 

Waternet, Vitens, DZH, PWN, 

DHV, ABB BV, UReason, Kiwa 

Water Research, WRc, 

55

OPTIMIZATION OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES USING 

MODELS AND ON-LINE MONITORING TOOLS 


The research objective is to develop and combine existing models for a water treatment platform, which enables 

users to virtually construct a water treatment plant and to monitor and optimise existing water treatment plants. 



�� 

- inventory of models and water quality parameters, 

- incorporation of online monitoring tools, 

- development of new models, 

- description of a testing protocol, 

- calibration and validation of the individual models and treatment trains. 

Approach 

An inventory of models and water quality parameters was done from October till December 2006. The application 

of online monitoring tools will be addressed in this part, whereas the development of new models, description 

of testing protocol and the calibration and validation will be done in future research. In this study, the formation 

and removal of biodegradable organic matter, during ozonation, pellet softening and biological activated carbon 

�� 

measurements done by a laboratory to assess on-line the biological stability of the produced drinking water and 

the performance of the treatment steps. 

Results 

By applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares regression (PLS) on differential 

spectra measured by the UV/Vis-spectrophotometer for individual treatment steps a good relation (R2=0.91) was 

�� 

(Van den Broeke et al., 2007), see Figure 2. 

Differential UV-spectra measurements can be used for assessing the on-line performance with respect to biological 

stability of the different treatment steps, of the entire treatment and for assessing the composition of the 

raw water quality. Changes in the character of NOM throughout the year results in changes in the UV-spectra 

of the raw water and during the treatment steps. Due to these changes the relation between the delta AOC and 

the differential spectrum should be calibrated on set intervals. 

�� 


�� AOC lab versus �AOC on line 

�� 

To be able to develop a model, understanding of the processes involved during 

the treatment process is necessary. Additionally the combination of joint unit 

processes also gives insight in the interaction between the different processes. 

On-line monitoring tools can be used to calibrate and validate the models and 

is a tool for direct optimization of the treatment processes. 


Direct notice of changes in the raw water quality can result in direct action and 

optimization of the operation of the drinking water treatment plant. Combined 

with the existence of a water treatment simulator comprised of models of 

different treatment processes this will lead to an improved operation of the 

��ing 

public safety. 

Literature 

- Ross, PS, Helm, AWC van der, Broeke, J van den, Aa, LTJ van der, Rietveld, LC, 

& Dijk, JC van (2007). Characterization of NOM by UV-spectrography in Drinking 

Water Treatment Processes to assess Biological Stability. In Proceedings of Leading 

Edge Technologies Conference. Singapore, Republic of Singapore: IWA 

- Ross, PS, Rietveld, LC, Baars, ET, & Dijk, JC van (2007). Clogging of biological acti- 

�� 

of Particle separation conference. Toulouse, France: IWA 

- Dudley, J, Dillon, G, Ross, PS, Rietveld, LC, & Schagen, KM van (2007). The 

European Water Treatment Simulator. In Proceedings of Water Management 

Challenges in Global Change conference. Leicester, U.K. 



Geosciences 



Tel.: +31 15 27 81 585 

Fax: +31 15 27 84 918 

e-mail:p.s.ross@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.59 

Start date: Oct 2006 

Expected end date: Oct 2010 

Key words: 

Drinking water treatment, 

Modelling 


institutes: 

WRc; 

SINTEF; 

Riga Technical University 


Petra Ross 

57

GREY-BOX MODELING AND PLANT-WIDE INTEGRATED CONTROL OF WATER 

PURIFICATION PROCESSES 

Currently, water treatment plants are primarily controlled by experienced operators, based on laboratory and online 

measurement of water quality parameters. The goal and the challenge of this project is to develop models 

�� 

novel gray-box, data-driven techniques. Based on these models, an automatic control system will be designed 

for integrated, plant-wide control of the entire process chain. This system can be used both for on-line process 

control and for decision support. The main treatment steps considered in this project are ozonation, softening 

�� 

water supply companies will gain more insight in the operation principles of the plant, improve monitoring, prediction 

and control of the processes and thus will consistently produce high-quality drinking water. 

�� 

process was selected as it is relatively independent of the other treatment steps, the chemical and physical 

�� 

controller should maintain the desired water hardness and at the same time minimize the super-saturation of 

calcium in order to prevent calcium deposits in later water treatment steps. 

First, a model was developed within the Stimela environment under Matlab and Simulink. Sensitivity analysis 

has been conducted on this model to identify the most important parameters and to compute the uncertainty 

bounds in the predicted outputs. The parameters of the model were optimized by using process data. A hierar- 

��- 

�� 

��tors. 

The performance of the local controller was evaluated in four different scenarios and it was compared 

with the controller currently used in the plant. 



Kim van Schagen 


Delft Center for Systems and 

Control 



Tel.: +31 15 27 83 371 

Fax: +31 15 27 84 918 

e-mail: k.m.vanschagen@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Mekelweg 2 

2628 CD Delft 

Room 8C-3-17 


Expected end date: Dec 2008 

Drinking water treatment, optimization, 

modeling, integrated, ozone 


institutes: 

DHV B.V. 


ABB B.V. 

59

EFFICACY OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT TO REMOVE OR INACTIVATE 

PATHOGENIC MICRO ORGANISMS (PART OF MICRORISK PROJECT) 


MicroRisk is a collaborative research project. The MicroRisk objective is to develop and evaluate a harmonized 

framework for quantitative assessment of the microbiological safety of drinking water in EU Member States. 

�� 

�� 



Providing water that is safe to drink is the primary objective of water supply. History has learnt that drinking 

water that contains pathogenic micro-organisms can have a major impact on health. Since the early 1900’s, 

the concept of fecal indicator bacteria (if no indicators of fecal contamination are present, no fecal pathogens 

�� 

the safety of drinking water world-wide and has resulted in a high level of drinking water quality and supply 

infrastructure in European countries. However the indicator concept has limitations, since recent outbreaks 

of drinking water related infections have shown that the absence of indicators does not guarantee safe drinking 

water. 

Approach 

The microbiological safety of twelve drinking water systems throughout Europe was assess from catchment 

to tap. The contribution of each part of the drinking water chain (catchment, treatment, distribution and consumption) 

to microbiological risk (or safety) was addressed in a separate work package. This work package 

focused on quantifying the ability of drinking water treatment processes to reduce numbers of pathogens in 

water. The collected data contained microbiological samples, water quality samples and design characteristics 

of treatment plants. 

Results 

Monitoring data that was collected according to current practice 

was used to quantify the risk of infection from drinking water. 

Microbial monitoring of drinking water generally resulted in a 

majority of non-detects for pathogenic and indicator organisms. 

Therefore pathogen concentrations in drinking water 

were calculated from the pathogen concentration in source 

water and reduction of pathogens by water treatment processes. 

Pathogens in source water can be detected by microbial 

�� 

directly. Log reductions of treatment processes <strong>report</strong>ed in literature 

were applied in a stochastic model. Thus it became 

�� 

�� 

assessment using local information could reduce this uncertainty. 

Information on process conditions, such as disinfection 


Figure 1. Complementary Cumulative Distribution 

Function of monitored Campylobacter 

�� O�� 

�� 

�� 

��

concentration, temperature and contact time, was used to model disinfection 

processes. This was an effective method to include variability in time and to 

optimize treatment systems. Full-scale hydraulics played a major role in disinfection 

and were the main cause of uncertainty in disinfection processes. 

Microbial monitoring provided the most direct information to assess full-scale 

��cacy 

from microbial monitoring before and after treatment processes. The 

project resulted in methods that could distinguish between variability and 

�� 

concentrations from source water to treated water were assessed. The results 

led to a change in focus on the type of data that needs to be collected for 

this type of assessment. The methods were applied in practical examples of 

decision support for risk managers, such as choosing set-points and critical 

limits for processes or designing monitoring programs. 

�� 

�� 

which lead to a false sense of accuracy of the assessed risk. When microbial 

monitoring data was used, the applied methods lead to an over-estimation of 

treatment variability. The newly developed methods provide a more accurate 

�� 


Some current national legislations apply a maximum risk of infection by drinking 

water of 10-4 per person per year. The maximum acceptable number of 

micro organisms in drinking water lies far below the current detection limits. 

Therefore risk assessment is required to determine the safety level for drink- 

�� 

was developed in the MicroRisk project. 

Literature 

- Smeets, P.W.M.H., Helm, A.W.C. van der, Dullemont, Y., Rietveld, L.C., Dijk, J.C. 

van and Medema, G.J. (2006) Inactivation of Escherichia Coli by Ozone Under 

Bench Scale Plug Flow and Full Scale Hydraulic Conditions. Water Research 40 

3239-3248. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.025 

- Smeets, P.W.M.H., Rietveld, L.C., van Dijk, J.C., Medema, G.J., Full scale data 

analysis for treatment system validation and treatment modelling, WEF Disinfection 

2005 conference, 6-9 February 2005, Phoenix AZ. 

- Smeets P.W.M.H., Rietveld, L.C., van Dijk, J.C. and Medema, G.J., A Stochastic 

Pathogen Reduction Model for Full-scale Treatment, LET conference, 6-8 June 

2005, Sapporo, Japan. 


Patrick Smeets 



Geosciences 



Tel.: +31 6 450 98533 

Fax: +31 15 27 84918 

e-mail: Patrick.Smeets@kiwa.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.69 

Start date: Nov 2002 

End date: 15-04-2008 

Key words: 

Drinking water, microbiology, 

treatment 


institutes: 

Kiwa Water Research; Microrisk 

team; (www.microrisk.com) 

61

ADVANCED OXIDATION COMBINED AND DUNE FILTRATION AGAINST MICRO 

POLLUTANTS 


In order to be able to remove organic micro pollutants during drinking water production from surface water, 

�� 

understood well in detail, and there individual contribution towards the removal of micro pollutants is known, 

the operation of both processes can be tuned for an optimal synergism. The focus of this study is to deter- 

�� 

removal of organic micro pollutants. 



Measured concentrations of priority substances, such as pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds 

and pesticides, in surface waters used for drinking water production increase. This is due to an increase in 

consumption and due to enhanced monitoring techniques. The concentrations found in the surface water are 

very low. Although there is still discussion about the effects of priority substances on human health, the Dutch 

approach is to remove those undesired compounds. Duinwaterbedrijf Zuid-Holland (DZH) wants to extend the 

treatment with advanced oxidation (AOP) with UV/H O . 2 2 

Approach 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

synergistic hybrid against micro pollutants. This integral approach of additional treatment will result in an effective 

multiple barrier against micro pollutants. 

Results 

Experiments will start in January 2008. Experiments will be performed with: 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

In order to make the advanced oxidation less energy consuming, DOC can be removed from the water with 

for example coagulation and ion exchange. In laboratory experiments, the kinetics for coagulation with ferric 

chloride and ion exchange with a strong base resin (Lewatit Vp OC 1071) were determined. With these 

parameters, pilot experiments were designed and executed at treatment plant. For coagulation different con- 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 


UV-Transmission [%] 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

The UV-transmisson of the reference water is 78% by 254 nm. Coagulation 

will increase the transmission to 87%, ion exchange to 96%. 

�� 

��ment 

train for drinking water production. Human mistakes are rarely to occur. 

�� 

�� 

�� 

better be modelled and be compared with normal soil passage. 

�� 

�� 

is of interest. 


After this research DZH is able to remove micro pollutants effectively from 

the water. Safe drinking water is retained, as well as customer trust in the 

Dutch drinking water. 

Literature 

co agulat ion 

ion exchange 

reference 

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 

wavelength [nm] 

- Teunissen, K, Knol, T, Rietveld, L, Dijk, JC van (2007). Verhoging UV-Transmissie 

bij voorzuivering Bergambacht H2O 40, 4, 28-31 

- Teunissen, K, Knol, T, Grefte, A, Amy, GL and Dijk, JC van, Impact of pretreatment 

by coagulation or ion exchange on UV-transmission. To be submitted to IWA congress 

Vienna 2008 


Karin Teunissen 



Geosciences 



Tel.: +31 15 27 86 588 

Fax: +31 15 27 84 918 

e-mail: k.teunissen@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.49 

Start date: Jun 2007 

Expected end date: Nov 2011 

Key words: 

AOP, redox zones, micro 

�� 


institutes: 

Duinwaterbedrijf Zuid-Holland 

63

PROBABILISTIC ASSESSMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF WATER 

TREATMENT PLANTS TOWARD PATHOGENS AND ORGANIC 

MICROPOLLUTANTS 


In drinking water treatment processes, pathogens and organic micropollutants are determining parameters 

with respect to public health. Analyzing frequently taken grab samples is commonly used to verify if indicator 

organism and organic micropollutant levels meet legislative standards. This approach is lacking coverage in 

time and in the amount of micropollutants and organisms concerned. The objective of this study is to improve 

assessment of drinking water quality by modeling and risk analysis. 



Every year lots of new chemicals are introduced, among them commonly used compounds like pesticides 

�� 

They may affect aquatic life and, in case the latter is used as a source for drinking water, human health. Also 

�� 

impossible to analyze the amount of pathogens and all other possible pollutants in drinking water, risk analysis 

forms a necessary addition to drinking water safety. 

Approach 

WTPs Berenplaat and Kralingen (Evides), both utilizing pre-stored river Meuse water, apply UV (formerly chlorine) 

and ozone for disinfection. Water quality and process data from river to drinking water will be used to 

develop, calibrate and validate applicable models for removal (and residual levels) of pathogens and organic 

pollutants. Contributions from the processes reservoir with selective intake of river water, disinfection and GAC 

��els 

and incident related levels will be evaluated. 

Results 

The WTP Berenplaat UV disinfection system, utilizing medium pressure lamps, was tested both on pilot, 1:1 

�� 

were validated by biodosimetry. The UV disinfection process appeared to be reliable during standard operation 

and in the way it dealt with process upsets. Spores of Sulphite Reducing Clostridia are rather insensitive 

�� 

of disinfection by-products, while ozone disinfection capacity is often limited by bromate formation. Moreover, 

monitored UV-data, like UV-intensity and lamp currents are sampled in much higher frequencies. Corrective 


actions e.g. on lamp failure can be taken within a second. In the case of 

ozone disinfection, process incidents with a fatal effect on ozone exposure, 

can be hard to detect and will last longer. The effect of the duration of process 

incidents on complying the risk analysis standard is presented in the 

�� 

�� 

Since infectious concentrations for pathogens are extremely low, risk analyses 

are common practice for organisms like Giardia, Cryptosporidium, 

�� 

developed additional risk based legislation on pathogens, applied methods 

lack accuracy and require optimization. Even though risk analysis based 

assessments for organic micropollutants are recommended by Bonn Charter 

and WHO guidelines, these methods are hardly used up till now. Processes 

in this study do not utilize advanced oxidation, like UV/peroxide, but rely on 

water quality based intake of river water. Quantifying the contribution of the 

selective intake with storage reservoirs to meet safe drinking water forms an 

interesting challenge and will be optimized further within this study. 


Drinking water quality is linked with public health and therefore gets a lot of 

public interest. Drinking water processes are constructed in concrete and 

steel and liable to rather long depreciation periods, while water quality is characterized 

by frequent updates and lack of data. Because of this, investment 

decisions in drinking water processes are rather complicated and should be 

well-founded to avoid under as well as over investments. Newly developed 

process techniques like UV might be the best choices to meet (new) goals, 

but require further research for proper implementation. Risk analysis, for as 

well pathogens as organic micropollutants, forms an important tool to meet 

drinking water safety goals and to ground investment decisions. 

Literature 

- A.J. van der Veer, W.A.M. Hijnen, D. van der Kooij and M. Groenendijk, Pilot plant 

�� 

Proceedings IOA, Aug. 2005, Strasbourg 

- A.J. van der Veer, R.M. Schotsman, B. Martijn , R. Schurer, J.C. van Dijk, 

Comparative small technical Scale Study on Ozone Disc Diffusers and Ejector 

System. Proceedings IOA, Aug. 2005, Strasbourg 

- Martijn Bram J., van der Veer Bram .J , Kruithof Joop C., (2007) Byproduct for- 

�� 

Water Practice 1 (3) 1-14 


Bram van der Veer 



Geosciences 



Tel.: +31 15 27 87894 

Fax: +31 15 27 81585 

e-mail:a.j.vanderveer@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.65 

Start date: 2005 

Expected end date: 2009 

Key words: 

Risk analysis, drinking water safety 

plan, pathogens, organic micropollutants, 

UV disinfection 


institutes: 

Water Company Evides 

65

INTERACTION BETWEEN TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: 

THE KEY TO DELIVERING QUALITY 

Research objective 

This research project is aimed at identifying the differences that water treatment, and hence water quality, 

can have on the distribution system in terms of particulate material, biodegradable natural organic matter as 

� �� 

the different processes affecting the drinking water quality in distribution systems and to quantify the contribu- 

tion of these processes on the water quality at the customer’s tap. 



Delivering safe water of high quality to the customers is the key objective of water utilities worldwide. Despite 

the distribution system being known as a vast and uncontrollable biological reactor, only limited research on 

improving water quality within the distribution system is undertaken, as there are no operational parameters 

that can be easily changed. However, as it has become clear in recent years that the distribution systems can 

have an enormous effect on the water quality at the customers tap many experimental or model reactors have 

been designed for modelling of distribution systems. 

Approach 

The research is performed on two different levels, viz. on-line experiments in existing distribution systems and 

research in pilot plant installations. In several distribution systems in the Netherlands new developed tools are 

applied to characterise the water quality based on number and nature of particles. Furthermore pilot distribu- 

tion systems will be designed and developed to investigate the optimal water quality and the required degree of 

treatment to avoid water quality deterioration in the distribution system. The water quality in the pilot distribution 

systems will be continuously monitored and an overall mass balance of the distribution system will be made. 

Results 

Several tools have been developed to characterise the particulate concentration of the water in the distribution 

system. The Time Integrated Large Volume Sampling (TILVS) together with simultaneously operated particle 

counting is able to determine the number, mass and the nature of particles in a distribution system Parallel or 

�� 

can be done with the Multiple Particulate Filtration System (MuPFiS). 

�� 

At all sampling points: 

- On-line: TILVS, S::can, BFM, turbidity, PC 

- Sampling: Mg, Fe, DOC, DBP 

Mt Pleasant Water Treatment 


sp1 

sp2 sp3 sp4 sp5 

�� 

��

A parallel full scale pilot distribution network (length of each network is 

approximate 1000 meter and detention time about 3 days) has been con- 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

The research in the distribution systems has always been quantitatively 

focused. Distribution networks were developed in such a way that there is 

�� 

a shift in focus of the research in distribution systems has occurred. To be 

able to deliver the high quality water at the customers tap also in the future 

the processes in the distribution network have to be understood. 


The social relevance of this project is that, in combination with advanced 

treatment processes, the excellent dutch drinking water quality will be safe 

guarded for the future. Furthermore the processes contributing to the water 

�� 

actions can be taken to avoid future deterioration of the water quality. 

Literature 

- Vreeburg J., Verberk J.Q.J.C., Dijk J.C. van (submitted to Drinking Water 

Engineering and Science). Particles in a drinking water distribution network: 

Sources, behaviour and impact of treatment. 

- Verberk J.Q.J.C., Hamilton L. A., O’Halloran, K. J., Horst W. van der, Vreeburg J. 

Analysis of particle numbers, size and composition in drinking water transportation 

pipelines: Results of on-line measurements. Submitted for IWA Beijing conference 

2006 

- Verberk, JQJC & Drikas, M (2007). Interaction between treatment and distribu- distribution 

systems: the key to delivery quality. Water: Journal of the Australian Water 

Association, 34(3), 144-149. 

- Verberk, JQJC, Doolan, C, Jayarantna, A, Teasdale, P & Vreeburg, JHG (2007). 

International collaborative research on discoloured water. Water: Journal of the 

Australian Water Association, 34(1), 144-149. 

- Heijman, SGJ, Vantieghem, M, Raktoe, S, Verberk, JQJC & Dijk, JC van (2007). 

�� 

of membrane science, 287, 119-125. 

- Verberk, JQJC, Vreeburg, JHG & Dijk, JC van (2007). Particles in drinking water 

treatment and distribution systems. In IWA Particle separation (pp. 1-8). Toulouse: 

IWA. 


Jasper Verberk 



Geosciences 



Tel.: +31 15 27 85 838 

Fax: +31 15 27 84 918 

e-mail: j.q.j.c.verberk@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.48 



Key words: 

Water quality in distribution systems, 

particulate material, chemical 

conditioning 


institutes: 

DZH, Waternet, Kiwa Water Research, 

Cooperative Research 

Centre for Water Quality and 

Treatment, Australia. 

67

REMOVAL OF ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS IN DRINKING WATER 

TREATMENT WITH NANOFILTRATION/REVERSE OSMOSIS 


�� sis 

(NF/RO) 

�� 

�� 

structure 



The excellent drinking water quality in the Netherlands is threatened by newly emerging organic micropollutants 

(pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals) in the source waters. Many of these pollutants have 

�� 


techniques already proved their potential as a removal method for several organic pollutants. 

Approach 

Literature research and experimental results lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in 

the removal of organic molecules with NF/RO. These mechanisms can be described in function of solute and 

membrane parameters, as well as operatational and water quality parameters. By statistically relating these 

�� 

�� 

Result 

The three most important removal mechanisms in NF/RO are: 

- Steric hindrance (a sieving effect: molecules larger than the membrane pores are removed) 

- Adsorption/partitioning and hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions 

- Charge interactions (membranes are mosty negatively charged at neutral feed water pH) 

Difference in rejection with virgin membrane (%) 

20 

10 

Terbutaline 

Salbutamol 

Clenbuterol 

Pindolol 

Propanolol 

Atenolol 

Metoprolol 

Sotalol 

0 

-10 

-20 

-30 

-40 


Desal 

Fenazon/antipyrine 

Aminopyrine 

Carbamazepine 

Cyclophosphamide 

Pentoxyfilline 

Ibuprofen 

Fenoprofen 

Ketoprofen 

Clofibric acid 

Bezafibrate 

Naproxen 

Gemfibrozil 

Diclofenac 

Lekwater 

IEX pretreatment 

UF pretreatment

These three mechanisms can be related to solute (=pollutant) and membrane 

parameters. 

�� 

�� 

water quality. This feed water quality can cause fouling of the membrane 

surface, which will lead to changes in the rejection of solutes compared to 

non-fouled (virgin membranes). 

��ing 

on the rejection of pharmaceuticals. The bars show the difference with 

the rejection of a virgin membrane for three different fouled membranes: 

untreated river water, river water pretreated with an anionic ion exchange 

resin to remove negatively charged natural organic matter and river water 

�� 

�� 

A more fundamental insight into the mechanisms of organics removal in 

NF/RO will help in further development of this process and perhaps lead 

to a more frequent implementation in future drinking water plants. Relating 

molecular structure to other properties (such as removal) is a technique 

derived from drug design and implementation of this knowledge in the 

�� 

perspectives. 

This project is co-funded by the Dutch drinking water companies and 

the research-institutes involved are numerous: Kiwa Water Research, 

Delft University of Technology, Unesco-IHE, the University of Leuven, the 

University of California LA (UCLA). This offers a broader perspective and 

an important boost to the project. 


In combination with the study of the water quality deterioration and the biological 

growth in the distribution system and inner house installations, the 

improved understanding of the drinking water treatment process will result 

in a better safeguarding of the excellent quality of the drinking water in the 

�� 

Literature 

- Verliefde, A.R.D., Cornelissen, E.R., Heijman, S.G.J., Amy, G.L., Van der Bruggen, 

�� 

�� 

pharmaceutically active compounds in surface water. Water Research 41 (15), p. 

3227-3240. 

Arne Verliefde 



Geosciences 



Tel.: +31 30 6069632 

Fax: +31 30 6061165 

e-mail:a.verliefde@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.59 


Expected end date: Sep 2008 

Key words: 


rejection 


institutes: 

Kiwa Water Research; K.U. Leuven; 

Unesco-IHE 


69

NITRIFICATION IN UNSATURATED DRINKING WATER FILTERS 


��- 

�� 

��- 

�� 



Oasen Drinking Water Company produces drinking water from groundwater in the fenland area of South Holland. 

Typical groundwater compound like methane, iron, ammonium and manganese are removed in unsaturated 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

Oasen aims for imitating the enhancement while skipping the subsurface aeration. It is hypothesized that the 

�� 

for nitrifying microorganisms. 

Approach 

The project has started by collecting data on pore size distribution of iron deposits (by mercury intrusion) and nitri- 

�� 

�� 


�� 

and activity measurements. The shift in microbial population shall be monitored 

�� 

major mechanism of enhancement is understood, a feasible non subsurface 

�� 

develop this new process to production scale by pilot and applied research. 

When the major mechanism of enhancement is understood, a feasible non 

subsurface process will be developed and tested on a laboratory scale. 

Results 

�� 


between high pore area and high nitrifying activity. 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

(geo-) chemical factors on the microbial growth is largely not understood 

and can thus not be controlled. Better understanding of these interactions 

�� 

for detection of biological effects. Both can then be further developed and 

�� 


��comes 

the possible environmental risks involved in subsurface aeration, 

notably accumulation of heavy metals in the subsoil. Moreover a better 

�� 

and thus energy and costs. Better understanding of the inhibition of bacteria 

by chemical factors can lead to more effective use of micro organisms for 

example in bioremediation. 

Literature 

- Wolthoorn A., Vet W. de, Woerdt D. van der, Temminghoff, E. (2005) Het ‘wonder 

van Nieuw Lekkerland’. H O # 3•2005 pp.37-40 

2 

�� 

H O # 22•2006 pp.39-42 

2 

- ��- 

�� 


Weren de Vet 


Faculty of TNW/CiTG 

Department of Biotechnology/Watermanagement 

Section Environmental Biotechnology/Drinking 

water 

Tel.: +31 15 2781551 

Fax: +31 15 278 2355 

e-mail:w.w.j.m.devet@tudelft.nl 


www.bt.tudelft.nl 


P.O. BOX 5048 



Julianalaan 67 

2628 BC Delft 

Building of Kluyver Laboratory 

Room 1.56 

Start date project: Jul 2006 

Expected end date: Jul 2010 

Key words: 

�� 

subsurface aeration 


institutes: 

Oasen Drinking Water Gouda 

71



PARTICLES IN DRINKING WATER NETWORKS 

The objectives of the study are: 

�� bidity, 

AOC, Fe-content, suspended solids etc. and the deposition and mobility of sedimentary deposits in a 

conventional drinking water distribution network. 

- Compose a model for the reaction of an existing network loaded with sedimentary deposits to the introduction 

of improved water quality (HQ-water) in terms of the above mentioned water quality parameters. With the 

model it should be possible to control the mass balance with dedicated measures. 



�� 

distribution systems. Particles in drinking water systems are responsible for the generation of discolouration of the 

water, leading to an unacceptable aesthetic water quality. Apart from the aesthetic aspect of particles in the drinking 

water system, also public health could be compromised, as particles can be related to other water quality aspects, 

such as the biological regrowth problems in the network. Discolouration of the water is the most important cause 

for customers to complain at their water company and leads to 3000 to 6000 water quality complaints per year. 

Approach 

The framework of the research is a 

mass balance model for a network. 

Within the model, the different 

processes dealing with particles 

�� 

The origin of the accumulated 

sediment is multiple, as is dem- 

�� 

New measuring methods are 

developed as the Resuspension 

Potential Method to asses the 

discolouration risk. Particle counting 

is introduced to analyse the 

impact of the suspended solids 

on the accumulation of sedimentary 

deposits. 

Results 

The Resuspension Potential Method (RPM) is developed and applied in many Dutch networks as a tool to asses 

the discolouration risk. The tool is also necessary to follow the effect of measures to limit the particle load. A large 

�� 

plant Spannenburg in the province Friesland two areas are isolated and fed through a single feed. One of the

areas will be fed with the original drinking water while the other will be fed with 

Ultra Filtration post treated water. The UF will limit the particle load to almost 

zero have also some effect on the biological stability of the water. 

Three months prior to the experiment the network was cleaned, which was 

repeated at the start of the experiment. From the results is could be calculated 

that the sediment load of the original water was 85 μg/l. 

Lab experiments with pipe rigs showed that the settling of particles is a complex 

process that not only leads to gravitational settling, but also involves 

velocity dependant wall attraction. 

�� 

The processes that govern the settling and resuspension of particles in the 

network are not fully understood. Many models on particle behaviour in water 

as sewer systems (Berlamont) or rivers and channels (Stokes and Shield) 

do not apply to the drinking water system, because of the difference in type 

�� 

in the aforementioned pipe test rig. New theories as the cohesive transport 

��sion 

enough. The RPM offers the opportunity to qualitatively assess the actual 

discoloration risk and formulate operational measures. Further development 

will eventually lead to predictive and quantitative models that help to understand 

the processes in the network. 


Discoloration seriously undermines the customer’s faith in drinking water. 

Possible public health effects are not very severe because the colour of the 

water will prevent people from actually consuming the water. The effects on 

water quality of resuspend sediment in the sub-visual region, below 5 FTU, 

are probably not negligible. 

Water companies spend a lot of money to produce good drinking water that 

�� 

to maintain the network and treat the water will decrease the number of discoloured 

water incidents and increase customer’s trust in save and healthy 

drinking water. 

Literature 

- Vreeburg JHG, Schaap, PG, Dijk, JC van (‘04) “Measuring Discolouration Risk: 

Resuspension Potential Method: Leading Edge Technology, Prague, IWA 

- Vreeburg JHG, Schaap, PG, Dijk, JC van (2004), “Particles in the drinking water 

system: from source to discolouration” Water Science and Technology, 2004, 4(5- 

6) pp 431-438 



Geosciences 



Tel.: +31 15 27 87894 

Fax: +31 15 27 844918 

e-mail:j.h.g.vreeburg@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 4.65 



Key words: 

Particles, drinking water, networks 


institutes: 

Kiwa Water Research; Unesco- 

IHE 


Jan Vreeburg 

73



CFD IN DRINKING WATER TREATMENT 

�� 

means of CFD. 

- Demonstrate the weak spots in the present disinfection installations and optimize these installations with 

respect to its consumption (ozone, UV), disinfection capacity and formation of disinfection by-products. 

- Design of new UV reactor systems that makes use of hydrodynamic principles to enhance the performance. 



�� 

�� 

of a bubble column and a number of contact chambers. Ozone gas is injected in the bubble column, where it 

�� 

create enough reaction time between the ozone and the contaminants. UV installations contain a number of 

lamps that emit UV light in order to inactivate microorganisms (by damaging their DNA). 

Approach 

In ozone installations, problems arise due to the formation of disinfection by-products, when the water is in contact 

with the dissolved ozone for a long time. But a proper disinfection requires a certain contact time between 

the dissolved ozone and water. The challenge is to reduce the spreading in contact time (CT: concentration 

�� 

Numerical modeling is a powerful tool to investigate the contact time under different circumstances and opti- 

�� 

a minimal energy use of the lamps. 

Results 

�� 

in the ozone contactor are 

calculated by means of computational 

fluid dynamics. 

Individual particle trajectories 

are calculated to determine 

the contact time (CT) of 

a particle with the dissolved 

ozone. This leads to a distribution 

of CT values, an 

important measure for the 

disinfection. Tracer experiments 

were conducted to 

determine the residence 

��

time distributions at several locations in ozone contactor. The model results 

show good agreement with the tracer experiment. As a next step, the model 

�� 

�� 

injection). Secondly, the reference ozone installation is modelled. Thirdly, 

�� 

��- 

��. This 

�� 

values (although some particles have left the reference contactor earlier than 

�� 

�� 

A proper description of the turbulent mixing is of great importance for the 

disinfection capacity. But turbulent mixing is a complicated process, which 

��etry. 

There is still indistinctness on the physical properties, but also on the 

numerical implementation, like turbulence modelling and particle tracking. 


So far, it is not clear what happens inside the ozone contactor. Little is known 

�� 

��mation 

gap. Improving the disinfection capacity and reducing the disinfection 

by-products by means of some small adjustments in ozone installations leads 

to a low-cost solution for better quality of drinking water. UV-installations lead 

to the required disinfection without the formation of disinfection by-products. 

Optimization of the UV reactor using CFD leads to a lower energy consumption 

and accordingly lower costs. A combination of ozone and UV leads to an 

advanced oxidation process, that is expected to deliver a good disinfection 

performance with a minimum of disinfection by-products formation. 

Literature 

- B.A. Wols, J.A.H.M. Hofman, W.S.J. Uijttewaal and J.C. van Dijk (2006), Numerieke 

Modellering van desinfectieprocessen, H2O 19 (2006). 

- B.A. Wols, J.A.H.M. Hofman, W.S.J. Uijttewaal, L.C. Rietveld and J.C. van Dijk. 

(2006), The effect of turbulent diffusion on the performance of ozone systems., 

Modelling Workshop 2006, Delft. 

- B.A. Wols, J.A.M.H. Hofman, W.S.J. Uijttewaal, L.C. Rietveld, G.S. Stelling and 

J.C. van Dijk (2007) Residence time distributions in ozone contactors, 2007 World 

Congress on Ozone and Ultraviolet Technologies, Los Angeles. 


Faculty of Civil Engineering 

Section Drinking Water/Fluid Mechanics 

Tel.: +31 15 27 85 433 

Fax: +31 15 27 84 842 

e-mail:b.a.wols@tudelft.nl 



P.O. BOX 5048 



Stevinweg 1 



Room 2.92 



Key words: 

CFD, Ozonation, UV, Disinfection 


institutes: 

KIWA Water Research; Waternet 


Bas Wols 

75

THE SUPERVISOR IN FULLY AUTOMATED DRINKING WATER W TREATMENT 

PLANTS 


The objective of the study is integration of models, data management and decision and training support fea- 

tures in a simulator for supervisors and technologists of drinking water treatment plants. Attention is paid to 

�� 

systems. Hydraulic and water quality models will be developed, calibrated and validated. 



In environmental sciences the use of integrated modelling in decision support systems is common. A generic 

standard and mechanism is developed and maintained to enable software products, databases, data gathering 

devices and modelling tools to exchange data with each other in order to facilitate decision makers. 

�� - 

ing and decision support systems has started as well in a successful way. Water quality, hydraulic and con- 

trol models, data management, training and decision support features and a graphical user interface will be 

integrated. The application is a simulator for proactive operation and training of supervisors of drinking water 

treatment plants. 

Approach 

In the Waterspot project (drinking WATER Simulator 

for Proactive Operation and Training) a simulator is 

developed. This simulator connects water quality 

models and a hydraulic model and offers training- 

and monitoring functionality. The need for modeling 

�� 

will be solved in the research part of the project. 

Results 

A pilot simulator has been built at Duinwaterbedrijf 

Zuid-Holland. For the softening plant of drinking 

water treatment plant Monster, a simulator was built, 

including connection to a copy of the process automation 

system. As a result supervisors were able to 

train basic operation of the process in the look & feel 

they recognize from the companies’ process automation 

system. Results encouraged nine Dutch compay 

to the Waterspot project. In EPANET hydraulic 

models of four drinking water treatment plants have 

�� 

simulator will be operational. 

�� 


Development, calibration and validation of water quality models. Integration 

of water quality, hydraulic and control models for one integrated system. 

�� 

of drinking water treatment. Introduction of advanced simulation experiences 

in traditional, but increasingly complex process industry. 


Daily operation of drinking water treatment plants is increasingly complex. 

Water quality laws and regulations are stricter than ever and the number of 

well educated and experienced operators decreases because of the introduction 

of process automation. The use of models in daily operation of drinking 

water treatment plants will lead to well trained and tested supervisors reducing 

the chance of serious consequences during calamities, to a more stable 

water quality and to better understanding of drinking water treatment. 

Literature 

- Worm, G.I.M., Oudmans, J, Schagen, K van & Rietveld, LC (2007). A company 

�� 

(Eds.), Eurosim 2007 (pp. 1-8). Ljubljana: 2007 Eurosim/slosim. 

- Worm, G.I.M. & Rietveld, LC (2006). Fasten your seatbelts. H2O: tijdschrift voor 

watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 39(6), 59-64. 


Provinciaal Waterleidingbedrijf 

Noord-Holland 

Tel.: +31 6 10453808 

e-mail:ignaz.worm@pwn.nl 



P.O. Box 2113 

1990 AC Velserbroek 

the Netherlands 


Pompstation Heemskerk 

Waterweg 1 

1969 GA Heemskerk 


Expected end date: Dec 2011 

Key words: 

Simulation, dynamic modeling, 

training, drinking water treatment 


Ignaz Worm 

77

REJECTION OF PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE AND ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING 

COMPOUNDS BY LOW AND HIGH PRESSURE MEMBRANES: 

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SOLUTES AND FOULED MEMBRANES 


�� 

�� 

�� 

result in improved or diminished rejections of PhACs and EDCs. 


chemistry of the solution, and operational conditions. 



�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

�� 

Approach 

The research started with an extensive literature review of previous studies. After selection and property estimation 

of compounds, rejection experiments are carried out. The results are interpreted and theory and model 

developments are used to relate important variables of the process. Among those, we have membrane charac- 

�� 

�� 

waters and operational conditions. 

Results 

Results will follow soon. 

�� 

�� 

clear picture of interaction between physical-chemical compound properties and membrane characteristics. 

�� 

the variables involved. The current investigation considers overcoming those problems relating necessary variables 

and using statistical and data-driven modeling. 


The study of the removal of trace contaminants through water membrane treatment is of social relevance for 

the future, as water resources become scarce and demands of recycled water will arise. Thus, esthetical considerations 

of the public will demand drinking water utilities high-quality drinking water. 

Literature 

- 


Vick Yangali Quntanilla 



Geosciences 

Department of Sanitary Engineering 

Tel.: +31 (0)15 2151896 

Fax: +31 (0)15 2122921 

e-mail:v.yangaliquintanilla@unesco-ihe.org 



UNESCO-IHE 

Westvest 7 

2611 AX Delft 


UNESCO-IHE 

Westvest 7 

2611 AX Delft 



Key words: 

�� 

rejection 


79


c. 

a. 

d. 

b. 

a. Open day for future TU students 

b. Students on study trip in Prague 

�� 

d. Audience of graduation Karen Shao 

EDUCATION 

81


TU Delft offers several possibilities to study water related topics. Within the BSc programme 

on civil engineering, students are introduced into hydrology, water management and sanitary 

engineering. In the MSc programme, students can choose specialized programmes in hydrology, 

water management and sanitary engineering. Within sanitary engineering several courses on 

drinking water infrastructure are taught, including treatment processes, practicals and design 

exercises. Students include Dutch and international BSc-graduates, but also BEng-graduates 

and “mid careers”, who are already working at water companies and follow a part-time intensive 

course. The courses are given by academics working at the university and at Kiwa and 

�� 

�� 

subject. The MSc-thesis is defended in a public presentation and always many specialists from 

water companies are present. 

BSc courses involving drinking water supply 

CT3011 - Introduction watermanagement 

CT3420 - Sanitary Engineering 

MSc-courses involving drinking water supply 

CT4471 - Drinking water 1: technology 

CT5520 - Drinking water 2: design 

CT5550 - Water transport and pumping stations 

CT5420 - Public hygiene and epidemiology 

Discussion colloquium 

education 

GENERAL 

83

Ongoing MSc-thesis 

A. Kaeocha: Removal of NOM by ion exchange 

In this research the different NOM fractions removed by ion exchange are studied, as well as the effect of 

�� 

A. Salmin: Water treatment in Suriname 

Drinking water sources in Suriname are characterised by low hardness and low pH values. This has conse- 

�� 

are applied. To investigate the kinetics of dissolution of calcium, lab scale tests will be executed. The project 

will lead to improved design and operation of water conditioning installations in Suriname. 

R. Doekhie: Low cost drinking water treatment for rural Suriname 

The aim of this research is to develop a water treatment concept for the inlands of Suriname, which produces 

bacteriological safe water using sustainable materials trough innovative methods. The concept must not con- 

�� 

sunlight. In order to formulate an optimal concept the following will be studied: 

�� 

- Characterizing/model of the UV-disinfection using sunlight. 

�� able 

materials. 

�� 

safe drinking water the removal of E.Coli K12 will be tested. 

E. Rabinovitch: Drinking water by wind power 

In this research the possibilities are studied to make drinking water by means of wind power driven membrane 

�� 

brackish water is treated by a reverse osmosis unit, in which the pump is directly driven by wind power (no 

electricity). The aim is to make a demonstration plant with a daily production of about 4,000 l/day. 

L. Gao: Post-treatment for desalinated water 

Desalinated water provides an increasing portion of the total drinking water supply in a growing number of 

countries. However, it can not meet all relevant drinking water standards due to a very small amount of ions 

and minerals. The aggressive water also has corrosive properties towards piping material. As a result, a post- 

�� 

various types of limestone pellets which are obtained from different pellet softening reactors are used to condition 

the desalinated water. Carbon dioxide is used to dissolve the softening pellets to produce a solution 

- 2+ with high concentration of HCO and Ca . The drinking water is then produced by mixing the solution with the 

3 

aggressive water. The kinetics of the dissolution process and the consumption of CO and softening pellets 

2 

�� 


Completed MSc-thesis 

�� 

with zero liquid discharge 

�� 

water treatment is limited by the low recovery. Increasing the recovery can reduce the operational 

cost. In addition, only 1 % concentrate is produced if the recovery can be increased to 

99 %. Less concentrate can be easily treated through evaporation. However, NF membrane 

is quite easy to be fouled if the recovery increases. The goal of this research was to develop 

a treatment process including NF system that can prevent scaling and reduce the treatment 

costs under high recovery with zero liquid discharge for drinking water. A pilot scale research 

was performed at Kiwa Water Research and TU Delft, respectively for groundwater and surface 

water. For groundwater, coagulation and sedimentation were used for the pretreatment 

of silicate and divalent ions. For surface water, pretreatment with week acid ion exchange and 

UF was applied. A model for ion exchange was designed for optimization of the system. 

K. Shao: Decompostion of 4TBP with advanced oxidation process and 

CFD Modelling for UV reactor 

Advanced oxidation processes are used widely to remove organic mirco-pollutants from water, 

collimated beam test was conducted with UV/H2O2 to remove 4TBP in Shanghai local water, 

�� 

�� 

real UV dose. 

K. Teunissen: Modelling of iron removal 

At pumping station Harderbroek (Vitens) the iron removal from the groundwater does not perform 

as expected (higher turbidity and iron concentrations than similar treatment plants). In order 

to lower these concentrations and limit the cleaning events in the distribution system, a pilot 

research was performed. To get more knowledge of the treatment in Harderbroek, a model was 

�� 

Final presentation of MSc thesis 


MSC-THESIS 

85

MSc thesis project Drinking Water Supply 

Hanning Guo ��tion 

recovery with zero liquid discharge 



Karen Shao Degradation of 4TBP by AOP 2007 

Karin Teunissen2 Iron removal at groundwater pumping station 2007 

Doris van Halem2 �� 2006 

Petra Ross �� 2006 

Sheng Li IEX-UF-NF-GAC treatment 2006 

Qing Wang Characterization of sediment 2006 

David de Ridder UV-H O treatment - Research and design 2 2 2006 

Leo Meijer Reuse of wastewater for Amsterdam 2006 

Sharleen Alberga OLM/Asset management 2005 

Anke Grefte Test-rig research distribution 2005 

Jan-Hendrik Vos Sediment transport in distribution network 2005 

Menno van Leenen �� 2005 

Maarten Lut Laboratory research distribution 2005 

Christiaan Kivit �� 2004 

Michiel van der Meulen Particles in distribution network 2004 

Sawan Raktoe1 Backwashing leads to fouling 2004 

Guy Heijnen Capillary NF for horticulture 2002 

Martijn Kramer UV-disinfection Andijk 2002 

Angela Puts Risk analysis Legionella 2002 

Michel Bretveld Ozonation Weesperkarspel 2002 

Remco Keijser Real-time control Loosdrecht plant 2002 

Colette de Roo �� 2002 

Pepijn Koenders �� 2001 

Maaike Glastra MBR in drinking water treatment 2001 

S.G. Tan Modelling WRK-treatment 2001 

Jan Post1 Concentrate treatment with cNF 2000 

Anton van Rosmalen Risk analysis water market 2000 

Ignaz Worm3 Air/water backwash UF 2000 

Johannis Vijlbrief Urban water chain company Overijssel 2000 

��1,2 �� 1999 

Jeroen Boel �� 1999 

Bram Martijn �� 1999 

Jeroen Krijgsman Industrial water project Roermond 1999 

Alex van de Helm3 Modelling gas transfer systems 1998 

Bonne Hylkema �� 1998 

Siebe van de Zel Sludge treatment and disposal Gelderland 1998 

Joukje Klomp �� 1997 

Martijn Riemersma �� 1997 

Martin de Koning Electrodialysis Leiduin 1997 

Steven Oterdoom Reservoir Drentsche Aa 1997

Weren de Vet �� 1997 

Jan-Dik Verdel �� 1997 

Eelco Trietsch �� 1996 

Eric Schwencke Water treatment Achterhoek 1996 

Joukje Keuning Flocculation Brakel 1996 

Marije Hendriks �� 1996 

Francois van Ekkendonk2 Industrial water project Philips Nijmegen 1996 

Martijn Nijsse Industrial water project Cerestar 1996 

Ernst-Jan Hageman �� 1996 

Piet-Hein Spaans �� 1996 

Maarten Keuten Optimization treatment swimming pools 1996 

Jasper Verberk Optimization treatment plant WRK I/II 1996 

Mark Brieskorn Design Bergen op Zoom treatment plant 1996 

Peter Tienhooven Expansion Lake water supply Amsterdam 1995 

Edgardo Valeriano Design backwash gutters 1995 

Mark Eikens Drinking water project for the Veluwe 1995 

Mireille Beumer Industrial water project Parenco 1995 

Marieke van Winkelen Industrial water reuse Akzo Amsterdam 1995 

Gert-Jan Schoterman Biesbosch water treatment 1995 

Jan Leen van de Vlies Industrial water South West Netherlands 1995 

Bas van Efferen �� 1995 

Patrick Smeets �� 1995 

Martijn Bakker Real-time control of water production 1995 

Örjan van Drongelen Reliability study for Panheel 1995 

Hella van de Maarel Removal of micro-organisms 1995 

Ronald van de Berg Design Aalsterweg treatment plant 1995 

David Visscher �� 1995 

Petra Holzhaus �� 1995 

Patrick van de Wens Distribution strategy PIM 1994 

Roel Bronda Reuse backwash water WMO 1994 

Ellen van Duikeren �� 1994 

Nico Versteeg Use of surface water for Overijssel 1994 

Peter Wessels Use of Biesbosch water for Gelderland 1993 

Jenne van de Velde Reuse backwash water WMN 1993 

Georgina Martinez Ortiz Industrial water project Veendam 1993 

Jan Timmer Softening with lime 1993 

Carel Aeyelts Averink �� 1993 

Idsart Dijkstra Water supply of Vlieland 1992 

Robert Willemse �� 1992 

Gertjan Schers Flotation: theory and practice 1991 

1 Gijs Oskam Award for best young researcher, 2 Graduation with honours (cum laude), 3 Faculty Award 

for best graduation 

�� 


OVERVIEW MSC THESIS SINCE 1991 

87

May 2007 Karin Teunissen 


Sanitary Engineering Section 

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences 

Iron removal at groundwater 

pumping station Harderbroek 

Cum Laude graduations 

in drinking water 

Karin Teunissen 

Iron removal at groundwater 

pumpng station Harderbroek 

graduate comittee: 

Prof. ir. J.C. van Dijk 

Dr. ir. L.C. Rietveld 

Dr. ir. L. Abrahamse 

H. Leijssen 

Prof. dr. ir . M.C.M. van Loosdrecht 

On 6 July two MSc students in drinking water treatment received their Masters Title with hounours. They were the 78th and the 79st 

graduates with prof. Van Dijk and the 3rd and the 4th of his students to receive MSc diploma with honours (cum laude). 

Both graduates started their PhD studies in drinking water. 


Doris van Halem 

Ceramic silver impregnated pot 

�� 

water treatment in developing 

countries 

graduate comittee: 

Prof. ir. J.C. van Dijk 

Dr. ir. S.G.J. Heijman 

Dr. ir. M.R. de Rooij 

Prof. dr. G.L.. Amy

At Delft University of Technology it is possible to do your masters in watermanagement in parttime 

for people already working for some years. These people are called Mid-Careers. The 

mid-careers are working in water companies, water boards, governmental departments, engineering 

consultants and municipalities. 

This initiative is the result of the concern in the water sector about the ageing work force. The 

water sector is looking for educational initiatives to broadening and deepen the knowledge of 

�� 

a new intensive course programme making in possible for the part-timers and normal students 

to follow courses at the same time. 

For the course Drinking water I: Technology (CT4471) this means that the courses are concentrated 

in 7 full days. During a day a combination of lectures, tutorials, exercises and laboratory 

experiments is offered. In this way the part-timers receive maximum attention while they 

�� 

��rience 

and the students. 

In September 2007 again a group of Mid-Careers started. The mid-careers were welcomed with 

an extensive introduction day in which they were introduced with all aspects of the university 

�� 

drink in presence of the academic staff. Prof. van Dijk thanked the participants taking part in 

this experiment. Not everything will probably run smoothly in the beginning, but the lecturers, 

students and part-timers expect positive results of this initiative. 

Student and Mid-Careers together on excursion 


MID CAREERS 

89

Internship at Sydney Water 

Since April this year I am working for three months for Sydney Water as a 

chemical engineer. I work here for the department Sustainability from the 

�� 

moment I am working on a project about online monitoring. 

Australia has to deal with a drought that lasts already for three years. It is 

�� 

the right places, like the catchments. Everybody is happy when it rains and 

immediately checks the internet to see whether the rain reaches the catchments. 

Further I get an email every week that tells me how much rain is left in 

the catchments. At the moment there is still 38.2% but this value is decreasing 

0.6% every week. This sounds alarming, but at Sydney Water they think there 

is still more than enough water. Because the catchments are running out of 

water, due to the dryness, this causes bad water quality. This is actually the biggest problem of the drought. 

�� 

In 1998 there has been an “incident” in Sydney. There was a high level of contamination found in the drinking 

water. The population wasn’t able to drink water from the tap for a week. Since then Sydney Water became 

even more strict and skilled in the controlling and monitoring of water. And that is why I’m here. The objective 

of my project is to determine what Sydney Water is monitoring at the moment and what they will have to 

monitor in the future. The system can be split up in three parts: the catchments, the water treatment and the 

��2 Marloes Brussen 

and consist of rivers, lakes and dams. For the water 

treatment I only use the biggest installation “Prospect”, this installation produces drinking water for 80% of the 

population of Sydney (the amount of residents that Sydney counts is over 4 million). The distribution network 

runs from the treatment plant to the tap. To determine what exactly is being done with monitoring and what 

Sydney Water needs in the future, I have a lot of conversations with key persons within the company. Above all 

I’ve had a guided tour at the Prospect installation and I am going to see the biggest catchment dam of Sydney. 

The ultimate goal of this project is to make an State-of-the-Art <strong>report</strong>, which eventually reaches the higher management 

and has to be a start for a change in the current way of monitoring. This change means that Sydney 

Water tells the monitor producers what kind of monitors they need and not the other way around. 

Internship in the Republic of the Philippines 

Mapia Malulem! 

�� 

Ambalgan, which is a little Maguindanaon community in the province of South Cotabato. 

Taytayan Development Projects is the organization where I do my internship. They are doing a lot of projects 

for the urban poor, but also for a couple of communities on the countryside. And the people are poor: a lot of 

families are living here from less than $1 per person per day. I’m living here with one of the team members, 

Alvin, and his family in their house. Fortunately I have my own room, because for the rest there is not much 

privacy here. It is a fantastic but sometimes also a challenging experience to live in the community and live 

�� 

Life starts when the sun rises at 05.00u, and ends at 21.00u. We eat rice almost all the time, three times a 

�� 


was equal to having 20 children 

around me. You can imagine will 

get an idea how that went while 

we were taking measures of the 

current water system. 

The drinking water project I am 

working on is much more complex 

and interesting than I thought 

it would be. This last month we 

worked on mapping the problem 

of the community (this started with 

actually making a map, since there 

didn’t exist one). 

Harmen van der Laan 

The existing system originates from 1980 and is designed for 100-200 households. Now there 

are 640. The consequence is that 70% of the people with a connection don’t have water for a 

large part of the day or even the whole day. Some families can only tap water from 0.00 to 1.00 

AM. We did house-to-house surveys, which I partly did myself in Maguidanaoan. For the rest 

we did measures on the current system, we have had the samples analyzed and have built a 

�� 

and we presented the <strong>report</strong> to the datu (‘king’) and the eldest of the community. We drew al 

the possible solutions (I drew and told and Alvin was translating) and eventually they told us 

which one of the solution had there preference. It was a really nice experience to present our 

research to the ‘wise men’ of the community. 

This experience here is something I will never forget. Being here the only person with technological 

knowledge about drinking water, almost everything I say about it is taken for the truth. At the 

same time it is nice working together with Alvin. He is a Maguindanaoan and for that reason it is 

really coming from the community instead of us being seen as foreigners with a lot of money. 

�� 

more detailed plan and a idea about the costs. These ideas will be proposed to several NGOs 

��ment 

of the current groundwater quality. I enjoy the work, the culture and the adventure a lot! 

Bachelor thesis: extending pre-treatment Duinwaterbedrijf Zuid-Holland 

In conclusion of my bachelor study Civil Engineering, I worked on my bachelor thesis the last 

seven weeks. This thesis concerned the extention of the pre-treatment of Duinwaterbedrijf 

Zuid-Holland and consisted of three parts: literature study, estimation of costs en some experimental 

research. 


INTERNSHIP PROJECTS STUDENTS 

91

In these days organic micro pollutants are found more regularly in surface 

waters. The last years it has become clear that the treatment of DZH is not conclusive 

for these so called priority substances in the water of the Afgedamde 

Maas. These priority substances are: pesticides, hormones and substances 

with a hormone disrupting functioning (EDC’s) and medicines. For this reason 

DZH wants to extent the pre-treatment with advanced oxidation. This is 

a process by which, using UV-transmission and hydrogen peroxide, the priority 

substances can be removed from the water. Bergambacht is indicated 

as the most appropriate location for this installation. The only disadvantage 

�� 

low which causes the UV/H O �� 

2 2 

�� O -process, 

2 2 

�� 

into the installation. The UV-transmission mainly depends on the DOC-concentration 

(DOC is a commonly used parameter to quantify the amount of 

natural organic material (NOM) that is present in water), because organic Cheryl Bertelkamp 

matter adsorbs a lot of UV-radiation. The objective of this bachelor thesis was 

to investigate if there are other appropriate alternatives, besides the previously investigated coagulation and 

ion exchange, to lower the DOC-concentration of the water that enters the UV/H O -installation. 

2 2 

Being a bachelor student with only foreknowledge the courses ‘Introduction water management’ and ‘Sanitary 

Engineering’ this is quite a challenge. Where do you start? 

�� 

�� 

papers, but especially approaching specialists in this area was very important. By approaching many people 

of the department sanitary engineering of the TU Delft, DZH and research institutes, it became possible for 

me to gain more insight in the different removal techniques with their advantages, disadvantages and costs. 

�� 

Another part of this thesis was the experimental research, which was covered by a batch-experiment with 

activated-carbon. Driven by enthusiasm you don’t calculate that there in spite of all commitment of everyone 

with experiments sometimes something goes wrong. 

Impatiently you wait for the results of the measurements 

which subsequently prove not to be representative, 

because someone forgot to pick up the monsters. 

Eventually it all worked out, but in these kind of situations 

you notice how dependent you are on other 

people. 

The conclusion of my thesis is that there are four suitable 

pre-treatment techniques for DZH. Besides the 

previously investigated techniques, coagulation and 

��- 


Batch experiments

�� 

researched at a different level. Recommendations which are made to DZH are related thus mainly to further 

�� 

From this bachelor thesis it becomes clear that it is possible, in spite of minimal foreknowledge, to become 

�� 

more important approaching much enthusiastic people. I learned a lot in this period and I would like to thank 

everybody who has contributed to that! 

�� 


93

Kiwa Water Research lecture hall 

The lecture halls at the faculty of Civil Engineering 

and Geosciences are decorated by different com- 

�� 

Lecture hall E is often used for the water related 

courses and the master thesis defence of Sanitary 

Engineering. Kiwa Water Research has decorated 

this lecture hall. 

On the picture an impression is given of the lecture 

hall. Of course we hope that many students will be 

inspired by the photos in this lecture hall to study 

Sanitary Engineering. 

National Water Run dominated by TU Delft! 

A team of 22 Watermanagers showed their strength and team spirit during the National Water Run, which was 

organized on Saturday June 2nd at the site of the Drinking water treatment plant “de Beerenplaat” near Rotterdam. 

In this annual event all Water Companies and some associated institutes, such as Kiwa and TU Delft, compete 

over distances of 5, 10 and 15 km. The event also serves as a get-together for water professionals and their 

families and so the atmosphere is always very relaxed, in particular at the BBQ after the run. 

This year unfortunately the course had apparently not been set by somebody who had studied at TU Delft. The 

result was that many runners were misdirected and ran either too much or too little. 

��ished 

after 12 km! In spite of this setback the TU Delft team dominated the race. Our team with runners from 

Letland, South-Africa, France, Portugal, China and the Netherlands competed very well in every category and 

a total of 7 cups were won! 

Winners from TU Delft included: Bertus van 

Woerden (15km), Karin Teunissen (15km), Ignaz 

Worm (10km), Jasper Verberk (10 km), Iris Verberk 

(5km), Wilfred van der Horst (10km) and Ron van 

Megen (15km) 

Our visiting researcher from Riga, Janis Rubulis, 

gave us and himself a big scare by fainting after 

9 km. He had to be taken to hospital, where it 

appeared that he had suffered from a heat stroke. 

His body temperature had risen to over 40 degrees 

as a result of the heat of the day and the race. 

Fortunately he recovered quickly and sustained no 

permanent damage. Back in Riga he will resume Runners of TU Delft 

training, but in cooler weather! 


��

Books Drinking water can be ordered online 

The books about Drinking water can be ordered on the web site: http://drinkwater.tudelft.nl 

Book : DRINKING WATER - Principles and Practices 

(English) 

ISBN : 981-256-836-0 

Prize : Euro 50,00 

Book : DRINKWATER - Principes en praktijk (Nederlands, 

2e editie) 

ISBN : 90-12-10946-9 

Prize : Euro 50,00 (incl. BTW en verzendkosten) 


OTHER ACTIVITIES 

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con |CT nr 2, juli 2007 

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22 conTA |CT nr 2 juli 2007 


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97


. 

a. 

a.Open Course Ware 

b. Linke Soep 

DRINKING WATER ENGINEERING IN THE MEDIA 

99

Llinke Soep tv-uitzending 20 maart 

Onlangs heeft het ‘magazine over lekkere lifestyle en duurzaam consumeren’ opnamen gemaakt bij Duinwaterbedrijf 

Zuid-Holland en Het Waterlaboratorium. Het resultaat van de opnamen met oa een interview met Hans 

van Dijk was op 20 maart te zien tijdens de uitzending van Llinke soep op Nederland 3. 

De volgende promotekst is van toepassing op het programma: “Jaarlijks worden wij in Nederland getrakteerd 

op 90 biljoen liter water die uit de lucht komt vallen of van de bergen stroomt. Van die enorme plas gebruiken 

we 1 biljoen oftewel duizend miljard oftewel duizendmaal duizend miljoen voor onze directe noden. De rivieren 

zijn smerig en de regen is nogal zuur dus een beetje zuiveren voordat het thuis uit de kraan komt, is geen 

overbodige luxe. Maar dat kost natuurlijk energie. Edo zoekt uit hoeveel, vraagt zich af waarom we Hollands 

zuunig moeten zijn en hoe het toch komt dat we 

dagelijks 35 liter drinkwater door de wc spoelen. 

Ook pleegt Edo wat verrassingsbezoekjes en 

belt onverwacht bij mensen aan met de vraag 

of hij mag komen douchen. Waterbesparende 

gesprekken zijn het gevolg.” 

Uitzending gemist? Ga naar: http://www.denieuweomroep.nl/LLinke-Soep-TV.895.0.html 

en kies 

�� 

van de regen in de drop, Zuiver zuinig” 

Dingen die gebeuren: Biologische globalisering 

Pieter Bol 

Radio programma “De ochtenden”. 

Item de kassen, de tijgermug en lucky bamboo. 

Met miljoenen tegelijk importeren we ze uit China: Lucky Bamboo, die bekende bamboostengels, recht of met 

een kronkeltje, met aan de bovenkant een paar groene blaadjes. Helaas importeren we samen met dit grappige 

plantje ook iets minder onschuldigs: de tijgermug. Een piepklein mugje dat grote ziektes mee kan brengen, 

zoals knokkelkoorts. 

De volledige radio uitzending is te horen via de web site: www.drinkwater.tudelft.nl 

Biological Globalisation 

Bio-invasions and their impacts on nature, the economy and public health 

Niet alleen mensen, maar ook andere dieren, planten en micro-organismen verspreiden zich in steeds groter 

tempo over de wereld. Het veranderend klimaat en het toenemend (handels-)verkeer zijn hiervoor verantwoordelijk. 

Deze Biologische globalisering heeft enerzijds gunstige gevolgen voor de mensheid. De huidige 

wereldbevolking van 6,5 miljard kan alleen overleven dankzij de hogere opbrengsten en grotere variatie in 

voedsel door invoer van gewassen van elders. 

Aan de andere kant zijn er ook veel negatieve gevolgen. Dit boek geeft legio voorbeelden van introducties 

van soorten, zowel opzettelijke als toevallige, met onverwachte gevolgen. Bio-invasies hebben in het verleden 

massale sterfte onder volken veroorzaakt. Ook voor de biodiversiteit vormen bio-invasies een groot gevaar. 


De auteurs van Biologiscal globalisation, twee biologen en een medisch epidemioloog, willen 

met dit boek de aandacht vestigen op dit intrigerende verschijnsel: de oorzaken, de gevolgen 

en de mogelijkheden om het onder controle te krijgen. Hun blikveld ligt 

wereldwijd, maar met speciale aandacht voor de Nederlandse situatie. 

Een boek voor mensen van verschillende interesse: globalisering, biologie, 

�� 

Auteur(s): Weijden, Wouter van der , Leewis, Rob , Bol, Pieter 

Jaar: 2007 

Prijs 49,95 

ISBN: 978-90-5011-243-7 

Collegemateriaal Drinkwater in TU pilot OpenCourseWare 

De TU Delft maakt al haar onderwijsmateriaal gratis digitaal toegankelijk. Het doel: reclame 

maken voor de universiteit en het ‘bevorderen van de kwaliteit van modern hoger onderwijs’. 

De eerste vakgroepen die, eerst als proef, aan het project meedoen zijn offshore engineering, 

drinkwater en micro-elektronica. Feitelijk zijn zij al bezig met dergelijke initiatieven. In het najaar 

volgen duurzame ontwikkeling, nanotechnologie en biomedical engineering. De proef met deze 

vakgebieden moet niet alleen duidelijk maken hoe onderwijsmateriaal het beste digitaal beschikbaar 

kan worden gemaakt. Er moet ook draagvlak komen onder docenten. Zij moeten het als hun 

gewone werk gaan zien om hun materiaal geschikt te maken voor digitalisering. Daarbij kunnen 

ze hulp krijgen van studentassistenten. In 2010 moet het project ‘open educational resources’ 

�� 

de TU niet alleen dictaten en boeken, maar ook toetsen of streaming video’s. Wetenschappers 

overal ter wereld kunnen 

zo zien wat er aan de TU 

gebeurt en daarover discussiëren. 

En oud-studenten 

die door willen 

leren, maar ook aankomende 

studenten kunnen 

online bekijken of de TU 

hen te bieden heeft wat zij 

zoeken. Kunnen studenten 

zo hun collegegeld in hun 

zak houden? Joost Groot 

Kormelink van de werkgroep 

O.E.R. zegt van niet. 

“Het internet biedt geen 

contacturen of practica. 

O.E.R. leidt juist tot meer 

�� 

in the media 

DRINKING WATER ENGINEERING IN THE MEDIA 

101

Open Course Ware in the media 

Drinkwateronderwijs ook in China 


belangstelling voor de universiteit, zo blijkt 

ook uit de evaluatie van het MIT, dat iets 

soortgelijks doet”. De TU Delft is dus niet de 

eerste universiteit die op deze manier haar 

onderwijsmateriaal openbaar gaat maken. 

Volgens de werkgroep is ‘het aanbieden 

van open educational resources een onomkeerbare 

trend’. Immers, de reputatie van 

een universiteit wordt er sterker van, zo is 

de overtuiging.

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in the media 

103


Drinkwater 

Water and Sanitation 

for All 

Opening 

Prof.ir. J.C. van Dijk (TUD) 

(B)lijkt Schokland een eilan 

Ir. J.P.P.M. Ernes (Aqua for All) 

Publieke sector aan zet 

Ir. J.C. van Winkelen (Vitens) 

Wat doet Waternet? 

Ir. R.R. Kruize (Waternet) 

Managing water in the city 

Prof.dr. K. Vairavamoorthy (UNE 

Water als economisch goed 

valkuil? 

Prof.dr.ir. H.H.G. Savenije (TU D 

Drinking water research for 

Ir. D. van Halem (TU Delft) 

Water and 

Kosten: 

Deelnemers: � 150,- 

TU-medewerkers en �� 15,- 

Gepensioneerden: � 15,- 

Jaarlijkse Vakantiecursus in Drinkwatervoorziening, 

Riolering & Afvalwaterbehandeling 

Vrijdag 11 januari 2008 

Aanmelding online via 

www.watermanagement.tudelft.nl 

Informatie: vakantiecursus@tudelft.nl 

in the media 

erbehandeling 

ng en inleiding 

F.H.L.R. Clemens 

Witteveen+Bos) 

aterschappen? 

K. Sinnema, MSc 

p Groot Salland) 

an de sanitatie 

Stichting Dipjoti) 

m water for all 

D. Bixio �� 

lksgezondheid 

P. Bol (TU Delft) 

waterzuivering 

ersiteit/TU Delft) 

A en F 

ele Techniek 


105

Section Sanitary Engineering, <strong>Chair</strong> Drinking Water Engineering 


Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences 


Visiting adress Postal adress: 

Stevinweg 1 PO BOX 5048 

2628 CN Delft 2600 GA Delft 

telephone: +31 15 27 84 732 

fax: +31 15 27 84 918 

email: m.a.j.hubert@tudelft.nl 

url: www.drinkwater.tudelft.nl

Annual report Chair on Drinking Water Engineering 2007 - TU Delft

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