EXAMINING PATTERNS OF ITALIAN IMMIGRATION TO ...

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Sardegna Sicilia Calabria Basilicata Puglia Campania Molise Abruzzo Lazio Marche Umbria Toscana Emilia Liguria Venezia G. Trentino Veneto Lombardia Piemonte 35,666 18,895 43,341 39,217 67,203 62,621 78,556 114,378 116,099 97,579 119,245 155,632 157,342 Table I. Countries of Destination of Italian Emigration, 1876-1976 European Country Italian emigrants American country Italian emigrants France 4,117,394 United States 5,691,404 Switzerland 3,989,813 Argentina 2,969,402 Germany 2,452,587 Brazil 1,456,914 Belgium 535,031 Canada 650,358 Great Britain 263,598 Australia 428,289 Others 1,188,135 Venezuela 285,014 <strong>TO</strong>TAL 12,546,558 <strong>TO</strong>TAL 11,481,381 Sources: Elaboration of Data from Istat in Gianfausto Rosoli, Un secolo di emigrazione italiana 1876-1976, Roma, Cser, 1978. 1.1 Characteristics of Italian emigration 281,479 258,906 319,496 378,631 449,093 533,085 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 The characteristics of Italian emigration included a prevalence of men - about 80% during the first period. The percentage of women was very low during the first years; it almost 3
equaled that of men during the 1930s. The emigrants were very young; most of them were between 15 and 40 years old. It was a temporary emigration, at least at the beginning. It began as a seasonal migration of Northern Italians to Europe and Northern Africa, but soon developed into a permanent immigration overseas. Only 1/3 of the Italians who left between 1861 and 1940 decided to stay abroad. It was a proletarian emigration. Most of the emigrants were landless countrymen, craftsmen, and building workers. They were mostly illiterate; in 1871 the percentage of illiteracy in Italy was 67.5%. In Southern Italy it was around 90%. The number of professional people was extremely small. 1.2 The reasons: factors of expulsion and factors of attraction The reasons for the mass emigration of the Italians were many, and there were also differences in the reasons that made people emigrate from the south and north of Italy. There were both factors of expulsion (push factors) and factors of attraction (pull factors). The factors of expulsion were the crisis in agriculture of the 1880s, the increase in taxes in the country after the Italian unification of 1861, and the decline of the traditional trades and in the domestic industries. To make things worse for the countrymen of Southern Italy, because of the latifondo system 6 , they could count only on small lands that could not provide enough to survive. Between 1870 and 1900 the standard of living became worse in the whole of Italy, especially in the countryside. This led to the spreading of diseases and starvation. Food had become the biggest cost for an Italian family. Many peasant families spent about 75% of their money on food. Despite the high cost, this food often did not contain enough nutrition to sustain a person. 7 In the North, the population suffered from pellagra. In the South malaria was the main plague. At first, malaria only struck in the coastal areas, but with deforestation, erosion and 6 The latifondo system was a way of managing the land originating during the Roman period because of the surplus of land compared to the men available to work it. It remained during the Middle Ages and, in recent times, evolved into a form of exploitative income. The latifondo is a large landed estate owned by a single owner who rents small pieces of it to several countrymen. Because neither the owner of the land nor the men that work it have any interests in investing in the land itself (systems of irrigation, rational fertilization, mechanization, etc.) the productivity never increases. 7 Lyttelton, A. Politics and Society 1870-1915. The Oxford Illustrated History of Italy. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1997. 4
Page 1 and 2: EXAMINING PATTERNS OF ITALIAN IMMIG
Page 3 and 4: Introduction Italians, as well as i
Page 5 and 6: The Immigration History Research Ce
Page 7: immigrated to North America. Northe
Page 11 and 12: chose the same agents, but instruct
Page 13 and 14: economic crisis both in Southern an
Page 15 and 16: cultural, because of fear of the lo
Page 17 and 18: in a fire. The census of 1870 is th
Page 19 and 20: 2.2 Italians in Houghton County in
Page 21 and 22: Again there was information about t
Page 23 and 24: Emilia Romagna Parma 3 3 (0.06%) La
Page 25 and 26: as in 1910 by Bergamo with thirty-n
Page 27 and 28: nineteen (0.7%) and eighteen (0.7%)
Page 29 and 30: Figure IV. Map of the Province of L
Page 31 and 32: Figure VI. Map of Italy showing bor
Page 33 and 34: Valle D’Aosta 1. Aosta Piemonte (
Page 35 and 36: database. On some of them, in fact,
Page 37 and 38: It would have been interesting to d
Page 39 and 40: 3.0 Goals and Methods Chapter III -
Page 41 and 42: It is not possible to establish a s
Page 43 and 44: FARMING 2 Laborer/farm 2 (0.11%) FO
Page 45 and 46: jobs that do not require a great de
Page 47 and 48: As in 1900, there seems to be no re
Page 49 and 50: BOARDING 11 Keeper/boarding h. 5 La
Page 51 and 52: TABLE XIV. OCCUPATIONS IN 1930 Assi
Page 53 and 54: starts to decrease. In 1930 it is n
Page 55 and 56: Taking into consideration that 1880
Page 57 and 58: Percent Unskilled (Figure XVIII), a
Page 59 and 60:
4.0 Goals and Methods Chapter IV -
Page 61 and 62:
As for distribution of Torinesi and
Page 63 and 64:
Lucchesi, on the other hand, settle
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PORTAGE Houghton 18 Hurontown 67 QU
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Seventy-nine Italians are living in
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The decrease in the number of Itali
Page 71 and 72:
egions’ Italians as being from th
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Liguria, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna
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10, 1908. It became the meeting pla
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Ettore Perrone Society among the Re
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Citizens’ League No. 3 (Lega Citt
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were volunteer followers of Giusepp
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Figure XXVIII. Front page of the by
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Figure XXXII. Section of Il Minator
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more news from the world. Page thre
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Almost nothing is known about La De
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Chapter VI - Conclusions The main g
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mining companies, Calumet & Hecla,
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BOOKS AND ARTICLES AA.VV. Ricordo a
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Foerster, Robert F. The Italian Emi
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Rozzonelli, C. The Italian Immigrat
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The Daily Mining Gazette. Houghton,
Page 103 and 104:
APPENDIXES 98
Page 105 and 106:
100
Page 107 and 108:
Constitution Art. 1 - This union am
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Rights and obligations of the socie
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Obligations of the Great Marshall.
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Constitution And Paycheck Book of t
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Art. 2 Principal aim of the federat
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Art. 9 Special conventions can be h
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Art. 17 If a member move to a place
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Art. 26 The Deputies of the federat
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Miners’ Bulletin N. 54 01-28-1914
Page 125 and 126:
Miners’ Bulletin N. 57 02-18-1914
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Altopascio Bagni di Lucca Barga Bor
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MAIN VILLAGES OF THE CANAVESE FROM
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DW FA SURNAME NAME AGE SEX PROFESSI
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D DW FA SURNAME NAME REL SEX AGE OC
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126 101 149 BANDONI DAVID B M 28 LA
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APPENDIX VIII CENSUS of 1900 LEGEND
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61 NARETTO ANTONE B 40 S ITALY ITAL
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187 SUCCA DOMINICK B 35 M3 ITALY IT
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313 1604 GIULIO MARY W 31 M9 ITALY
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439 1318 BOGGIO JOHN H 36 M? ITALY
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565 MASCAGNO MIKE S 1 S MICHIGAN IT
Page 149 and 150:
691 PECHIETTO JOSEPH B 19 S ITALY I
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817 2505 FAUSONE MARY W 44 M29 ITAL
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943 2457 MACARIO JOHN S 12 S ITALY
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1069 2021 PUCCI ANGO B 38 S ITALY I
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1195 4045 BOBBIO PAUL H 40 M10 ITAL
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1321 4232 MELIA/MELIS MARY D 3 S MI
Page 161 and 162:
1447 RICCI JOSEPHINA W 32 M3 ITALY
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1573 114 NOTARIO JOSEPH PART 32 S I
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1699 313 GALLASERO CHARLES H 39 M17
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1825 TERESA ALBERT S 7 S ITALY ITAL
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1951 340 SUINO DOMINICK H 38 M8 ITA
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2077 442 CURTO ANNA D 2 S MICHIGAN
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2203 MONTICELLI GUIDO S 2 S MICHIGA
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2329 VENTURELLI ? B 23 S ITALY ITAL
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2455 BALCONI MARY W 37 M21 ITALY IT
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2581 GIUSFREDI GABRIELLO B 26 S ITA
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2707 200? AIMONE KATE D 4 S ILLINOI
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APPENDIX IX CENSUS of 1910 LEGEND I
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63 503 CHIADO LUIGI H 28 ITALY ITAL
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189 206 MIGLIO/MIGLIA VITTORIA D 8
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315 VOLPI JOHNNIE S 14 MICHIGAN ITA
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441 408 DEL GHINGARO GIOVANNI B 45
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567 NN DOMIDO AMANTO B 32 ITALY ITA
Page 195 and 196:
693 RENALDI GIUSEPPE S 3 MICHIGAN I
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819 509 MIGLIO/MIGLIA TERESA D 14 M
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945 318 MIGLIO/MIGLIA CARLO S 4 SOU
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1071 211 RASTELLO GIOVANNI H 42 ITA
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1197 109 TORREANO AGOSTINO S 35 MIC
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1323 109 CENTANINO ANTONIO B 21 ITA
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1449 211 BRONZO GIUSEPPE S 16 MICHI
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1575 341 GRISOLANO JOHN S 16 MICHIG
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1701 DE FILIPPI JOSEPH S 20 MICHIGA
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1827 1507 SILVA MARGHERITA W 23 ITA
Page 215 and 216:
1953 1546 BARATONO JOHN H 42 ITALY
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2079 2029 OSTORERO PETER B 32 ITALY
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2205 2523 SALAME ANNUNZIATA MO 56 I
Page 221 and 222:
2331 2451 MACARIO JOSEPH S 13 MICHI
Page 223 and 224:
2457 3573 LOSCETTO LOUISE W 25 ITAL
Page 225 and 226:
2583 4087 POGGIONE MARY D 16 MICHIG
Page 227 and 228:
2709 GROSSO DOMENICO S 10 ITALY ITA
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2835 3949 BUCHER MARIA D 10 ITALY I
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2961 25 RIASI? TONIO B 31 ITALY ITA
Page 233 and 234:
3087 35 ROLANDO PAOLO H 55 ITALY IT
Page 235 and 236:
3213 6 ROCCHI CAROLINA D 6 MICHIGAN
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3339 GALLI LUIGI B 18 ITALY ITALY I
Page 239 and 240:
3465 MEALLIA ANTONIO B 39 ITALY ITA
Page 241 and 242:
3591 DE FILIPPI DOMENICO H 36 ITALY
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3717 9 CAVALZANI MARIA W 28 ITALY I
Page 245 and 246:
3843 410 PERA MARY W 22 MICHIGAN IT
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3969 1014 PIERONI JOHN H 37 ITALY I
Page 249 and 250:
4095 187 COMINA EPIFANIO B 18 ITALY
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4221 166 SCUSSEL MICHELE S 2 MICHIG
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4347 RIFFALO JOSEPH H 23 ITALY ITAL
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ID N SURNAME NAME REL AGE BORN FATH
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126 208 ANDREINI PAUL S 10 MICHIGAN
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252 GUIDOTTI LAILA D 6 MICHIGAN ITA
Page 261 and 262:
378 SANTOSI TERESA W 48 ITALY ITALY
Page 263 and 264:
504 PIEROTTI ORLANDO H 40 ITALY ITA
Page 265 and 266:
630 206 CANI PAUL H 29 ITALY ITALY
Page 267 and 268:
756 BARTOLOMEI CANDIDO B UN ITALY I
Page 269 and 270:
882 GAGGINI GILDA D 6 MICHIGAN ITAL
Page 271 and 272:
1008 PAOLI ATTILIO B 21 ITALY ITALY
Page 273 and 274:
1134 TEPATTI ANGELA W 57 ITALY ITAL
Page 275 and 276:
1260 MUSSATO DOMENICA W 34 ITALY IT
Page 277 and 278:
1386 VALLERO LUISA D 10 MICHIGAN IT
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1512 MENEGUZZO JOSEPH S 3 MICHIGAN
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1638 ZOZO ANNA W 20 MICHIGAN ITALY
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1764 BRACCO ANTONIO S 24 MICHIGAN I
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1890 4011 BIGANDO JOHN H 34 ITALY I
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2016 MICHELINI ESTER W 42 ITALY ITA
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2142 3950 DATA/DATTA JOHN H 45 ITAL
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2268 PICCHIOTTINO HENRIETTE D 19 MI
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2394 GALLINATTI BATTISTA S 16 ITALY
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2520 80 GALLASERO JAMES H 45 ITALY
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2646 323 MARTA KATE H 56 ITALY ITAL
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2772 SAPINO ANNE W 21 ITALY ITALY I
Page 301 and 302:
2898 208 NIGRA KATE SER 23 MICHIGAN
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3024 812 BORGO MIKE H 76 ITALY ITAL
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3150 LOCATELLI ISOLINA D 3 MICHIGAN
Page 307 and 308:
3276 PATERNI LOUISA D 14 MICHIGAN I
Page 309 and 310:
3402 CORTOPASSI MARIO S 1 MICHIGAN
Page 311 and 312:
3528 BURLO BERNARD B 26 ITALY ITALY
Page 313 and 314:
3654 AGRETTI VITTORIA D 18 ITALY IT
Page 315 and 316:
3780 REVELLO ARTURO S 12 MICHIGAN I
Page 317 and 318:
3906 RENALDI GENEVIEVE D 9 MICHIGAN
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4032 COLOMBO JOSEPHINE W 44 ITALY I
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4158 BRAGOGNOLO OLINDO B 23 ITALY I
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4284 SANDRETTO DOMENICO H 49 ITALY
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APPENDIX XI CENSUS of 1930 LEGEND I
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63 SCOTTON JOHN B 37 ITALY ITALY IT
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189 ADAMI FLORA W 30 ITALY ITALY IT
Page 331 and 332:
315 GIANNELLI GUIDO S 11 MICHIGAN I
Page 333 and 334:
441 GIACHINO JUNE D 19 MICHIGAN ITA
Page 335 and 336:
567 CATTANEO MARTA MIL 60 ITALY ITA
Page 337 and 338:
693 TINETTI MARJORIE D 6 MICHIGAN I
Page 339 and 340:
819 309 MERLO JOHN H 46 ITALY ITALY
Page 341 and 342:
945 204 GRINDATTI VICTOR H 40 ITALY
Page 343 and 344:
1071 411 BIANCHI NARCISO H 52 ITALY
Page 345 and 346:
1197 GOTTA MARY D 21 MICHIGAN ITALY
Page 347 and 348:
1323 NOTARIO TERESA W 33 ITALY ITAL
Page 349 and 350:
1449 LENCIONI DELPHINE D 9 MICHIGAN
Page 351 and 352:
1575 2416 DESIATTO JOHN H 45 ITALY
Page 353 and 354:
1701 ZANIN JOHN S 4 MICHIGAN MICHIG
Page 355 and 356:
1827 GIULIO MARY W 61 ITALY ITALY I
Page 357 and 358:
1953 POMA HILDA W 26 MICHIGAN FINLA
Page 359 and 360:
2079 113 SANDRETTO JOHN H 60 ITALY
Page 361 and 362:
2205 MARTINUCCI EGIDIO B 37 MICHIGA
Page 363 and 364:
2331 GASPARDO FRANCIS W 33 ITALY IT
Page 365 and 366:
2457 BALCONI MARIA W 34 ITALY ITALY
Page 367 and 368:
2583 TADDEUCCI RAIMONDO S 17 MICHIG
Page 369 and 370:
2709 PADUAN WILL S 9 MICHIGAN ITALY
Page 371:
2835 GASPARDO MARTIN S 21 MICHIGAN
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