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Stage de Master 2 au Muséum National d - MAG' SITE

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RESUME<br />

Les monts sous-marins sont <strong>de</strong>s structures topographiques <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong> échelle, souvent<br />

associés à <strong>de</strong>s phénomènes hydrologiques suspectés <strong>de</strong> limiter les flux <strong>de</strong> gènes par rétention<br />

<strong>de</strong>s organismes <strong>au</strong>-<strong>de</strong>ssus du mont. L’utilisation <strong>de</strong> l’outil moléculaire Barco<strong>de</strong>, par<br />

séquençage du gène COI, a permis <strong>de</strong> proposer rapi<strong>de</strong>ment <strong>de</strong>s hypothèses d’alpha-taxonomie<br />

pour sept genres <strong>de</strong> gastéropo<strong>de</strong>s marins, et d’analyser pour chacune <strong>de</strong> ces espèces la<br />

structuration génétique entre les différentes populations. La dispersion <strong>de</strong>s larves <strong>de</strong><br />

gastéropo<strong>de</strong>s <strong>au</strong> nive<strong>au</strong> <strong>de</strong>s ri<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> Norfolk et <strong>de</strong> Lord Howe (ZEE <strong>de</strong> Nouvelle-Calédonie),<br />

étudiée par une analyse <strong>de</strong> génétique <strong>de</strong>s populations, ne semble pas affectée par les<br />

phénomènes hydrologiques, mais dépend plutôt <strong>de</strong> la modalité <strong>de</strong> développement larvaire <strong>de</strong><br />

chaque espèce. L’endémisme observé <strong>au</strong> nive<strong>au</strong> <strong>de</strong>s monts sous-marins, et suspecté <strong>de</strong> n’être<br />

que la conséquence <strong>de</strong>s phénomènes <strong>de</strong> rétention larvaire, serait en fait dû à <strong>de</strong>s biais<br />

d’échantillonnage. La distribution géographique <strong>de</strong>s espèces moléculaires et <strong>de</strong>s morphes<br />

observés a <strong>de</strong> plus pu être reliée à <strong>de</strong>s différences bathymétriques.<br />

Mots clés : génétique <strong>de</strong>s populations, monts sous-marins, dispersion larvaire, endémisme,<br />

gastéropo<strong>de</strong>s.<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Seamounts are topographic structures of great scale, often associated with<br />

hydrological phenomena suspected to limitate gene flows by retention of the organisms above<br />

the mount. The use of the molecular tool Barco<strong>de</strong>, by sequencing of the COI gene, allow us to<br />

quickly propose assumptions of alpha-taxonomy for seven genus of marine gastropods, and to<br />

analyze for each species the genetic structuration between populations. The dispersion of the<br />

gastropods larvae on the level of the rifts of Norfolk and Lord Howe (ZEE of New<br />

Caledonia), studied by an analysis of populations genetic, does not seem affected by these<br />

hydrologic phenomena, but <strong>de</strong>pends on the larval modality of <strong>de</strong>velopment observed for each<br />

species. The en<strong>de</strong>mism observed on the level of the un<strong>de</strong>rwater mounts, and thought to be<br />

only the consequence of the phenomena of larval retention, would be due to sampling bias.<br />

The geographical distribution of the molecular species and the morphs observed had been<br />

connected to bathymetric differences.<br />

Key words: populations genetic, seamounts, larval dispersion, en<strong>de</strong>mism, gastropo<strong>de</strong>s.

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