SociétéTORTUREA DISGRACE TO ALL HUMANITYAlthough torture is a crime against humanity and civilization,prohibited by countless international and regional norms, andsubject of universal jurisdiction, it continues to occur in manycountries in the world.ALFRED DE ZAYAS, OHCHR RETIREDManfred Nowak, the Human Rights Council’s<strong>Special</strong> Rapporteur on Torture, has recentlypublished a thorough Commentaryon the United Nations Convention againstTorture (http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cat.html, adopted by the General Assembly on10 December 1984, in force 26 June 1987).This is one of the seven core <strong>UN</strong> humanrights conventions and is administered bythe Committee Against Torture, which wasestablished in 1987 and is composed of tenindependent experts. As of November 2009there are 146 States parties to the Convention,which unfortunately means that it isnot universally applicable, since forty-sixStates members of the <strong>UN</strong> have not yet adheredto it. The Committee meets twice ayear in Geneva and is serviced by the Officeof the <strong>UN</strong> High Commissioner for HumanRights.The principal functions of the Committeeconsist in the consideration of periodic Stateparty reports and the examination of individualcomplaints. It is the latter activity thathas proven most innovative in creating jurisprudenceconsistent with the case-law producedby the <strong>UN</strong> Human Rights Committee,by the <strong>UN</strong> Committee on the Elimination ofRacial Discrimination and by the <strong>UN</strong> Committeeon the Elimination of DiscriminationAgainst Women. Precedent goes beyond themere reaffirmation of norms and constitutesin a very real sense living law, since Committeedecisions identify concrete violationsof the norms with respect to real persons,make specific findings and propose solutionsthereon. Moreover, precedent has apreventive component, because by applyingthe law in concrete cases, all governmentsand law enforcement officials knowwhere the limits are, what is allowed, whatis not, and what are the consequences ofviolations.Perhaps the most considerable breakthroughin the jurisprudence of the CommitteeAgainst Torture concerns the applicationof article 3 of the Covenant whichprovides: “No State shall expel, return orextradite a person to another State wherethere are substantial grounds for believingthat he would be in danger of being subjectedto torture”. On its face this merelyrepeats the principle of non-refoulement,which we already know from the GenevaConvention on the Status of Refugees. Butthe Refugee Convention did not envisagethe establishment of a “Committee on RefugeeStatus” competent to monitor compliancewith the Refugee Convention. Thus,in the absence of such a special committee,CAT has assumed some responsibilities inthis connection. Admittedly, CAT cannotapply or interpret the Refugee Convention,but it can and does interpret the ConventionAgainst Torture broadly enough so asto prohibit the deportation of many asylumseekers and persons in refugee-like situations.Article 3 of the Convention has thusbecome the backbone of the Committee andhas allowed it to extend protection to a significantnumber potential victims of torture.80% of the individual cases submitted tothe Committee concern alleged violations ofthis article. Nowak devotes 102 pages to thediscussion of this provision (pp. 127-228)In many ways Nowak’s book illustrateshow international law and in particular theConvention against Torture are relevant toall of us. It has played a hugely importantrole in the struggle against impunity, e.g.in connection with the detention of formerChilean President Augusto Pinochet whoseclaim of “immunity” on the “act of State”doctrine were rejected by the House ofLords.Urgent action is frequently required butseldom possible. Notwithstanding the issuanceof “interim measures of protection” bythe Committee, States parties do not alwaysabide by them. Similarly, even when theCommittee has concluded consideration ofa case and issued a final decision on themerits, the State party does not always agreewith the Committee’s findings. This is whythe Committee has established a follow-upprocedure to persuade States parties to implementthe Committee’s recommendations.Until States adopt enabling legislation thatwould give Committee decisions status inthe domestic legal order of States, enforcementwill continue to be fairly ad hoc.Nowak’s Commentary throws light on thedrafting history of the Convention (travauxpréparatoires), rules of interpretation, reservations,declarations to and denunciationsof the Convention and to its OptionalProtocol of 18 December 2002 (in force 22June 2006, fifty States parties, http://www2.38 – <strong>UN</strong> <strong>Special</strong> – Décembre 2009
Tech Newsohchr.org/english/law/cat-one.htm). ThisOptional Protocol allows for preventivevisits to places of detention and is administeredby a special Sub-Committee (http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/opcat/index.htm).Professor Manfred Nowak teaches internationallaw at the University of Vienna. Heis also the author of a Commentary on theInternational Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights (N.P.Engel, 2nd revised edition 2005)and a member of the group of eminent expertsengaged in the drafting of a Statute fora World Court on Human Rights, sponsoredby Switzerland’s Agenda for Human Rights.Elizabeth McArthur worked for the Office ofDemocratic Institutions and Human Rightsof the OSCE in Warsaw and is associatedwith the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for HumanRights in Vienna.In spite of its enormous length (1649 pages),the commentary is user-friendly, makingthe norms and practice of the CommitteeAgainst Torture accessible to many lay people,not only to lawyers and specialists. TheBibliography, case-index and other appendicesare professionally made. The book is awelcome addition to scholarship in the fieldof human rights. ❚Manfred Nowak and Elizabeth McArthur, theUnited Nations Convention Against Torture,A Commentary, Oxford Commentaries on InternationalLaw, New York, 2008.RestaurantsLE LIVRE NUMÉRIQUEL’odeur du papier et son toucher seront-ils bientôt reléguésaux mémoires de nos lectures passées ?SERGIO DA SILVA, ONU/STICLe livre tel que nous l’avons toujours connuest sur le point d’être en partie, remplacépar le livre numérique. Grâce à internet, ilnous est aujourd’hui possible d’avoir accèsaux grandes maisons d’édition. Le téléchargementmet à notre disposition les livresque nous ne trouvions auparavant qu’enlibrairie ou en bibliothèque et dans ce derniercas, presque toujours pour une consultationsur place. Ce livre numérique est enréalité un ordinateur qui se présente sousforme d’un écran plat, plus ou moins lisibleen plein soleil, disposant d’une connexion àinternet pour le téléchargement des livres etd’une batterie de grande autonomie.Google est aussi en train de constituer unegrande bibliothèque. Ce qui pourra contribuerà intéresser les moins enthousiastesjusqu’à présent. Le prix baisse et le designévolutif, s’oriente en ce moment vers desmodèles dotés de deux écrans, l’un à côtéde l’autre. Cela permet aussi la lecture d’untexte dans une page et la consultationd’une référence sur internet dans l’autre.Traduction et con<strong>version</strong> audio de textes oumodification des polices pour rendre la lectureplus facile sont parmi les nouveautés decette révolution de la lecture, qui s’annoncebien prometteuse.Prochainement, plus de modèles de livresnumériques disposeront de caméra, de microet de haut-parleurs. Ces livres d’une nouvellegénération, pourront garder en mémoire descentaines de livres digitalisés et afficher leurspages comme si elles étaient en papier.Les écrans de huit pouces feront aussi que lalecture des journaux en ligne devienne plusagréable et gagnera de nouveaux adeptes.Malgré tout, la lecture à l’aide de ces appareils,exige de l’énergie ; que ce soit électriqueou fournie par des batteries, quand lelivre ou le journal n’en ont pas besoin. Del’autre côté, l’économie de papier fera biendes heureux. Affaire à suivre… ❚RAJASTHANIncredible India is right at your door step!Discover the magic of real Indian spicesand it’s rich and diverse cuisine.Vegetarian and non vegetarian foodOpen7/7LA FONTANA DI TREVICAFE RESTAURANT PIZZERIAM. et M me Rizzetto • Le patron au fourneau4, rue de VersoixF-01210 Ferney-VoltaireTél. 0033 450 28 01 72• Spécialités de pâtes fraîcheset de pizzas au feu de bois• Salle pour banquets et mariages(jusqu’à 100 pers.)• Superbe terrasse en été (80 places)2/4, ch. de la Tourelle (centre commercial La Tourelle)1209 PETIT-SACONNEX Tél. 022 788 77 70 Centre Commercial Fax 022 788 91 1939 – <strong>UN</strong> <strong>Special</strong> – Décembre 2009