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OVERVIEW Transport The goods shipment sector is booming and represents a key, strategic vector for economic development due to its major role in driving business relationships. Goods shipments bring into play a large number of actors operating in real-time in a particularly complex system. Goods transport involves a number of different operating modes (road, rail, sea, air, and river) depending on the specific requirements (product type, cost, lead time, security, delivery addresses, countries, and so on), and makes use of an increasingly innovative and efficient array of techniques and technologies. Road transport With 2% growth in 2006, it has lately been more gainful for the French economy to develop the road transport sector, especially where manufactured products are concerned. With business having increased by 3.2%, road haulage operators transporting goods for other companies are now working 32 Link January 2011 Goods shipments: A two-speed sector Goods shipments bring into play a large number of actors operating in real-time in a particularly complex system at levels comparable to those of 2004. Internationally-speaking, the revival in exports has helped to stabilise the situation for French businesses which, nevertheless, still face fierce competition. In addition to the more favourable economic situation, businesses have benefited from the effects of two exceptional measures, i.e. the reduction of payment times and the reimbursement of VAT on toll fees paid out between 1996 and 2000. Even so, the observed recovery still remains fragile. Furthermore, some cost items have risen sharply since the introduction of the Euro 4 standard and cuts in motorway rebates. Also, the large variations in diesel taxes throughout the EU have led to serious distortion of the competition in a totally liberalised market. The act of opening up borders and developing infrastructures has led to a significant tightening of quality and quantity requirements in the freight sector. Experience has shown that road haulage operators are best equipped to adapt to these new requirements. The act of opening up borders and developing infrastructures has led to a significant tightening of quality and quantity requirements in the freight sector
A leader market... National road transport of perishable food products represents 7% of total goods shipment figures and is currently growing at a rate of 2% to 3% a year, mainly generated by the larger volumes of products being shipped under controlled temperature. The sector is divided up among ninety operators, including five large-scale key companies. This market is highly concentrated due to the number of regional operators subcontracting on behalf of the five leading key groups of road haulage contract givers. Road haulage is by far the main mode of goods shipment. In 2006, a total of 207,300,000 tonnes of freight (food products and animal feeds) was transported by road (for third-party accounts and own accounts) against 6,442,000 tonnes for rail freight and 562,000 tonnes for river freight. Rungis Market recorded the passage of 440,000 road haulage vehicles (all types taken together) in 2006. Cabotage (transport made entirely within a given country’s borders by a vehicle registered in another country) represented only 0.9% of the tonnes/kilometres chalked up by companies in the twenty-six EU countries and 0.2% of business volumes for French companies. If we take all countries together, about 1.1% of national goods shipments are performed by a foreign road haulage contractor. In France, this figure reaches 2.7% and is mainly handled by operators from Luxembourg, Belgium, Spain and Germany, even if some are seeing Eastern European companies making inroads on their market share. Maritime transport Maritime transport is gaining market share in the international trade sector. It provides a cost-effective means of shipping goods, although this benefit is offset by the longer lead times. Goods can be transported on specialised multi-purpose refrigerated ships designed to transport perishable foodstuffs, National road transport of perishable food products represents 7% of total goods shipment figures and is currently growing at a rate of 2% to 3% a year 270 million tonnes of fruit and vegetables and 90 million tonnes of meat were transported in equal parts by reefer ships or on non-specialised vessels, i.e. standard cargo vessels, container carriers, mixedpurpose vessels, barge carriers for combined river and sea transport). Containerisation offers the lowest costs and has a certain number of advantages such as cold chain security, traceability, speed, door-to-door deliveries and services. Technological advances linked to packaging, automation, ship refrigeration systems (products stored under controlled atmosphere and modified atmosphere), and computerised goods tracking have enabled the maritime sector to develop its competitiveness on the fresh produce shipment market and, consequently, lower costs. Refrigerated freight shipped worldwide mainly consists in meat, fish, dairy products, fruits and vegetables (80% of which concerns bananas, citrus fruits and other). These are generally transported on reefer boats, which are currently the cheapest and least polluting means of marine transport. However, Transport OVERVIEW maritime transport faces stiff competition from containerisation transport which is benefiting from growth in the trade of fresh produce and the preferences of customers (including large-scale retail outlets) who are attracted by the tariffs and the possibility of being supplied to tight flows. Despite all this, the lack of flexibility of the loading and unloading ports and the higher costs are still impacting negatively on this segment. The globalisation of consumption markets linked to trade liberalisation and the concentration of the various actors, applies to all maritime markets. Increased consumption of tropical fruits and out-of-season produce is set to drive market development over the next few years, leading to its practical and economic segmentation between rapid but costly containerisation and the less flexible but more cost-effective reefer shipments. Increased development In 2005, overall exports of refrigerated freight totalled 270 million tonnes (180 million tonnes of fruit and vegetables and 90 million tonnes of meat) including 80 million tonnes transported in equal parts by reefer ships and reefer container carriers. Volumes transported by container carriers entering and leaving European ports have doubled over the last few years (3.2 bn tonnes of freight per year, 90% of which concerns non-EU countries). The port of Anvers maintains its position as European leader with 3.12 million tonnes January 2011 Link 33
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