The return of the water - IUCN

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Photo 6.2 Young lion with prey in Waza National Park. (Photo H. de Iongh). The Natural Resources of the Waza Logone Floodplain Photo 6.3 Roan antelope in the harmatan (dust storm) in Waza National Park (Photo P. Loth). Declining trends in antelope numbers in the Waza National Park can be explained by the cumulated effects of the construction of the Maga dam in 1979, declining rainfall figures after 1980 and the impact of rinderpest during 1980-1990. Also the reduced management intensity, expressed as the annual budget, or the number of game guards, may have led to increased poaching. To illustrate this point, the number of game guards declined from thirty in 1980 to only eight in 2000. The Elephant Issue The herbivore assemblage of the Waza National Park has not remained the same over time. It is not only that species are disappearing from the herbivore list, but also fifty years ago elephants were not recorded in the Park. In 1947 the first groups of elephants crossed the Logone River from Chad, stopped in the Kalamalue National Park and later on travelled to Waza, where they settled (Flizot, 45
The Return of the Water 1948; Ngog Nje, 1986). Since then the population has steadily increased, not only due to natural growth, but also to subsequent immigration from Chad and Nigeria (Fry, 1970; Figure 6.2) The elephants used the Acacia seyal trees in the park as their major dry season food source. The presence of elephants in the Park became a serious concern for the authorities, because the Acacia woodlands began to show signs of degeneration due to the feeding behaviour of the elephants. By 1968 the Park Administration noticed that elephants were destroying mature A. seyal trees at an alarming rate. It was also feared that the A. seyal woodlands in Waza would be completely destroyed by the elephants (Ngog Nje, 1981). Similar destructive behaviour was known from East Africa, where elephants destroyed mature A. tortilis trees in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania (Douglas- Hamilton, 1972; Loth, 1999). Since A. seyal is the major food source for the giraffes in the Waza National Park, the authorities feared that the giraffe population would also disappear completely. In response, the authorities started a culling operation that lasted from 1968 to 1973. Each year about 60 to 80 elephants were shot of a total estimated population of 500 to 600. Today elephants are still shot by sport hunters around the Waza National Park, but the quota is much lower. The threat to the Acacia woodlands also led to the study of giraffes in the Waza National Park (Ngog Nje, 1981). During this study, the regeneration potential of A. seyal in the Park was investigated. Within the Acacia woodlands, in the central part of the Park, the density of adult trees was 83 per hectare, whereas the density of the age cohort that may provide the regeneration potential was eight times higher. The mortality rate of the trees was 11%, but the regeneration rate was twice this figure at 27%. Ngog Nje (1981) concluded, therefore, that there was no danger that A. seyal would disappear from the Park. Nonetheless, Tchamba (1996a) found that damage to the Acacia zone caused by elephants was severe. In a recent study in Lake Manyara National Park in Tanzania Loth (1999) found, however, that rejuvenation of Acacia woodlands was possible, because elephants killed mature Acacia trees. The study demonstrated that A. tortilis could germinate, but not establish in the shade of parental trees. Hence, by opening up the woodlands, and thus allowing establishment of a new generation of Acacia trees, elephants enhanced the resilience of the Acacia woodlands. Whether similar mechanisms also apply to A. seyal, remains to be investigated. Although the elephants found ample food in the Acacia woodlands of the Waza National Park, it was insufficient to feed the herds year round. During the dry season the Acacias are leafless, and possibly their sheer numbers prevented all elephants from finding adequate forage in these woodlands. 46 Number of elephants . 1500 1000 500 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Figure 6.2 Estimated elephant numbers in Waza National Park between 1962 and 2002.The area in the graph shows the difference between counts with low and high numbers counted in the park. Source: Saleh et al., 2002. Year
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IUCN - The World Conservation Union
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The designation of geographical ent
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Table of Contents Foreword vii Cont
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Foreword This book tells the story
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Contributors Dr. Mike Acreman, Head
Page 12 and 13: from the Atlas de la Province de l
Page 14 and 15: List of Tables 1.1 Major floodplain
Page 16: List of Plates 1.1 Different views
Page 20 and 21: 1 1.1 Floodplains Introduction By P
Page 22 and 23: Introduction Rainfall in the Sahel
Page 24 and 25: species of ungulates, such as korri
Page 26 and 27: From its inception, the Waza Logone
Page 28: Part II The Receding Water
Page 31 and 32: The Return of the Water tonnes to 4
Page 33 and 34: The Return of the Water that the re
Page 36 and 37: 3 Consequences of the Dam and the D
Page 38 and 39: eduction in flooding (Drijver and M
Page 40: 3.3 Socio-economic consequences Con
Page 44 and 45: 4 The Wider Context By Sun Yan Evan
Page 46 and 47: Africa. A third migration route to
Page 48 and 49: The Wider Context The geographical
Page 50 and 51: 5 Hydrology of the Waza Logone Area
Page 52 and 53: variable, the extent, depth, durati
Page 54: Hydrology of the Waza Logone Area C
Page 57 and 58: The Return of the Water brought to
Page 59 and 60: The Return of the Water 1997). The
Page 61: The Return of the Water dam, the pe
Page 65 and 66: The Return of the Water into the bu
Page 68: Part IV Living with the Seasons
Page 71 and 72: The Return of the Water While the f
Page 73 and 74: The Return of the Water Most of the
Page 75 and 76: The Return of the Water which the f
Page 77 and 78: The Return of the Water from € 0.
Page 79 and 80: The Return of the Water The Musgum
Page 81 and 82: The Return of the Water check their
Page 83 and 84: Plate 1.2 Kob antelopes at the Mahe
Page 85 and 86: Plate 7.2 Seasonal movements of pas
Page 87 and 88: Plate 7.4 Fishing cannals in the Lo
Page 89 and 90: Plate 7.7 Big fish are only caught
Page 91 and 92: The Return of the Water staple food
Page 94 and 95: 8 Conflicts and Conflict Management
Page 96 and 97: Conflicts and Conflict Management i
Page 98 and 99: Conflicts and Conflict Management i
Page 100: Part V The Intervention
Page 103 and 104: The Return of the Water for the Exi
Page 105 and 106: The Return of the Water both techni
Page 107 and 108: The Return of the Water (IUCN 2000a
Page 109 and 110: The Return of the Water 9.5 The Waz
Page 111 and 112: The Return of the Water of the part
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10 The Waza Logone Project in Actio
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The Waza Logone Project in Action F
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The Waza Logone Project in Action F
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The Waza Logone Project in Action f
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follow to obtain permits, and also,
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started by painting in red trees or
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The Waza Logone Project in Action
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The project maintained relations wi
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11 11.1 Introduction Economic Justi
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Although it is impossible to effect
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Economic Justification of Additiona
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Figure 11.5 Composition of incremen
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12 Tools and Practices for Floodpla
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of the 1994 and 1997 pilot flood re
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Tools and Practices for Floodplain
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A major output from the study was a
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Step 10. Monitor, evaluate and adap
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5. Assess the impacts of options.
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Introduction 137
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Introduction From this premise the
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Introduction One of the most promis
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Introduction reorganisation of the
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Introduction Improving the effectiv
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Map 6.1 Satellite images showing se
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Map 6.3 Positions of two elephants
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Introduction Beauvilain, A. 1981.
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Introduction Gash, J.H.C., C.A. Nob
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Introduction Moritz, M., P. Scholte
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Introduction communities’ and ind
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