The return of the water - IUCN

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Economic Justification of Additional Floodplain Re-inundation Techniques used to value floodplain re-inundation Because of the limited information, time and other resources available for this study, it was impossible to value every economic benefit and cost arising from re-inundation of the Waza Logone floodplain. For these reasons, option and non-use values associated with flood release were excluded. Valuation of the other flood-related economic benefits and costs used a variety of techniques and methods (Table 11.2). The simplest and most straightforward way of valuing wetland goods and services is to look at their market prices — what they cost to buy or what they are worth to sell. Although this method can be useful, in many cases the goods and services associated with flood release had no market in the Waza Logone region, or were subject to prices that are highly distorted. In this study, market price techniques were only found to be applicable to fish and rice trading, water transport, and grass used for fishing baskets. Economic Benefit/Cost Coverage of study Pasture Valued using effect on production techniques for sedentary and nomadic pastoralists using flooded pasture Fishing Valued using effect on production techniques for fishing households using reflooded areas Fish trading Valued at market prices for traders selling fish from re-flooded areas Rice cultivation Valued using effect on production techniques for rice cultivators using reflooded areas Rice trading Valued at market prices for traders selling rice from re-flooded areas Thatching grass Valued at replacement cost for house thatch harvested from re-flooded grassland areas Grass used for fish baskets Valued at market prices for construction of fishing baskets from grass harvested from re-flooded grassland areas Beekeeping Valued at market prices of honey producers using re-flooded areas Surface water supply within Waza Valued using mitigative expenditure techniques for waterholes depending on National Park re-flooding Surface water supply for domestic Valued using mitigative expenditure techniques for domestic water supplies in use re-flooded areas Surface water supply for water Valued at market prices for boat operators using newly opened/deepened transport channels and watercourses Surface water supply for livestock Reflected in effect on production of pasture (to avoid double counting) Fish breeding and habitat Reflected in effect on production of fisheries (to avoid double counting) Wildlife breeding and habitat Partially reflected in mitigative cost of waterholes in Waza NP Land productivity Reflected in the valuation of agriculture and pasture (to avoid double counting) Option values Not valued due to lack of time and data Non-use values Not valued due to lack of time and data Infrastructure investment and Valued using direct costs figures prepared for reinundation proposal (IUCN maintenance costs 1999b) Crop losses Valued using effect on production techniques for households losing red millet to re-flooding Arabic gum losses Valued using effect on production techniques for Arabic gum production lost to re-flooding Wildlife crop damage costs Valued using avertive expenditures for households suffering increased wildlife crop damage after re-flooding Table 11.2 Valuation techniques used in this study (IUCN, 2002). For the benefits and costs that could not easily be valued through the application of market prices, three additional techniques had been used to value flood benefits. In the first place, the effect on production elsewhere was determined. Economic processes beyond floodplains often rely on wetland resources as inputs, or on the essential life support provided by wetland services. Where they have a market, it is possible to value wetland goods and services in terms of their contribution to the output or income of these other production and consumption opportunities. In this study, effect on production techniques were used to value pasture and fishing benefits, floodplain productivity for fisheries, agriculture and livestock production, and crop and gum arabic losses. A second technique is to use replacement costs. Even where wetland goods and services have no market themselves, they often have alternatives or substitutes that can be bought and sold. In this study, replacement costs were used to value grass used for thatching. Thirdly, mitigative or avertive expenditure techniques can be used. 109
The Return of the Water It is almost always necessary to take action to mitigate or avert the negative effects of the loss of wetland goods and services, so as to avoid economic costs. These mitigative or avertive costs can be used as indicators of the value of conserving wetland resources in terms of expenditures avoided. In this study, mitigative expenditures had been used to value surface water supply benefits for the Waza National Park and for domestic supplies, and avertive techniques were applied to wildlife damage costs. Cost Benefit Analysis The cost-benefit analysis included consideration of both flood-related benefits and costs and of the direct physical costs of flood release measures. It calculated the net incremental benefits and costs of different re-inundation options, as compared to the existing situation of reduced floods. Benefits and costs were expressed as net values - the costs of labour and other inputs used to generate products had been excluded. This presented a more accurate assessment of the economic value of benefits and costs, made them more directly comparable, and helped to avoid the problem of double counting - especially where value is simultaneously or consecutively added to the same floodplain good or service by different groups. Pilot flood release areas were included in additional flooded areas. Costs and benefits were analysed over a period of 25 years at a base discount rate of 10%, representing the opportunity cost of capital in Cameroon. “Good” years were assumed to correspond with hydrological conditions that are met or exceed the 75% probability of the annual maximum flow in the Logone River. An average flood represented the 50% probability of the annual maximum flow, and “poor” years meet or are below the 25% probability of the annual maximum flow (Mott MacDonald, 1999). In reality a sequence of “good” or “average”years will not occur – instead there will be average, dry and very dry years. The benefits of re-inundation will only occur in wet years. In dry years inundation will not occur at all. Assumptions used in the valuation Unless otherwise stated, survey data from the 33 villages affected by the pilot flood release had been used to calculate the costs and/or benefits of various uses. These values were extrapolated to the 41 additional villages that will be affected under the maximum re-inundation options and 31 villages affected by the minimum option. The estimated effects of three re-flooding options on flood related production in the Waza Logone floodplain are summarised in Table 11.3. Livestock production Livestock production was calculated by looking at the contribution of floodplain dry-season pasture to annual livestock output, comprised of the value of milk consumption and sales 1 , sales off take and recruitment. The costs of livestock production (labour, veterinary, and mortality) were deducted from these benefits in order to give an estimate of the net value of dry season pasture. Herds spend approximately 6 months of the year in the floodplain, and a conversion factor of 0.5 was applied to this annual sum to account for the contribution of the floodplain to livestock production. For comparative purposes, estimates of the replacement cost of dry-season pasture made by previous studies (Wesseling et al., 1994; De Iongh et al., 1998) were updated, looking at expenditures on artificial feed saved. These updated figures gave a value € 2,285 per km2 (based on 11,750 Tropical Livestock Units (TLU) days per km2 ,above the original average of 11,137 TLU days/km2 between 1993-1997. A TLU of one is equal to a 250-kg animal and other animals are compared with it using weight to the power 0.75). This is just over one quarter higher than the equivalent gross value of the effect on production approach per km2 , or approximately equivalent to the net value of the effect on 1 Milk production was far in excess of actual consumption, and a large proportion of milk remained unconsumed and unsold - this value was not included in calculations, as it is not a realised value, even though it represented some two thirds of the total milk production. 110
Page 1 and 2:
IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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The designation of geographical ent
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Table of Contents Foreword vii Cont
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Foreword This book tells the story
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Contributors Dr. Mike Acreman, Head
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from the Atlas de la Province de l
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List of Tables 1.1 Major floodplain
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List of Plates 1.1 Different views
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1 1.1 Floodplains Introduction By P
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Introduction Rainfall in the Sahel
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species of ungulates, such as korri
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From its inception, the Waza Logone
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Part II The Receding Water
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The Return of the Water tonnes to 4
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The Return of the Water that the re
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3 Consequences of the Dam and the D
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eduction in flooding (Drijver and M
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3.3 Socio-economic consequences Con
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4 The Wider Context By Sun Yan Evan
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Africa. A third migration route to
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The Wider Context The geographical
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5 Hydrology of the Waza Logone Area
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variable, the extent, depth, durati
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Hydrology of the Waza Logone Area C
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The Return of the Water brought to
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The Return of the Water 1997). The
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The Return of the Water dam, the pe
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The Return of the Water 1948; Ngog
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The Return of the Water into the bu
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Part IV Living with the Seasons
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The Return of the Water While the f
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The Return of the Water Most of the
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The Return of the Water which the f
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The Return of the Water from € 0.
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The Return of the Water The Musgum
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The Return of the Water check their
Page 83 and 84: Plate 1.2 Kob antelopes at the Mahe
Page 85 and 86: Plate 7.2 Seasonal movements of pas
Page 87 and 88: Plate 7.4 Fishing cannals in the Lo
Page 89 and 90: Plate 7.7 Big fish are only caught
Page 91 and 92: The Return of the Water staple food
Page 94 and 95: 8 Conflicts and Conflict Management
Page 96 and 97: Conflicts and Conflict Management i
Page 98 and 99: Conflicts and Conflict Management i
Page 100: Part V The Intervention
Page 103 and 104: The Return of the Water for the Exi
Page 105 and 106: The Return of the Water both techni
Page 107 and 108: The Return of the Water (IUCN 2000a
Page 109 and 110: The Return of the Water 9.5 The Waz
Page 111 and 112: The Return of the Water of the part
Page 114 and 115: 10 The Waza Logone Project in Actio
Page 116 and 117: The Waza Logone Project in Action F
Page 118 and 119: The Waza Logone Project in Action F
Page 120 and 121: The Waza Logone Project in Action f
Page 122 and 123: follow to obtain permits, and also,
Page 124 and 125: started by painting in red trees or
Page 126 and 127: The Waza Logone Project in Action
Page 128 and 129: The project maintained relations wi
Page 130 and 131: 11 11.1 Introduction Economic Justi
Page 132 and 133: Although it is impossible to effect
Page 136 and 137: Economic Justification of Additiona
Page 142 and 143: Figure 11.5 Composition of incremen
Page 146: Economic Justification of Additiona
Page 150 and 151: 12 Tools and Practices for Floodpla
Page 152 and 153: of the 1994 and 1997 pilot flood re
Page 154 and 155: Tools and Practices for Floodplain
Page 156 and 157: A major output from the study was a
Page 158 and 159: Step 10. Monitor, evaluate and adap
Page 160 and 161: 5. Assess the impacts of options.
Page 162 and 163: Introduction 137
Page 164 and 165: Introduction From this premise the
Page 166 and 167: Introduction One of the most promis
Page 168 and 169: Introduction reorganisation of the
Page 170 and 171: Introduction Improving the effectiv
Page 172 and 173: Map 6.1 Satellite images showing se
Page 174 and 175: Map 6.3 Positions of two elephants
Page 176 and 177: Introduction Beauvilain, A. 1981.
Page 178 and 179: Introduction Gash, J.H.C., C.A. Nob
Page 180 and 181: Introduction Moritz, M., P. Scholte
Page 182 and 183: Introduction communities’ and ind
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