xaTuna kikvaZis tradicia da novatoroba qarTul scenografiaSi
xaTuna kikvaZis tradicia da novatoroba qarTul scenografiaSi
xaTuna kikvaZis tradicia da novatoroba qarTul scenografiaSi
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti xelovnebaTmcodneobis<br />
mimarTulebis doqtorantis<br />
<strong>xaTuna</strong> <strong>kikvaZis</strong><br />
<strong>tradicia</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>novatoroba</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
(irakli gamrekelisa <strong>da</strong> mirian SveliZis scenografiis<br />
magaliTze)<br />
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: Tebrone uruSaZe<br />
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori<br />
Tbilisi 2012 weli<br />
1
sarCevi<br />
Sesavali -3<br />
Tavi I. <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografia<br />
qveTavi I. <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatrisa <strong>da</strong> scenografiis<br />
ganviTarebis etapebi -5<br />
qveTavi II. <strong>qarTul</strong>i <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvroba -45<br />
qveTavi III. irakli gamrekelis <strong>da</strong>zguri <strong>da</strong> Teatraluri mxatvroba -54<br />
qveTavi IV. samyaros konstruqtivistuli modeli<br />
i.gamrekelis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> -65<br />
Tavi II. Tanamedrove <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografia<br />
qveTavi I. Tanamedrove scenografiis Teoriis sakiTxebi -90<br />
qveTavi II. scenuri dro <strong>da</strong> sivrce - 100<br />
qveTavi III. scenografiuli konfliqti -106<br />
qveTavi IV. mirian SveliZis Semoqmedeba -112<br />
qveTavi V. Seqspiris dramaturgia mirian SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> -118<br />
Tavi III. ori piesis scenografiuli interpretaciebi<br />
erT scenur sivrceSi<br />
qveTavi I. u.Seqspiris “hamleti” i.gamrekelisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> -139<br />
qveTavi II. gr.robaqiZis “lamara” i.gamrekelisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> -159<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna -166<br />
SeniSvna -192<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura -196<br />
2
Sesavali<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> Teatralur kulturas mravalsaukunovani <strong>tradicia</strong><br />
gaaCnia. igi momdinareobs saxalxo dResaswaulebis sanaxaobriv-<br />
saimprovizacio Teatri<strong>da</strong>n, romlis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma<br />
saqarTveloSi berikaoba <strong>da</strong> yeenoba iyo. berikaoba <strong>da</strong> yeenoba<br />
niRbebis saimprovizacio Teatrs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qoreografiul-<br />
plastikuri, xmovani <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli gaformebis Ffunqcionaluri<br />
sistema gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. man didi gavlena moaxdina <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis<br />
ganviTarebaze, romlis ZiriTadi mxatvruli principebi Teatraluri<br />
konstruqtivizmis epoqaSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. misma funqcionalizmma<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> <strong>da</strong>abruna adreuli etapebisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
mxatvruli formebi. xolo is novatoruli ideebi, romelic maTi<br />
axleburi gaazrebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, Zalian sainteresod <strong>da</strong><br />
mravalferovnad aisaxa <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>. masze didi gavlena<br />
moaxdina <strong>qarTul</strong>ma <strong>da</strong>zgurma mxatvrobam iqonia. Teatralur-<br />
dekoraciuli xelovnebis erT-erT pirvel nimuSs 1886 wels mxatvar<br />
aleqsandre beriZis mier TeatrisTvis sagangebod moxatuli far<strong>da</strong><br />
warmoadgens (am Teatrs “artistuli wre” ewodebo<strong>da</strong>, dRevandeli SoTa<br />
rusTavelis saxelobis Teatri - v.kiknaZe). xolo scenografiis<br />
ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc <strong>qarTul</strong>i profesiuli<br />
Teatris aRorZineba, k.marjaniSvilis saxelTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli iTamaSa k.marjaniSvilis Gmier TeatrSi mxatvrebis<br />
d.kakabaZis, e.axvledianis, l.gudiaSvilis, i.gamrekelis, k.z<strong>da</strong>neviCis,<br />
e.lanseres, i.Sarlemanis, mogvianebiT p.ocxelis <strong>da</strong> sxvebis mowvevam.<br />
yvela am mxatvris SemoqmedebaSi mkafiod aisaxa XX saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>qarTul</strong> xelovnebaSi arsebuli modernistuli <strong>da</strong><br />
avangarduli mxatvruli mimdinareobebi, romlebmac erovnuli<br />
mxatvruli formebis ZiebasTan erTad gansazRvres <strong>qarTul</strong>i saxviTi<br />
xelovnebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis mxatvruli principebi.<br />
araerTgvarovani iyo Teatralur-dekoraciuli xelovnebis<br />
mxatvrul formaTa evolucia <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze. Tanamedrove <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
scenografia ganuyofelia Tavisi tradiciuli safuZvlebisgan.<br />
arsebuli xelovnebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad mxatvrebi axal<br />
gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebsa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove teqnologiebs mimarTaven<br />
3
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong>, magram maTi SemoqmedebiTi meTodi yovelTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebulia im mxatvrul principebze, romelic rTuli praqtikuli<br />
muSaobis Sedegad SeimuSava <strong>qarTul</strong>ma saTeatro mxatvrobam, misi<br />
ganviTarebis pirvel etapze, 1920-30-ian wlebSi. es iyo Tamami ideebis<br />
ganxorcielebis uaRresad nayofieri periodi. im kvleviT-<br />
eqsperimentul xanaSi qarTvelma mxatvrebma SeZles msoflio Teatrsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> arsebuli miRwevebis gaziareba <strong>da</strong> SemoqmedebiT<br />
praqtikaSi moaxdines scenografiul formaTa <strong>da</strong> mxatvrul ideaTa<br />
swori seleqcia, ramac efeqturi <strong>da</strong> swrafi ganviTarebis safuZveli<br />
Seuqmna xelovnebis am <strong>da</strong>rgs <strong>qarTul</strong> xelovnebaSi.<br />
dekoraciis aqtiuri CarTva moqmedebaSi, sagnebis qmedoba,<br />
kostiumis mxatvrul-stilisturi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta <strong>da</strong> scenis plastikis<br />
speqtaklis samoqmedo sivrcis plastikasTan Serwyma safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo<br />
qmediTi scenografiis principebs. swored am garemoebebma ganapiroba<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis saxviTi xelovnebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebel <strong>da</strong>rgad<br />
Camoyalibeba. Tamamma novatorulma eqsperimentebma, axalma mxatvrulma<br />
xerxebma <strong>da</strong> gamomsaxvelobiTi enis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebam gansazRvra<br />
scenografiis mxatvruli meTodi <strong>da</strong> Teoriuli principebi. Zalian<br />
mokle periodSi <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> safuZveli Caeyara reJisoris<br />
koncefcias dramaturgiuli masalis interpretaciaSi, gaformebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>zgurobis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas <strong>da</strong> scenografiis samganzomilebian moculobiT-<br />
plastikur formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas, mxatvrisa <strong>da</strong> reJisoris<br />
Tanaavtorobas speqtaklis mTliani mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi.<br />
<strong>tradicia</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>novatoroba</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> ganxilulia<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis i.gamrekelisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanamedrove scenografiis uaRresad saintereso Semoqmedis m.SveliZis<br />
Teatraluri mxatvrobis analizis safuZvelze. maTi Semoqmedeba<br />
gansazRvravs <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis mxatvrul principebs ganviTarebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze, romelzec didi gavlena moaxdina im epoqaTa<br />
xelovnebis funqciurma <strong>da</strong>tvirTvam, romelSic moux<strong>da</strong>T cxovreba <strong>da</strong><br />
moRvaweoba. aseve saerTo ideologiam <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli azrovnebis<br />
bunebrivma ganviTarebam. maTSi mkafiod gamoikveTa <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
scenografiis tradiciebi, romlis efeqturobac saSualebas aZlevs<br />
axali Taobis mxatvrebs Tamami novatoruli ideebiT gaamdidron<br />
4
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiuli ena <strong>da</strong> Seqmnan maRalmxatvruli scenuri <strong>da</strong><br />
saxviTi nawarmoebebi.<br />
sadReisod scenografia ganviTarebis sruliad axal etapzea,<br />
magram is mainc mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli warsulis tradiciebTan..<br />
axali novatoruli Ziebebi, romelic aqtiurad mimdinareobs<br />
Tanamedrove TeatrSi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>grovili<br />
scenografiis warsuli miRwevebis Rrma gaazrebas emyareba. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
Taobis mxatvrebis erTguleba <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis tradiciebisadmi<br />
gamovlin<strong>da</strong> dekoraciis mZafr plastikaSi, dekoraciuli garemos<br />
grZnobad aRqmaSi, speqtaklis samoqmedo garemoSi, axal<br />
gamomsaxvelobiT enaSi, romelSic mxatvruli metafora Sinagan<br />
organul urTierTkavSirebSi gamoisaxeba <strong>da</strong> dekoracia aRiqmeba,<br />
rogorc cocxali organizmi. igi mudmivi ganviTarebis procesSia,<br />
mudmiv kavSirSia mayurebelTan.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis Teoriisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikisaTvis<br />
mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros, msoflio scenografiis ganviTarebis<br />
romel etapze <strong>da</strong>iwyo CvenSi saTeatro mxatvrobis ganviTareba. saWiroa<br />
gakeTdes saxviTi xelovnebis im mxatvrul mimdinareobaTa analizi,<br />
romlebmac uSualod iqonia gavlena <strong>qarTul</strong> Teatralur mxatvrobaze.<br />
agreTve ra wvlili miuZRvis <strong>qarTul</strong> xalxur Teatrs, <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
Teatris esTetikisa <strong>da</strong> scenografiis CamoyalibebaSi <strong>da</strong> rogor<br />
gansazRvra man <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris saxviT-vizualuri forma.<br />
Tavi I. <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografia<br />
qveTavi I.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatrisa <strong>da</strong> scenografiis ganviTarebis etapebi<br />
scenografia mxatvruli Semoqmedebis <strong>da</strong>rgia, romelic speqtaklis<br />
gaformebasa <strong>da</strong> Teatraluri warmodgenis saxviT-plastikuri saxis<br />
Seqmnas emsaxureba. igi sakuTar scenur drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi arsebobs.<br />
speqtaklSi scenografia moicavs yvelafers, rac msaxiobis garSemoa:<br />
dekoracias, materialur-sagnobriv garemos, calkeul aqsesuarebs;<br />
aseve msaxiobis kazmulobas: kostiums, grims, niRabs,<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>saxvisaTvis <strong>da</strong> scenuri saxis SeqmnisTvis saWiro atributebs.<br />
scenografiis gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs warmoadgens yvelaferi,<br />
5
ac bunebaSi arsebobs, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva faqturisa <strong>da</strong> substanciis mqone<br />
sagnebi, yvelaferi, rac SemoqmedebiT procesSi mxatvris mier aris<br />
Seqmnili. Teatraluri mxatvroba saxviTi xelovnebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
formebiTa <strong>da</strong> kanonebiT iqmneba.<br />
xangrZlivi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi Teatris wiaRSive scenografia<br />
xelovnebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebel <strong>da</strong>rgad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. TiToeuli epoqa,<br />
romelSic gansakuTrebul mxatvrul formaSi aisaxebo<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis etapebi, myar safuZvels uqmni<strong>da</strong> axali epoqiT warmoqmnil<br />
mxatvrul formebs. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli xerxebiT,<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi formebiTa <strong>da</strong> maTi evoluciuri saxecvlilebebiT<br />
scenografiam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba Tanamedrove TeatrSi <strong>da</strong><br />
vizualur xelovnebaTa rigSi SeiZina.<br />
termini scenografia antikuri droi<strong>da</strong>n arsebobs <strong>da</strong> igi<br />
skenografii<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs. (1) vitruviusis Tanaxmad skenografia -<br />
kedlis moxatulobas niSnavs. g.likomski scenografias xazobrivi<br />
perspeqtivis principebze agebul ferwerul gaformebas uwodeb<strong>da</strong>. (2)<br />
scenografiis sawyisi pirvelyofili sazogadoebis ritualur-<br />
sanaxaobrivi wes-Cveulebebis gaformebis elementebSi un<strong>da</strong> veZioT. im<br />
preistoriul xanaSi, roca jer arc Teatri arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
scenografia, ritualur–sanaxaobriv TamaSobebSi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />
yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> saTamaSo scenografia <strong>da</strong> dekoraciuli xelovneba. am<br />
adreul etapze naTlad gamovlin<strong>da</strong> Teatralizebuli sanaxaobis<br />
gaformebis aucilebloba. gamoikveTa scenografiis sami ZiriTadi<br />
funqcia: personaJuli, saTamaSo <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis adgilis aRmniSvneli.<br />
pirvel etapze scenografias mxolod personaJuli funqcia hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saTamaSo moqmedebaSi scenografiis CarTvas gulisxmobs. personaJuli<br />
funqcia warmodgenis konteqsti<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs, mas ideur-mxatvruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs <strong>da</strong> dramaturgiuli konfliqtis gaxsnas emsaxureba.<br />
scenografiis saTamaSo funqcia gulisxmobs scenografiis an misi<br />
elementebis uSualo CarTvas moqmedebaSi - kostiumis, grimis, sagnebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> aqsesuarebis saxiT, romelic gankuTvnilia msaxiobis gar<strong>da</strong>saxvis,<br />
kazmulobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> masTan erTad moqmedebs scenaze. saTamaSo<br />
scenografia sakuTriv Teatraluri <strong>da</strong>dgmis gaformebis sistemaa. igi<br />
TeatrTan erTad gaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia antikuri epoqis, Sua<br />
6
saukuneebis evropuli TeatrisaTvis, italiuri “komedia del<br />
artesTvis”, Seqspirisa <strong>da</strong> lope de vegas TeatrebisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmosavluri TeatrisTvisac.<br />
im dros, rodesac Teatri mxatvruli Semoqmedebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
saxes iZen<strong>da</strong>, saTamaSo scenografia speqtaklebis gaformebis pirvel<br />
mxatvrul sistemas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. ase iyo <strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSic, romlis<br />
sawyisi forma xalxuri saTamaSo-saimprovizacio Teatri<strong>da</strong>n-<br />
berikaobasa <strong>da</strong> yeenobis Teatralizebuli sanaxaobebi<strong>da</strong>n modis. masSi<br />
scenografias saTamaSo <strong>da</strong> personaJuli funqcia hqon<strong>da</strong>. Tanamedrove<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> sruliad axleburad iqna gaazrebuli xalxuri<br />
Teatris tradiciebi, romelic Seerwya qmediTi scenografiis mxatvrul<br />
principebs.<br />
arqeologiurma gaTxrebma saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamoavlina<br />
uamravi nivTieri masala, romelic a<strong>da</strong>sturebs imas, rom RvTaebrivi<br />
kultebisadmi miZRvnil ritualebSi aqtiurad iyo warmodgenili<br />
Teatralizirebuli sanaxaobebis msgavsi cekva-TamaSobebi. maT Soris<br />
yvelaze adrindelia nadirobis kultis rituali, romelic “misnuri<br />
cekvebisa <strong>da</strong> jadosnur saweso qmediTobis” (3) saxiT arsebob<strong>da</strong>. aseT<br />
ritualur cekva-TamaSobebSi “RvTaebrivi cxovelebi” monawileobdnen<br />
(<strong>da</strong>Tvi, igive <strong>da</strong>To, cxenkacoba, aqlemkacoba, oSangeloba, qaTmis<br />
ferxva <strong>da</strong> sxva), romlebsac mogvebi asaxierebdnen. amis magaliTad<br />
SeiZleba stefanwmindisa <strong>da</strong> zekaris ganZi miviCnioT, romlebic<br />
mocekvave niRbosani a<strong>da</strong>mianebis gamosaxulebebs warmoadgens. maTSi<br />
naTlad ikiTxeba mamrobiTi sqesis nayofierebis kultis ritualuri<br />
cekva-TamaSobebi kargad ganviTarebuli saxviT-plastikuri<br />
gaformebis sakuTari sistemiT. RvTaebriv-sakulto ritualebis<br />
Sesrulebam “RvTaebrivi cxovelebisa <strong>da</strong> frinvelebis”<br />
gansasaxiereblad cxovelTa <strong>da</strong> frinvelTa niRbebis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
qmedoba-TamaSobebSi CarTvis aucilebloba ganapiroba. “saqarTveloSi<br />
Zv.w. II aTaswleuli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli sakulto rituals cxovelis<br />
niRbebiT mogvebi asrulebdnen. cxovelTa gamosaxulebebian niRbebze<br />
xisgan gamokveTili cxenis, aqlemis an <strong>da</strong>Tvis Tav-kiseri iyo<br />
gamoxatuli. ferad-feradi CiTebisgan cxovelis tans akeTebdnen,<br />
romelsac Semdeg ritualis Semsrulebeli mogvebi kostiumebad<br />
7
iyenebdnen. aqlemkacad, cxenkacad, <strong>da</strong>Tvis niRbiT Semosili “mogvebi”<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT mier ritualis Sesrulebisas gamoyenebuli calkeuli sagnebi<br />
naTlad avlens im adreul epoqaSi sanaxaobis gaformebis personaJul<br />
<strong>da</strong> saTamaSo formebis arsebobas. <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatrisa <strong>da</strong> sanaxaobrivi<br />
kulturis evoluciuri gza iseve principebiT viTardeba, rogorc<br />
msoflio Teatri <strong>da</strong> misi gaformebis sistemac Sesabamisad<br />
primitiuli<strong>da</strong>n rTul scenografiul sistemebSi yalibdeba -<br />
personaJuli, saTamaSo <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis adgilis gansazRvrebiT.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i ritualur-sanaxaobrivi wes-Cveulebebis niRbebi<br />
scenografiul personaJebs warmoadgendnen <strong>da</strong> Tavadve iyvnen<br />
CarTulebi sanaxaobis saTamaSo stiqiaSi. rac Seexeba moqmedebis<br />
adgils, igi pirobiTobiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>, radgan rituali sofel-sofel,<br />
kar<strong>da</strong>kar, ritualuri msvlelobis formiT xdebo<strong>da</strong>. amitomac<br />
konkretuli moqmedebis adgili mas ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. rac Seexeba ritualur<br />
kostiumebs, isini aseve CarTuli iyo moqmedebaSi <strong>da</strong> msaxiobTan erTad<br />
saTamaSo funqcias asruleb<strong>da</strong>.” (4)<br />
xalxur sanaxaobaTa erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma<br />
saqarTveloSi berikaoba iyo. berikaoba ganayofierebisa <strong>da</strong> Svilierebis<br />
kultis sadidebel sanaxaobas aRniSnavs <strong>da</strong> nawarmoebia saerTo<br />
qarTveluri Ziri<strong>da</strong>n “ber” (Svili). Mmisi Soreuli winapari<br />
saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>Tvis, mamrobiTi sqesis nayofierebis RvTaebis<br />
“<strong>da</strong>To” kulti iyo. Bberikaobas moTamaSe berikebi asrulebdnen.<br />
scenarebi, romelTa safuZvelzec berikuli warmodgenebi iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi icvlebo<strong>da</strong>, axali SinaarsiT mdidrdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ase ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong> Taobi<strong>da</strong>n Taobas.<br />
xangrZlivi arsebobis gzaze berikaoba niRbebis saimprovizacio<br />
Teatrad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. berikaobas, iseve rogorc yvela adreuli<br />
periodis ritualur-sanaxaobriv cekva-TamaSebs, qoreografiul-<br />
plastikuri <strong>da</strong> xmovani gaformeba Tan sdev<strong>da</strong>. misi saxieri <strong>da</strong><br />
mxatvruli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta personaJuli iyo <strong>da</strong> saTamaSo scenografiebis<br />
funqciiT sruldebo<strong>da</strong>. berikaobas sa<strong>da</strong>dgmo forma gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. igi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iyo TamaSis adgilsa <strong>da</strong> xasiaTze. gansxvavebuli iyo<br />
kar<strong>da</strong>kar moxetiale, moe<strong>da</strong>nze saTamaSo <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>rbazo warmodgenebis<br />
siuJetur-dramaturgiuli <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis formac. didi<br />
8
erikaoba, romelSic, rogorc wesi, 100-150 monawile iyo CarTuli,<br />
specialurad SerCeul moednebsa <strong>da</strong> saTamaSo adgilebze ewyobo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aseT adgilebs “saberikos” uwodebdnen. patara berikaoba sami<br />
monawiliTac ki SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> gamarTuliyo. aseT dros berikebi<br />
warmodgenebs <strong>da</strong>rbazSi marTavdnen.<br />
berikebi niRbebiT TamaSobdnen. berikaobisTvis sagangebod<br />
Seqmnili niRbebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva masalisgan keTdebo<strong>da</strong>, romelSic<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti Tavad niRbis funqcia <strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba iyo. aseve iyo<br />
kostiumic. masSi ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>karguliyo arc niRbis funqcia, arc misi<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli atributebi, arc koloriti <strong>da</strong> a.S. niRbebi a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
garkveuli tipaJebis gar<strong>da</strong>, cxovelTa saxeebsa <strong>da</strong> miTologiur<br />
arsebebs warmosaxavdnen. niRabi-personaJi mkveTrad saxasiaTo <strong>da</strong><br />
mravlismetyveli iyo.<br />
berikaobisTvis specialurad mravalferovani “dramaturgia”<br />
iTxzvebo<strong>da</strong>. igi siuJetura<strong>da</strong>c viTardebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saerTo dramaturgiuli<br />
qargi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare improvizaciis uzarmazar SesaZleblobebs<br />
iZleo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
berikaobebisgan odnav saxecvlili formiT imarTebo<strong>da</strong> yeenobebi.<br />
yeenoba ufro masobrivi xalxuri Teatraluri sanaxaoba iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> qarTveli xalxis brZolas <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebis winaaRmdeg. es<br />
sanaxaoba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg imarTebo<strong>da</strong>. istoriuli<br />
wyaroebiT VIII saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 730 wels, mterze gamarjvebis<br />
aRsaniSnav erT-erT yeenobis dResaswaulze Tojinuri warmodgenac<br />
gaumarTavT. yeenoba, rogorc didi <strong>da</strong> rTuli saxalxo sanaxaoba,<br />
sagangebo samzadiss moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. yeenobis dResaswaulSi moqmed mTavar<br />
niRbebSi gamoiyofo<strong>da</strong> ori: erTi Semoseuli mtris meTauris niRabi,<br />
meore ki, qarTveli xalxis winamZRolis. mtris niRabi droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi icvlebo<strong>da</strong>. jer iyo “keisari”, Semdeg “arabi”, Semdeg<br />
”yaeni”, “Sahi”, “pompoliki” <strong>da</strong> a.S. yovel maTgans Tavisi<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niRbis gar<strong>da</strong>, kostiumi <strong>da</strong> saTamaSo atributebic<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>. yeenobis dResaswaulebSi grimsac iyenebdnen. moqmedi pirni<br />
saxes moxatulobiTa <strong>da</strong> wverisa <strong>da</strong> ulvaSis miwebebiT icvlidnen.<br />
amrigad, yeenobas mxatvruli gaformebis ufro garTulebuli sistema<br />
gaaCn<strong>da</strong>, vidre berikaobas D<strong>da</strong> igi ufro masobrivi sanaxaobiTi<br />
9
xasiaTisa iyo. berikaobis msgavsad yeenobis monawileebic mimarTavdnen<br />
improvizacias. amis gamo xSirad am ori saxalxo dResaswaulis<br />
erTmaneTSi Serwymac xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
berikaobisa <strong>da</strong> yeenobis warmodgenebis mxatvruli gaformeba<br />
scenografiis adreuli etapisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli personaJuli <strong>da</strong><br />
saTamaSo funqciebiT xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong>. moqmedebis adgili maTSi pirobiTi<br />
formiT ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan mas ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong> sagangebod misTvis<br />
Seqmnili, gansazRvruli saTamaSo sivrce. berikaobisa <strong>da</strong> yeenobis<br />
gaformeba qmediTi scenografiis elementebs Seicav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris istoriaze XVIII saukunemde sakmaod mwiri<br />
informacia moipoveba. SoTa rusTaveli “vefxistyaosanSi” xSirad<br />
mimarTav<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Teatralur termins, misi Tanamedroveebic<br />
axseneben am terminebs sakuTar nawerebSi. es yvelaferi ki<br />
gvafiqrebinebs, rom saqarTveloSi garkveuli saxis Teatraluri<br />
warmodgenebi XVIII saukunemdec imarTebo<strong>da</strong>, Tumca pirveli <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
profesiuli Teatris <strong>da</strong>badeba erekle II mefobis periods ukavSirdeba.<br />
erekle II mier ruseTSi swavla-ganaTlebis misaRebad gagzavnilma<br />
axalgazrdebis erTma jgufma, romelSic Sediodnen <strong>da</strong>viT batoniSvili,<br />
erasti TurqestaniSvili, ivane orbeliani <strong>da</strong> giorgi avaliSvili<br />
samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebisTanave, am ukanasknelis xelmZRvanelobiT, mcire<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatraluri <strong>da</strong>si Seqmnes.<br />
pirveli klasicisturi mimarTulebis Teatris <strong>da</strong>sis mier<br />
gamarTul warmodgenebs “saxismetyvelebas” uwodebdnen; maTi<br />
repertuari ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eni<strong>da</strong>n naTargmni an<br />
gadmo<strong>qarTul</strong>ebuli piesebisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. saskolo ganaTlebis<br />
SemoRebasTan erTad saqarTveloSi saskolo dramebic gaCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magaliTad, Telavis seminariaSi ukve iswavlebo<strong>da</strong> dramatuli<br />
xelovneba <strong>da</strong> “saskolo Teatric” Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. saqarTveloSi Teatris<br />
<strong>da</strong>arseba, TavisTavad uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels dramatuli mwerlobis Seqmnasac.<br />
XVIII saukunis e.w. “erekles Teatri” ori saxiT iyo warmodgenili:<br />
liturgiul-misteriuli xasiaTis “saskolo dramiTa” <strong>da</strong> a.sumarokovis<br />
komediebiT, Tumca am TeatrSi idgmebo<strong>da</strong> rasinis, volteris, kornelis<br />
originaluri an gadmo<strong>qarTul</strong>ebuli piesebic. savaraudod am<br />
warmodgenebs mxatvruli gaformebis elementebic gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T, romelic<br />
10
pirobiT samoqmedo garemos <strong>da</strong> monawile msaxiobebis gar<strong>da</strong>saxvisaTvis<br />
saWiro atributebs Seicav<strong>da</strong> (kostiumi, niRabi, sagan-aqsesuarebi).<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris ganviTarebaSi, zemoTCamoTvlil a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>, didi wvlili miuZRviT gaioz reqtors <strong>da</strong> ereklesdroindeli<br />
Teatris administrators, gabriel maiors. cnobilia agreTve <strong>da</strong>sis<br />
wamyvani msaxiobi <strong>da</strong>viT maCabeli. pirveli <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatraluri <strong>da</strong>si<br />
1795 wels aRa-mahmad-xanTan Setakebisas brZolis velze <strong>da</strong>eca. am<br />
dRi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT eqvsi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>ma profesiulma Teatrma funqcionireba Sewyvita.<br />
XIX saukunis ormocian wlebSi TbilisSi gaixsna italiuri opera,<br />
1845 wels ki, rusuli dramatuli Teatri. orive TeatrSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
gastroliorebi gamodiodnen. <strong>da</strong>isva <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris aRdgenis<br />
sakiTxic. saqarTveloSi ruseTis mefisnacvalis mixeil voroncovis<br />
ZalisxmeviT 1850 wlis 14 ianvars klasikuri gimnaziis <strong>da</strong>rbazSi<br />
warmoadgines g.erisTavis komedia “gayra”, romliTac <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
profesiuli Teatris aRorZineba. am speqtaklis dekoraciebi mxatvar<br />
grigol gagarins ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>. Teatrs saTaveSi Caudga dramaturgi <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogado moRvawe giorgi erisTavi. repertuarSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d misi <strong>da</strong><br />
zurab antonovis piesebi idgmebo<strong>da</strong>. 1855 wels am Teatrmac Sewyvita<br />
arseboba.<br />
1848 wels, mefisnacvlis piradi mowveviT g.gagarini TbilisSi<br />
Camovi<strong>da</strong>. g.gagarinis mier TbilisSi gatarebuli wlebi mxatvris<br />
SemoqmedebaSi metad saintereso <strong>da</strong> nayofieri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. 1847 wels<br />
TbilisSi dRevandeli Tavisuflebis moednis teritoriaze saZirkveli<br />
Caeyara Teatris axal Senobas, romelic italieli arqiteqtoris<br />
jovani skudieris proeqtiT ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>. Teatris foiesa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>rbazis moxatuloba g.gagarins ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>. manve Seqmna Teatris<br />
far<strong>da</strong>c. Teatri 1851 wels gaixsna. 1874 wels ki, Teatris Senoba<br />
xanZris dros ganadgur<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1878 wels ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, dimitri yifianis, niko<br />
nikolaZis, ivane maCablis, vaso abaSiZisa <strong>da</strong> sxva cnobil qarTvel<br />
moRvaweTa ZalisxmeviT <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i dramatuli sazogadoeba,<br />
xolo erT weliwadSi, 1879 wels barbare jorjaZis komediiT “ras<br />
11
veZebdi <strong>da</strong> ra vipove” <strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i dramatuli Teatri<br />
(axlandeli SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatri).<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i dramatuli sazogadoebis garSemo gaerTiandnen niWieri<br />
msaxiobebi, romlebmac mZlavri SemoqmedebiTi potenciis <strong>da</strong>si Sekres.<br />
amas <strong>da</strong>emata samwerlo asparezze gamosuli rafiel erisTavi, avksenti<br />
cagareli, <strong>da</strong>viT erisTavi, barbare jorjaZe, valerian gunia...<br />
TeatrisaTvis piesebs werdnen ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli,<br />
aleqsandre yazbegi, vaJa-fSavela, <strong>da</strong>viT kldiaSvili. ilia WavWavaZis<br />
ZalisxmeviTve <strong>da</strong>iwyo msoflio dramaturgiis Sedevrebis Targmna. ivane<br />
maCablis mier gadmo<strong>qarTul</strong>ebuli u.Seqspiris piesebi erT-erT<br />
saukeTeso Targmana<strong>da</strong>a miCneuli.<br />
1901 wels TbilisSi “saartisto sazogadoebisTvis” gaixsna axali<br />
Teatris Senoba, dRevandeli SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatri,<br />
ronlis proeqtSic rus arqiteqtor korneli tatiSCevsa <strong>da</strong> polonel<br />
aleqsandre SimkeviCs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>. Senoba klasikuri Teatraluri<br />
arqiteqturis nimuSia <strong>da</strong> mas tradiciuli evropuli yaidis scena<br />
gaaCnia. rusTavelis Teatris scena-kolofi scenis Rrma jibeebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulisebiT sakmaod did sasceno sivrces warmoadgens. igi Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />
aRWurvili iyo moZravi wriTa <strong>da</strong> rTuli Teatraluri meqanizmebiT.<br />
Senobis fasadi XIX saukunis bolo periodis neostilebis ekleqturi<br />
sinTeziT gamoirCeva. mas gansakuTrebul xibls aZlebs rokokos<br />
stilis dekoratiuli elementebi.<br />
XIX saukunis meore naxevrisTvis evropul <strong>da</strong> rusul TeatrSi<br />
mniSvnelova cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. scenografia, romelic saukuneebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobis Zlier gavlenas ganicdi<strong>da</strong>, axla<br />
speqtaklis gaformebaSi realuri samganzomilebiani samoqmedo sivrcis<br />
Seeqmnidken <strong>da</strong> Teatralur mxatvrobaSi <strong>da</strong>zgurobis <strong>da</strong>Zlevisken<br />
iswrafo<strong>da</strong>. reformatorulma moZraobam evropul <strong>da</strong> rusul TeatrSi<br />
didi gavlena iqonia <strong>qarTul</strong>i reJisuris ganviTarebaze, romelmac<br />
gansazrvra scenografiis arsi <strong>da</strong> misi mniSvneloba <strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi.<br />
Teatris istoriaSi udidesi progresuli movlena naturalizmi<br />
iyo. naturalizmi arsebuli realobis obieqturad gadmocemisken<br />
iswrafvo<strong>da</strong>. Teatraluri warmodgena mowodebuli iyo “cxovrebis<br />
nawili” warmoedgina <strong>da</strong> ara realobis mxatvruli anasaxi. igi ebrZo<strong>da</strong><br />
12
Stampebsa <strong>da</strong> pirobiTobas TeatrSi. naturalizmSi mTavari iyo a<strong>da</strong>miani,<br />
mis materialur-sagnobriv sivrceSi <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiur realur yofaSi.<br />
naturalizmi safrangeTSi gaCn<strong>da</strong>. naturalizmis filosofiur<br />
safuZvels o.kontisa <strong>da</strong> i.tenis esTetikuri Teoriebi <strong>da</strong>edo, xolo<br />
rogorc literaturuli mimdinareoba e.zolas SemoqmedebaSi<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. gansakuTrebiT didi roli iTamaSa e.zolas Semoqmedebam<br />
naturalizmis Teatris SeqmnaSi. misi naSromi “naturalizmi TeatrSi”<br />
evropuli Teatrs axali mimdinareobis Teoriul safuZvels<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. naturalizmis Teatrze didi gavlena iqonia e.zolas,<br />
g.hauptmanis, a.strindbergis, h.ibsenis k.hamsunis <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa<br />
Semoqmedebam.<br />
naturalisturi Teatris ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba reJisorisa <strong>da</strong> Teoretikosis andre antuanis Semoqmedebas<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>. 1887 wels a.antuanma parizSi “Tavisufali Teatri” <strong>da</strong>aarsa.<br />
antuanis Teatri mTlianad pasuxob<strong>da</strong> naturalisturi Teatris<br />
esTetikas. reJisori moiTxov<strong>da</strong> scenaze realuri cxovrebis<br />
“gaTamaSebas”, maqsimalur <strong>da</strong>majereblobas dramaturgisgan,<br />
msaxiobisgan <strong>da</strong> scenografisgan. antuanis Teatralurma reformam didi<br />
mniSvneloba iqonia samsaxiobo ostatobis ganviTarebazec. msaxiobi<br />
scenaze iseve moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>, rogorc cxovrebaSi misTvis Cveul yofiT<br />
garemoSi. is zurgiT brundebo<strong>da</strong> mayurevlisgen <strong>da</strong> aparteze aRar<br />
TamaSob<strong>da</strong>. TamaSis am principma “meoTxe kedlis” koncefcia warmoSva,<br />
romelic mkveTrad gamijnav<strong>da</strong> mayurebelTa <strong>da</strong>rbazs <strong>da</strong> scenas. es<br />
uxilavi zRude, romelic scenis portaliT iyo Semofargluli,<br />
scenaze Caketil droiT-sivrcobriv garemos qmni<strong>da</strong>. antuanis scenaze<br />
dokumenturi <strong>da</strong> istoriuli sizustiT iyo warmodgenili a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
samyofeli. (magaliTad f. ikris piesis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>dgmul speqtakl<br />
“yasabSi”, a.antuanma scenaze <strong>da</strong>kluli saqoneli Camoki<strong>da</strong>.)<br />
mogvianebiT a. antuanma uari Tqva mSral naturalizmze. ZiriTad<br />
eqsperimentebs is ganaTebasa <strong>da</strong> Suqweraze akeTeb<strong>da</strong>, riTac realuri<br />
garemos atmosferos Seqmnas aRwev<strong>da</strong>. Teatraluri naturalizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
a.antuanis skolis mimdevari <strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi g.jaba<strong>da</strong>ri iyo. man<br />
<strong>da</strong>aarsa Teatraluri studia TbilisSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c pirveli nabijebi<br />
13
ga<strong>da</strong>dges v.anjafariZem, a.vasaZem, u.CxeiZem. g.jaba<strong>da</strong>rTan muSaob<strong>da</strong><br />
S.qiqoZec, romelic studiis mTavari mxatvari iyo.<br />
mogvianebiT naturalizmi simbolizmma Secvala, romelSic scenuri<br />
sivrce saganTa, ferTa <strong>da</strong> grZnobaTa simboloebiT <strong>da</strong>itvirTa.<br />
simbolizmiT iyo gatacebuli k.marjaniSvili. man l.andreevis<br />
simbolisturi piesis “a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebis” <strong>da</strong>dgmaSi, mTlianad uari<br />
Tqva speqtaklis zedmiwevniT dekoraciul gaformebaze. <strong>da</strong>dgmis<br />
mxatvroba mTlianad pirobiTi xasiaTis iyo. scena maudis momwvano-<br />
monacrisfro drapirebiT iyo gaformebuli. reJisors miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
dekoraciis gluvi foni ufro mkafiod warmoaCen<strong>da</strong> msaxiobis Jests <strong>da</strong><br />
speqtaklis mizanscenur naxazs. aSkara iyo, rom k.marjaniSvili<br />
speqtaklis mxatvrul mTlianobaSi simbolisturi piesis Sesatyvis<br />
scenografiul gaformos Seqmnas cdilob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
naturalizmma <strong>da</strong> simbolizmma didi gavlena iqonia XIX saukunis<br />
meore naxevris evropuli <strong>da</strong> rusuli Teatris ganviTarebaze.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom naturalizmi sinamdvilis zedmiwevniT <strong>da</strong><br />
detalur gadmocemasTan gaigivebuli iyo, xolo simbolizmi samyaros<br />
iracionalur aRqmasTan, maT biZgi misces TeatrSi reformatoruli<br />
moZraobis <strong>da</strong>sawyiss, romlis mTavari amocana scenis sivrcis axleburi<br />
gaazreba <strong>da</strong> misi reorganizacia iyo.<br />
reformam TeatrSi reJisuris ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> reJisoris profesiis<br />
mniSvnelobis gazr<strong>da</strong> ganapiroba TeatrSi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki<br />
iyo dramaturgiuli masalis axleburi, reJisoruli wakiTxva aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
ramac ganapiroba scenuri sivrcis reeorganizacia. aman <strong>da</strong>sabami <strong>da</strong>udo<br />
TeatrSi reJisorisa <strong>da</strong> mxatvris mWidro SemoqmedebiT kavSirs.<br />
sasceno sivrcis mxatvruli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta sul ufro rTul amocanas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. “mTavari eqsperimentebi” Teatraluri sivrcis scenur<br />
garemod gar<strong>da</strong>saxvisaTvis saxviT xelovnebaSi arsebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgebiTa <strong>da</strong> formebiT gax<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli.<br />
naturalizms TeatrSi <strong>da</strong>upirispirdnen Teatris reformatorebi:<br />
Sveicarieli reJisori, mxatvari <strong>da</strong> Teoretikosi adolf apia,<br />
ingliseli reJisori gordon kregi, germaneli maqs reinhardti <strong>da</strong><br />
georg fuqsi, ruseTSi ki vsevolod meierholdi <strong>da</strong> aleqsandre<br />
Tairovi. a.apiasa <strong>da</strong> g.kregis eqsperimentebis mTavari arsi<br />
14
dekoraciuli xelovnebis saSualebebiT scenaze ganzogadebuli,<br />
pirobiTi, plastikuri garemos Seqmna iyo.<br />
a.apiasTan scenuri samyaro samganzomilebiani plastikuri<br />
dekoraciebiT iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>. scena monumentur saTamaSo moednebad iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofili <strong>da</strong> msaxiobis ritmuli moZraobisTvis erTgvar podiums<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. reJisori cdilob<strong>da</strong> principulad aeridebina Tavi<br />
detalizaciisTvis <strong>da</strong> scenaze gaformebaSi simbolur-ganzogadebul<br />
garemos qmni<strong>da</strong>. AM am yvelafris saSualebiT axerxeb<strong>da</strong> emociuri <strong>da</strong><br />
azrobrivi gamomsaxvelobisTvis mieRwia.<br />
ingliseli reJisoris, msaxiobisa <strong>da</strong> mxatvris g.kregisaTvis didi<br />
mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> msaxiobis fizikur SesaZleblobebs. mas miaCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom msaxiobis plastika <strong>da</strong> moZraoba scenografiis ganuyofeli<br />
Semadgeneli nawili iyo. igi zoga<strong>da</strong>d ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> naturalizms,<br />
rogorc msaxiobis TamaSSi, aseve dramaturgiaSi, ris gamoc sruliad<br />
uaryof<strong>da</strong> avtoriseul remarkebs piesaSi. amitomac misi Teatraluri<br />
eqsperimentebi remarkebis armqone u. Seqspiris piesebze ganaxorciela.<br />
g.kregis speqtaklebis rTuli dekoraciuli wyoba msaxiobisgan<br />
sagangebo fizikur momzadebas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. g.kregis novatorulma<br />
ideebma didi gavlena iqonia v.meierholdis Semoqmedebaze. mis mier<br />
msaxiobebisTvis SemuSavebul “biomeqanikis kanonSi” rusuli Teatris<br />
reformatori msaxiobisgan swored aseT srulyofilebas, sxeulis<br />
flobas, xmisa <strong>da</strong> ostatobis universalurobas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, romelic<br />
mogvianebiT aucilebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> Teatraluri konstruqtivizmis<br />
mxatvruli principebisTvis. agreTve <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatrisa <strong>da</strong><br />
scenografiis ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo g.kregisa <strong>da</strong><br />
k.marjaniSvilis Sexvedra 1911 wels moskovis samxatvro Teatris<br />
scenaze. am yvelafers <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT Temis momdevno TavebSi ganvixilav.<br />
g.kregi scenur samyaros dramaturgiuli konfliqtis safuZvelze<br />
ageb<strong>da</strong>. igi a<strong>da</strong>mianisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil, <strong>da</strong>mTrgunvel garemos<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. scenis sivrceSi SekumSuli uzarmazari pilonebi,<br />
koSkebi, kedlebi, bastionebi, romelic scenis portalis zeviT<br />
grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>, mayurebels usasrulobis iluzias uqmni<strong>da</strong>. g.kregi<br />
maqsimalurad zRu<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> sivrces scenis masStabSi. aseTi<br />
scenografiuli samyaro zustad esa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong> Seqspiris tragediebis<br />
15
miseul wakiTxvas, sulis Sinagan Widils sikeTesa <strong>da</strong> borotebas Soris.<br />
g.kregi did yuradRebas aqcev<strong>da</strong> speqtaklSi koloritsa <strong>da</strong> SuqCrdils,<br />
magram Zunwad iyeneb<strong>da</strong> fersa <strong>da</strong> ganaTebas, isic mxolod<br />
mniSvnelovani aqcentebis gasakeTeblad. scenuri kostiumi<br />
ganzogadebuli formis iyo, detalizaciis gareSe. kregi cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />
sasceno sivrcis plastika - SuqweriT gaemdidrebina. ganaTeba misTvis<br />
saWiro iyo dekoraciebis faqturis gamosavlenad, igi dekoraciebis<br />
Seqmnisas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva masalas <strong>da</strong> faqturas (metali, qva, xe, jvalo)<br />
iyeneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ar scnob<strong>da</strong> araviTar imitacias.<br />
g.kregis novatoruli ideebis mTavari miRweva iyo is, rom<br />
reJisura, scenografia, msaxiobis TamaSi, aseve musika <strong>da</strong> qoreografia<br />
speqtaklis mTliani mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi Tanabrad mniSvnelovania<br />
a.apiam <strong>da</strong> g.kregma safuZveli Cauyares <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> scenis<br />
plastikur-sivrcobrivi amocanebis wina mxareze wamowevas <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
saxviTi xelovnebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebiT ga<strong>da</strong>Wras.<br />
scenografiis ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo germaneli<br />
reJisoris maqs reinhardtis moRvaweoba. igi axali Teatraluri formis<br />
saZieblad klasikuri dramaturgiis safuZvelze Tamam eqsperimentebs<br />
atareb<strong>da</strong>. m.reinhardti speqtaklebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sivrceSi dgam<strong>da</strong>. 1919<br />
wels berlinSi reinhardtis ZalisxmeviT didi dramatuli Teatri<br />
aSen<strong>da</strong>. am Teatris arqiteqtura didi proskeniumiT, scena-kolofiT,<br />
moZravi wriT, sagangebod doneebad <strong>da</strong>yofili scenis iatakiT, xels<br />
uwyob<strong>da</strong> reinhardtis eqsperimentebis ganxorcielebas.<br />
1907 wels miunxenSi arqiteqtorTa <strong>da</strong> mxatvarTa erTi jgufis<br />
iniciativiT <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> miunxenis samxatvro Teatri, romlisTvisac aSen<strong>da</strong><br />
sazafxulo Teatri (arqiteqtori m. litmani). maTi mizani iyo<br />
moZvelebuli tradiciuli Teatraluri arqiteqturisa <strong>da</strong> scena-<br />
kolofis axali sivrciT Secvla. <strong>da</strong>rbazi amfiTeatris formis iyo,<br />
xolo scena wagrZelebul araRrma sworkuTxeds warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gaformebaSi dekoraciebi TiTqmis ar iyo. scena aRWurvili iyo<br />
sagangebod SerCeuli ganaTebis sistemiT, romelic aqtiurad iyo<br />
CarTuli speqtaklis mxatvrul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi <strong>da</strong> scenis sivrcis<br />
plastikis gamovlenas uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels. am Teatrs saTaveSi germaneli<br />
reJisori, dramaturgi <strong>da</strong> Teoretikosi georg fuqsi edga. misi<br />
16
naSromebi “momavlis scena” (1904 w.) <strong>da</strong> “Teatris revolucia” (1909 w.)<br />
asaxav<strong>da</strong> g.fuqsis Teatris xedvas. mas miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom Teatrs mxolod<br />
<strong>da</strong>xvewili gemovnebis mqone mayureblisTvis gankuTvnili silamaze<br />
un<strong>da</strong> eCvenebina. g.fuqsisTvis miuRebeli iyo xalxuri sawyisi<br />
xelovnebaSi, magram cdilob<strong>da</strong>, aeRorZinebina TeatrSi “sadResaswaulo<br />
warmodgenebi”. g.fuqsi uaryof<strong>da</strong> tradiciul persepqtivis kanonebiT<br />
Seqmnil ferwerul dekoraciebsa <strong>da</strong> butaforiebs scenaze. g.fuqsi<br />
TeatrSi mxatvars wamyvan figurad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. mas evalebo<strong>da</strong> iseTi<br />
scenuri sivrcis Seqmna, romelSic gamokveTili iqnebo<strong>da</strong> msaxiobis<br />
moqmedeba scenaze. g.fuqsis reJisorulma meTodma, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
sadResaswaulo sanaxaobrivi formebis <strong>da</strong>brunebam TeatrSi didi<br />
gavlena iqonia qarTveli reJisoris, al.axmetelis Semoqmedebaze. al.<br />
axmeteli iswrafvo<strong>da</strong>, scenaze aeRorZinebina sanaxaobrivi Teatri,<br />
romelic <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxur TeatrSi ido <strong>da</strong> Tavisi funqcionalurobiT<br />
gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> msaxiobis qmedobas scenaze.<br />
XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi scenografia Tanamedrove<br />
avangardistuli <strong>da</strong> modernistuli mxatvruli mimdinareobebis Zlieri<br />
gavleniT viTardebo<strong>da</strong> (eqspresionizmi, <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>izmi, kubizmi, futurizmi,<br />
abstraqcionizmi, konstruqtivizmi). avangardistulma mimdinareobebma<br />
mxatvar-scenografebs saSualeba misca, scenaze moqmedebis<br />
mravalferovani, konkretuli Tu ganzogadebuli adgilebi <strong>da</strong><br />
sruliad axleburi konceftualuri samyaros modelebi SeeqmnaT.<br />
amavdroulad, aRorZin<strong>da</strong> uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n arsebuli scenografiis<br />
adreuli saTamaSo <strong>da</strong> personaJuli formebi, romlebic gaerTiandnen<br />
erTian qmediT scenografiul sistemaSi <strong>da</strong> sruliad gansazRvres<br />
scenografiis roli <strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba Tanamedrove TeatrSi.<br />
ra gavlena moaxdina modernistulma mimdinareobebma XX saukunis<br />
Teatrsa <strong>da</strong> scenografiaze?!<br />
kubizmma speqtaklis gaformebaSi sruliad axali moqmedebis<br />
adgilis ganzogadebuli saxe Seqmna. msgavsi midgoma scenuri<br />
Semoqmedebis adreul etapze ritualur-sanaxaobriv warmodgenebSi<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi gansakuTrebuli formiT<br />
kubistur plastikaSi aRorZin<strong>da</strong>. kubizmi uaryofs optikuri realizmis<br />
pirobiTobas, uaryofs naturas, rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis<br />
17
sagans, perspeqtivas <strong>da</strong> SuqCrdils, rogorc mxatvruli<br />
gamomsaxvelobis xerxs. kubistebi sivrces sibrtyeebis monacvleobiT<br />
gadmocemdnen. dekoraciuli gaformebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobis xerxiT Seqmnili dekoraciuli panoebiT<br />
konkretul samyaros warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> scenaze, kubizzma plastikur <strong>da</strong><br />
arqiteqturul formaSi warmodgenili samyaros krebiTi modeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>amkvidra. masSi koncentrirebuli iyo misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
stiluri formebi, Sesabamisi istorizmis elementebiT. amieri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
scenaze konkretuli saxli, peizaJi an interieri ki ar iyo<br />
warmodgenili, aramed mTeli epoqis scenografiuli modeli iyo<br />
Seqmnili.<br />
kubizmma scenuri sivrcis plastikaSi scenis planSeti CarTo.<br />
scenis iatakma plastikur-moculobiani <strong>da</strong>tvirTva SeiZina. aman<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> dekoracia erTian, samganzomilebian, moculobian<br />
formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta.<br />
futuristebi asparezze 1909 wels gamovidnen. maTi pirveli,<br />
WeSmaritad revoluciuri amboxi italieli poetis filipo tomazo<br />
marinetis “futurizmis manifesti” iyo. futurizmi uaryof<strong>da</strong> klasikur<br />
kulturas <strong>da</strong> axali droisa <strong>da</strong> axali cxovrebis ideologias<br />
qa<strong>da</strong>geb<strong>da</strong>. futuristebma saxviT xelovnebaSi gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
xerxebi minimumamde <strong>da</strong>iyvanes. futurizmis poetika alogizmebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
e.w. zaumebiT iyo gamoxatuli. xolo Teatri <strong>da</strong> scenuri sivrce<br />
maTTvis formiseuli simboloebiT ganaxlebuli, vizualuri samyaros<br />
mxatvruli sibrtye iyo. futuristebi Teatris ganaxlebas moqmedebis<br />
gaaqtivebiT, masSi dekoraciuli, sagnobrivi, SuqweriTi <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
vizualuri gamomsaxveli saSualebebis qmediT dinamikasa <strong>da</strong> mudmivi<br />
moZraobis gamosaxvaSi xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen. “futurizmi, rogorc msoflSegrZneba<br />
gamoisaxeba dinamikaSi <strong>da</strong> miCneulia urbanistul xelovnebad...” - wer<strong>da</strong><br />
k.maleviCi. (5) gansakuTrebiT sainter eso iyo italieli futuristebis<br />
Teatraluri eqsperimentebi <strong>da</strong> scenografiuli novaciebi. yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani, rac maT Seqmnes, mxatvris Teatri iyo. mxatvar-Semoqmeds<br />
scenaze iseTi garemos Seqmna evalebo<strong>da</strong>, romelSic gaerTianebuli iyo<br />
speqtaklis literaturul-dramaturgiuli <strong>da</strong> mxatvrul-plastikuri<br />
erTiani formiseuli saxe. sityva, feri, forma, xma, moZraoba,<br />
18
yvelaferi es speqtaklis mTliani mxatvruli saxis SeqmnisTvis iyo<br />
aucilebeli.<br />
1915 wels italielma futuristma mxatvarma <strong>da</strong> Teoretikosma e.<br />
prampolinim “futuristuli scenografiis manifesti” gamoaqveyna.<br />
masSi saubaria scenografiis axal futuristul modelze, romelSic<br />
dekoraciebi arqiteqturul-SuqCrdilovan sivrciT konstruqciebs<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. ferweruloba ki, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva feris ganaTebiT miiRweo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aRsaniSnavia agreTve j.balasa <strong>da</strong> f.deperos Teoriuli naSromi<br />
“samyaros futuristuli rekostruqcia”. (1916 w.) maTi axali mxatvruli<br />
msoflSegrZneba <strong>da</strong> plastikuri kompleqsebiT Seqmnili samyaros<br />
rekonstruirebuli modeli unoversalur kategoriebs Seicav<strong>da</strong>. isini<br />
gansxvavebuli masalisgan (metalis mavTulebi, badeebi, qaRaldi,<br />
qsovilebi, sarkeebi, transparantebi, zambarebi, milebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.)<br />
mzaddebo<strong>da</strong>. am sivrcobriv kompoziciebSi konstruqciis calkeuli<br />
detalebi meqanikuri <strong>da</strong> eleqtromeqanikuri saSualebebiT moZraob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mTavari iyo <strong>da</strong>zgurobis <strong>da</strong>ZleviT moZrav-qmediTi sivrcobrivi<br />
obieqtebis Seqmna, romelic scenografiul elementebs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
e.prampolinis azriT, plastikuri kompleqsebiT Seqmnili<br />
scenografiuli obieqtebi sabolood Secvli<strong>da</strong> msaxiobs.<br />
italieli futuristebis Teatralurma eqsperimentebma didi<br />
gavlena iqonia XX saukunis Teatrisa <strong>da</strong> scenografiis ganviTarebaze.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi futurizmi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxiTa <strong>da</strong> formiT<br />
warmoCin<strong>da</strong>. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia scenografiuli kubofuturizmi,<br />
romelsac bevri uSualod rusul movlenad miiCnevs. futuristul <strong>da</strong><br />
kubofuturistul ideebs rusul TeatrSi a.Tairovis “kameruli<br />
Teatris” scenaze eqsperimentebis saxiT iseTi mxatvar-novatorebi<br />
axorcielebdnen, rogorebic iyvnen a.lentulovi, a.vensini, g.iakulovi,<br />
a.eqsteri <strong>da</strong> sxvebi. kubofuturizmis qmediTi xasiaTi gansakuTrebiT<br />
sainteresod <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. es sruliad axleburi<br />
plastikur-sivrcobrivi xelovneba, romelic mraval stilTa nazavs<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> kubistebis mier SemuSavebul scenografiul modelebs<br />
qmediT funqcionalurobas hmateb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
avangarduli azrovnebis Camoyalibeba masSi arsebuli plastikuri<br />
elementebiT pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSi iyo nagebi formis aqtualobasTan <strong>da</strong> am<br />
19
sityvis iseT sinonimebTan, rogoricaa struqtura <strong>da</strong> konstruqcia.<br />
konstruqciisa <strong>da</strong> konstruirebis cneba, romlebic konstruqtivizms<br />
<strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad, avangarduli azrovnebis kategoriad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />
konstruqtivizmi aris konstruqciis, rogorc obieqtis, sagnis,<br />
formisa <strong>da</strong> struqturis mizanSewonili organizeba. konstruqtivizmis<br />
gamomsaxveli mxatruli formebi jer <strong>da</strong>zgur mxatvrobaSi warmoiSva.<br />
konstruqtivizmi epoqis stilad qceuli teqnikuri <strong>da</strong> teqnologiuri<br />
siaxleebiT axal mxatvrul formebs amkvidreb<strong>da</strong>, romlis elementebi<br />
funqcionaluri aucileblobiT ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>. iseve rogorc yvela<br />
stili, konstruqtivizmi rTul mravalkomponentian mxatvrul sistemas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. mas mravalferovani gamomsaxveli xerxebi gaaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
axal stils axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> formaTa mkveTri gamartiveba, unificirebac<br />
ki, <strong>da</strong> moklebuli iyo yovelgvar dekoratiulobas.<br />
gansakuTrebiT saintereso saxe konstruqtivizmma Teatralur<br />
mxatvrobaSi miiRo. igi gax<strong>da</strong> wamyvani 1920-1930-iani wlebis<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong>. swored konstruqtivizmma Semoitana TeatrSi<br />
funqcionalizmi, rac niSnav<strong>da</strong> Teatris mxatvrisTvis iseTi dekoraciis<br />
Seqmnis aucileblobas, romelic funqcionalurad iqnebo<strong>da</strong> CarTuli<br />
speqtaklis moqmedebaSi. konstruqtivizmma <strong>da</strong>akavSira scenografia<br />
scenur moqmedebasTan scenografiis calkeuli elementebis moqmedebaSi<br />
CarTviT. mxatvris mTavari amocana iyo qmediTi saSualebebiT<br />
gaformeba <strong>da</strong>emorCilebina speqtaklis dramaturgiuli kvanZis<br />
gaxsnisTvis. amrigad, konstruqtivistuli funqcionaluroba yvelaze<br />
mizanSewonili <strong>da</strong> aucilebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis mxatvruli saxis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi <strong>da</strong> is qmediT scenografias <strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad. am<br />
mimdinareobam <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> mTeli rigi konkretuli siaxleebi<br />
Semoitana. konstruqtivizmma sasceno sivrce dekoraciisagan<br />
gaaTavisufla <strong>da</strong> misi gaformebis sruliad axali xerxebi Semoitana.<br />
axali ideis Tanaxmad, sasceno sivrceSi mocemuli iyo neitraluri<br />
“garemo”, romelSic mxatvars un<strong>da</strong> Seeqmna axali konstruqcia, an<br />
ganelagebina sagnebi maTi funqcionaluri saWiroebis mixedviT.<br />
TiToeuli aseTi moqmedeba mxatvris mxri<strong>da</strong>n scenaze axali samyaros<br />
Seqmnis tolfasi iyo. mxatvars scenaze un<strong>da</strong> Seeqmna iseTi sagnobriv-<br />
plastikuri <strong>da</strong> saxviT-sivrcobrivi garemo, romelSic SesaZlebeli<br />
20
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> ama Tu im piesis moqmedi gmirebiT “<strong>da</strong>saxleba”.<br />
konstruqtivistuli dekoraciuli sivrce ganzogadebuli saxisa iyo.<br />
scenaze Seqmnili konstruqciebi speqtaklis saTamaSo stiqiaSi<br />
erTvebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moZraobis, msaxiobis moqmedebis, dekoraciis<br />
plastikuri elementebis meSveobiT Tavad modio<strong>da</strong> moqmedebaSi.<br />
Teatraluri konstruqtivizmi xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> msaxiobis emociur-<br />
fsiqologiuri aparatis gaaqtiurebas <strong>da</strong> igi iqca im mxatvrul<br />
formad, romelSic samyaros axali xedvis materializacia iyo<br />
SesaZlebeli. konstruqtivizmis dekoraciebi arqiteqturuli xerxiT<br />
agebul samyaros dekoraciul models warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. kostruqtivizmma<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxviTi forma gaaerTiana.<br />
TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> konstruqtivizmi rusul TeatrSi.<br />
1922 wels v.meierholdma mxatvar l.popovasTan erTad <strong>da</strong>dga speqtakli<br />
“didsulovani rqosani”. es speqtakli gax<strong>da</strong> novacia Tvisobrivad axal<br />
Teatralur esTetikasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>. speqtaklis dekoracia xels<br />
uwyob<strong>da</strong>, warmodgenis Si<strong>da</strong> ritmsa <strong>da</strong> dekoraciis plastikuri<br />
formebis gamovlenas. speqtaklSi mox<strong>da</strong> msaxiobTa plastikis Serwyma<br />
dekoraciis plastikur formebTan. v.meierholdis scenografiuli<br />
reformebi 1920 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo. reJisorma mTlianad mospo yvela<br />
ferweruli dekoracia. scena aguris kedlamde gaaSiSvla, riTic<br />
uformo <strong>da</strong> pirobiTi mocemuloba Seqmna. masSi konstruqciuli<br />
xerxebiT axali Teatraluri esTetikis “mSenebloba” <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
v.meierholdisa <strong>da</strong> l.popovas mier SemuSavebuli scenografiuli<br />
konstruqtivizmi mTlianad <strong>da</strong>emorCila Teatris qmediT stiqias. maT<br />
gamoiyenes <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<strong>da</strong>grovili<br />
teqnikuri Tu mxatvruli xerxebi <strong>da</strong> erTian plastikur formaSi<br />
warmoadgines scenaze.<br />
XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasrulsa <strong>da</strong> XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ruseTis<br />
Teatralur cxovrebaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> profesiuli <strong>da</strong>ostatebis cneba. Seiqmna<br />
moskovis samxatvro Teatri... msoflio Teatrs gauCn<strong>da</strong> iseTi<br />
Teoretikosi, rogoric k.stanislavski iyo. reJisura <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />
Teatraluri xelovnebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> warmmarTveli profesia.<br />
ruseTSi miRebuli ganaTlebiT asparezze gamoCndnen pirveli<br />
qarTveli profesionali reJisorebi: aleqsandre wuwunava, valerian<br />
21
SalikaSvili, mixeil qoreli, akaki faRava... am ukanasknelis<br />
iniciativiT dramatuli studiac <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong>, romelmac <strong>da</strong>sabami misca<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatraluri skolis Camoyalibebas. amave periodSi<br />
saqarTveloSi gaixsna perinis sabaleto studia, agreTve giorgi<br />
jaba<strong>da</strong>ris Teatraluri studia, romelSic ufro metad frangul<br />
Teatralur esTetikas aswavlidnen.<br />
XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi, iseve rogorc <strong>qarTul</strong>i xelovnebis<br />
sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebSi, TeatrSic <strong>da</strong>iwyo ganaxleba <strong>da</strong> Zveli tradiciebis<br />
aRorZineba. metwilad es ganapiroba saqarTveloSi profesionali<br />
reJisorebis moRvaweobam, romelTac ganaTleba ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> evropaSi<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T miRebuli. al. axmeteli peterburgis universitetis iuridiul<br />
fakultetze swavlis drosac ki umetesad TeatriT iyo gatacebuli. is<br />
agreTve CarTuli iyo rusul TeatrSi mimdinare uaRresad saintereso<br />
movlenebSi. al.axmetelma SeZlo gacnobo<strong>da</strong> evropuli Teatris<br />
reformatorebis reinhardtis, fuqsis, kregisa <strong>da</strong> rusi Teatraluri<br />
moRvaweebis k.stanislavskis, v.nemiroviC-<strong>da</strong>nCenkos, v.meierholdis<br />
Semoqmedebas, romlebmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdines momavali<br />
reJisoris SemoqmedebiTi meTodis Camoyalibebaze. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos,<br />
rom al.axmeteli Tvalyurs adevneb<strong>da</strong> amave periodSi ruseTSi moRvawe<br />
k.marjaniSvilis Semoqmedebas. 1910 wels al.axmetelma pirvelad,<br />
rogorc reJisorma, <strong>da</strong>dga sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis “Ralati”. cnobilia,<br />
rom am <strong>da</strong>dgmisTvis sagangebod Seikera kostiumebi <strong>da</strong> Seiqmna<br />
dekoraciebi. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom al.axmetels zustad hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
gaazrebuli, rom misi reJisuris gamovlenisa <strong>da</strong> warmodgenis<br />
mxatvruli mTlianobis misaRwevad speqtaklis mxatvrul gaformebaSi<br />
yvela saxviTi <strong>da</strong> gamomsaxvelobiTi detali mniSvnelovani iyo. al.<br />
axmeteli Tavisi pirvelive nabijebi<strong>da</strong>n reJisuraSi iswrafvo<strong>da</strong> raRac<br />
axlis Seqmnisken, rac mis <strong>novatoroba</strong>ze miuTiTebs. mas ar<br />
akmayofileb<strong>da</strong> is, rac ukve arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli iyo <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
TeatrSi. reJisori gulisyuriT adevneb<strong>da</strong> Tvals <strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi<br />
mimdinare procesebs. 1919 wels al.axmetelma <strong>da</strong>dga d.arayiSvilis<br />
opera “Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze”, romelSic gamoikveTa axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />
reJisoris gansxvavebuli xedva, romelic speqtaklis sivrciT-<br />
plastikur agebaSi, kerZod ki, gansxvavebul mizanscenobriv naxazSi<br />
22
gamovlin<strong>da</strong>, ramac saopero speqtaklebis <strong>da</strong>dgmis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli<br />
tradiciuli Teatraluri forma <strong>da</strong>arRvia. speqtaklis mxatvrul<br />
gaformebaSic iyo mniSvnelovani siaxle, rac gundis kostiumebis<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i samosiT CanacvlebaSi gamoixata. amiT al.axmetelma xazi<br />
gausva imas, rom speqtaklis TiToeuli komponenti (gundis<br />
momRerlebis CaTvliT) mTliani speqtaklis mxatvruli kompoziciis<br />
Semadgeneli nawilia.<br />
Semdegi weli al.axmetelis SemoqmedebaSi aRiniSna s.SanSiaSvilis<br />
piesa “berdo zmanias” <strong>da</strong>dgmiT. es iyo reJisoris pirveli warmodgena<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> dramaSi (dRevandeli SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatri).<br />
speqtaklis mxatvari v.si<strong>da</strong>mon-erisTavi iyo. es simbolisturi piesa,<br />
romelic avtorma pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi Seqmna, Tavisi<br />
mxatvruli metaforebisa <strong>da</strong> rTuli simboloebis eniT, al.axmetelma<br />
sruliad axlebur saxviT-plastikur formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. 1920 wels,<br />
rodesac <strong>qarTul</strong> xelovnebaSi didi iyo interesi saqarTvelos<br />
gmiruli warsulisadmi, al.axmeteli, rogorc Rrmad erovnuli<br />
suliskveTebis xelovani, zneobrivi gmiris saxes eZeb<strong>da</strong>. xolo misi<br />
brZola sikeTisaTvis Tanamedrove sazogadoebas warsulis gmirul<br />
romantizms gaaxseneb<strong>da</strong>. yovelive aman ganapiroba is, rom speqtaklSi<br />
mTliani mxatvruli saxe monumentur stilSi yofiliyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili.<br />
axmetelma speqtaklis masobrivi scenebi aago, es ar iyo ubralod<br />
statistTa jgufi, romelic mTavari gmirebis anturaJs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
reJisori Seeca<strong>da</strong>, speqtaklis dinamika statistTa, rogorc plastikur<br />
masaTa moZraoba, speqtaklis saerTo ideuri tempo-ritmisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>emorCilebina. axmetelis reJisoruli mignebebi “berdo zmaniaSi”<br />
momavali didi reJisoris mxatvrul meTodSi aisaxa. speqtaklis<br />
scenografia amaSi mniSvnelovan rols asruleb<strong>da</strong>. al.axmetelma<br />
mTlianad moSala rampa <strong>da</strong> scena parterTan gaaerTiana. ganaTebis<br />
nakadi scenaze zevi<strong>da</strong>n eSvebo<strong>da</strong>, rac dekoracias met siRrmesa <strong>da</strong><br />
sivrcobriobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. S.afxaiZe Tavis werilSi “sandro axmeteli”<br />
wer<strong>da</strong>, rom “berdo zmania” iyo “... sruliad axali sityva Cvens<br />
saTeatro xelovnebaSi. scena pirvelad amRer<strong>da</strong> musikiT, artistma<br />
pirvelad igrZno Tavisi sxeuli, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi masala. am<br />
speqtaklSi axmetelma pirvelad Seamza<strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gi sinTezuri Teatris<br />
23
SeqmnisTvis. igi gamoCn<strong>da</strong> rogorc monumenturi Teatris ansamblis <strong>da</strong><br />
araindividualuri Teatris vizioneri”. (6) am SemTxvevaSi is<br />
sinTezuroba, romelzec S.afxaiZe saubrob<strong>da</strong>, niSnav<strong>da</strong> reJisoris<br />
speqtaklisadmi, rogorc mTliani mxatvruli nawarmoebisadmi midgomas,<br />
rac Tanamedrove TeatrSi <strong>da</strong>rgis meTodologias moicavs. “berdo<br />
zmaniaTi” ar <strong>da</strong>wyebula <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris axali istoria, magram masSi<br />
gamoikveTa axmeteli-reJisoris SemoqmedebiTi meTodisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli saxieri <strong>da</strong> azrobrivi elementebi, rasac di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
Seuwyo xeli v.si<strong>da</strong>mon-erisTavis speqtaklis mxatvrulma gaformebam,<br />
magram is maRali Sefaseba, romelic “berdo zmaniam”<br />
Tanamedroveebisgan miiRo, ar niSnav<strong>da</strong> imas, rom igi reJisorulad <strong>da</strong><br />
mxatvrulad sanimuSo speqtakli iyo. masSi upirvelesad gamovlin<strong>da</strong><br />
axali Teatraluri esTetikis niSnebi, romelic <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
TeatrSi k.marjaniSvilis Camosvlis Semdeg. al.axmetelis moRvaweobis<br />
wlebi k.marjaniSvilTan Sexvedramde axali novatoruli xelovnebis<br />
niSnebiT iyo gamdidrebuli. magram maTi mxatvrul sistemaSi<br />
mosayvanad saWiro iyo warsuli tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> axali Teatraluri<br />
enis erToblivi gaazreba. al.axmetelisTvis klasikurSi <strong>da</strong><br />
sayovelTaoSi erovnulis Zieba SemoqmedebiTi kredo iyo.<br />
al.axmetelis Semoqmedebis Camoyalibebaze gavlena iqonies pirvelma<br />
qarTvelma profesionalma reJisorebma, romlebic saqarTveloSi 1910-an<br />
wlebSi moRvaweobdnen. maT SemoqmedebaSi gamoikveTa “reJisuris<br />
warmoCineba <strong>da</strong> misi brZola Teatraluri azrovnebis axali formebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisaTvis”. (7) magram namdvili profesiuli revolucia mTel<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi k.marjaniSvilma moaxdina.<br />
1922 wels k.marjaniSvili saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. SoTa<br />
rusTavelis saxelobis TeatrSi am droisaTvis moRvaweobdnen:<br />
reJisorebi m.qoreli, a.faRava, a.wuwunava, k.andronikaSvili <strong>da</strong><br />
aleqsandre axmeteli. rac Seexeba dekoraciul xelovnebas, iSviaTi<br />
gamonaklisis gar<strong>da</strong>, scenografia <strong>da</strong>bal mxatvrul doneze idga. 1910-<br />
1911 wlebis sezonisaTvis moskovi<strong>da</strong>n moiwvies reJisori v.SalikaSvili.<br />
man TeatrSi speqtaklis gasaformeblad iakob nikolaZe moiwvia. marto<br />
es faqti cxadyofs, rom Teatris moTxovnebi gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mxatvar-Semsruleblebis mier<br />
24
Seqmnili trafaretuli ferweruli ukana panoebi Tu fardebi Teatrs<br />
aRar akmayofileb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1912 wels, v.aleqsi-mesxiSvilma k.marjaniSvils saqarTveloSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>bruneba sTxova. Kk.marjaniSvilma garkveuli pirobebi wamoayena. erT-<br />
erTi TeatrSi profesionali mxatvris mowveva iyo. maSin<br />
k.marjaniSvils saTanado pirobebi ver Seuqmnes <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>bruneba<br />
saqarTveloSi aTi wliT ga<strong>da</strong>ido. Migi bevrs <strong>da</strong> nayofierad<br />
moRvaweob<strong>da</strong> moskovsa <strong>da</strong> sankt-peterburgSi, ruseTis provinciebSi,<br />
ukrainis qalaqebSi xarkovSi, kievsa <strong>da</strong> odesaSi, agreTve<br />
latviaSic.Ddidma reJisorma ruseTSi rTuli SemoqmedebiTi gza gaiara.<br />
XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi rusuli Teatri mowinave iyo mTel<br />
evropaSi. aq mravali axali Teatri, Teatraluri studia Tu<br />
laboratoria arsebob<strong>da</strong>: “Zveli Teatri”, “axali Teatri”, “axali<br />
dramis amxanagoba”, “Teatri-studia”, v.meierholdis “laboratoria”,<br />
a.Tairovis “kameruli Teatri”- yvela es SemoqmedebiTi gaerTianeba<br />
axali mxatvruli xerxebis SemuSavebiT <strong>da</strong> novatoruli ideebiT axal<br />
Teatralur esTetikas qmni<strong>da</strong>. swored am periodSi mouwia<br />
k.marjaniSvils k.stanislavskisTan, v.meierholdTan, a.TairovTan,<br />
e.vaxtangovTan, g.kregTan <strong>da</strong> sxvebTan moRvaweoba. k.marjaniSvilma<br />
reJisuraSi gaiara gza Teatraluri naturalizmi<strong>da</strong>n Teatralur<br />
konstruqtivizmamde. rogorc reJisori k.marjaniSvili <strong>da</strong>savluri,<br />
klasikuri, evropuli <strong>da</strong> rusuli Teatris esTetikaze Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />
man mniSvnelovani kvali <strong>da</strong>tova rusuli Teatris ganviTarebaSic. 1910-<br />
1911 wlebSi Kk.marjaniSvili v.nemiroviC-<strong>da</strong>nCenkos miwveviT moskovis<br />
samxatvro TeatrSi moRvaweob<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c metad nayofieri ori weli<br />
<strong>da</strong>hyo. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi Sexvedra inglisel reJisorTan,<br />
msaxiobTan, Teatris reformatorTan, TeoretikosTan <strong>da</strong> scenografTan<br />
gordon kregTan. igi 1910-1911 ww. sezonSi moskovis samxatvro TeatrSi<br />
u.Seqspiris “hamletis” <strong>da</strong>sadgmelad miiwvia k.stanislavskim. am<br />
speqtaklze k.marjaniSvili meore reJisorad muSaob<strong>da</strong>. g.kregTan<br />
Sexvedram didi gavlena iqonia k.marjaniSvilis reJisuris<br />
ganviTarebaze <strong>da</strong> misi mxatvruli meTodis Camoyalibebaze, romelSic<br />
scenografias yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli mxatvruli <strong>da</strong><br />
funqcionaluri mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>. scenografias k.marjaniSvili<br />
25
sakuTari reJisoruli xedvis gamosavlenad <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis mTliani<br />
mxatvruli saxis SeqmnisTvis aucilebel pirobad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. reJisori<br />
speqtaklis dekoraciul <strong>da</strong> sagnobriv sivrceSi gamosaxvisTvis<br />
gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong> mravalferovani mxatvruli xerxebis SemuSavebas<br />
iTxov<strong>da</strong> scenografisgan. mas gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi<br />
urTierTobebi hqon<strong>da</strong> mxatvrebTan. is <strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyo, rom<br />
mxatvrebs maqsimalurad metyveli <strong>da</strong> mravalferovani saxviTi garemo<br />
SeeqmnaT scenaze. Teatraluri naturalizmi, ufro sworad scenuri<br />
realizmi, romelic axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> k.marjaniSvilis adreul periods,<br />
male simbolizmma Secvala. am periodis speqtaklebis scenografia<br />
aRar iyo tradiciuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis, xolo alternatiuli formebis<br />
Zieba reJisoris <strong>novatoroba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> axali Teatraluri esTetikis Ziebaze<br />
miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>. scenuri sivrcis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi k.marjaniSvili ukidures<br />
pirobiTobasac ar eridebo<strong>da</strong>. mas miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom speqtaklis mTlianoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmis mxatvruli, musikaluri <strong>da</strong> saxviT-plastikuri formiT<br />
miiRweo<strong>da</strong>. 1910-ian wlebSi k.marjaniSvili sakuTari SemoqmedebiT<br />
sinTezuri Teatraluri xelovnebisken <strong>da</strong> sanaxaobrivi warmodgenebis<br />
Seqmnisken iswrafvo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1913 wels marjaniSvilma (antreprenior v.suxodolskisTan erTad)<br />
Seqmna “Tavisufali Teatri”, romelic marjaniSviliseuli sinTezuri<br />
Teatris ideis novatoruli <strong>da</strong> meTodologiurad Zalze saintereso<br />
eqsperimenti iyo. masSi moRvaweobdnen im dros ruseTSi<br />
saxelganTqmuli msaxiobebi <strong>da</strong> Teatraluri mxatvrebi k.somovi,<br />
a.arapovi, a.golovini, v.simovi. am ukanasknelTan k.marjaniSvilma<br />
k.hamsunis “cxovrebis klanWebSi” <strong>da</strong>dga, romelSic moqmedebis adgilis<br />
pirobiToba <strong>da</strong> Suqweris xerxiT Sesrulebuli scenis plastikuri<br />
modelireba mTlianad reJisoruli koncefciiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />
k.marjaniSvilma “Tavisufal TeatrSi” <strong>da</strong>dga f.ofenbaxis “mSvenieri<br />
elena”. speqtaklis gaformeba kvlav v.simovs <strong>da</strong>avala. mxatvarma<br />
operetis moqmedeba istoriulad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva epoqebSi ga<strong>da</strong>itana: Zveli<br />
saberZneTi, ludoviko XIV-es safrangeTi, <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove qalaqis<br />
bazris moe<strong>da</strong>ni, romelTa gamosaxva scenaze formaTa <strong>da</strong> stilTa<br />
simravles moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, zustad iyo misa<strong>da</strong>gebuli nawarmoebis mTavar<br />
26
ideas <strong>da</strong> srulad pasuxob<strong>da</strong> sinTezuri Teatris moTxovnebs, romelic<br />
operetis mravalsaxovnebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />
“Tavisufalma Teatrma” sul erTi weli iarseba. aq <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
moRvaweoba rusuli Teatris erT-erTma reformatorma a.Tairovma.<br />
Teatris <strong>da</strong>xurvis Semdeg k.marjaniSvili rostovSi muSaob<strong>da</strong>, 1916-17<br />
ww. ki petrogradSi Teatr “bufs” xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1919 wels k.marjaniSvilma kievis TeatrSi lope de vegas “cxvris<br />
wyaro” <strong>da</strong>dga. scenografia i.rabinoviCs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>.Aam speqtaklSi<br />
gamovlin<strong>da</strong> reJisoris mxatvruli koncefcia, romelSic klasikuri<br />
nawarmoebi kargad iyo misa<strong>da</strong>gebuli imdroindel heroikul-<br />
revoluciur paToss <strong>da</strong> naTeli idealebisTvis brZolis suliskveTebas.<br />
am <strong>da</strong>dgmiT pirvelad gamovlin<strong>da</strong> mkafiod k.marjaniSvilis reJisoruli<br />
meTodi, romelic dramaturgiuli masalis Tavisufal interpretaciaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebul reJisorul wakiTxvaSi gamoCn<strong>da</strong>, risTvisac<br />
sagangebod SeirCa klasikuri nawarmoebi.<br />
1920 wels k.marjaniSvili saTaveSi Caudga axlad<strong>da</strong>arsebul<br />
komikuri operis Teatrs. igi Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc musikalur-<br />
eqsperimentuli Teatri, romelSic <strong>da</strong>idgmebo<strong>da</strong> komikuri operebi,<br />
operetac <strong>da</strong> dramatuli speqtaklebic. Teatri gaixsna g.donicetis<br />
operiT “don paskuale”. Q1921 wels Teatri <strong>da</strong>ixura. xolo 1922 wels<br />
k.marjaniSvili saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis Semdeg<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi sruliad axali etapi <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
Teatri bolSevikuri ideologiiisaTvis propagandis mZlavri<br />
saSualeba gax<strong>da</strong>. Teatrs xalxis masebSi ideur-politikuri done un<strong>da</strong><br />
aemaRlebina. Teatralur-dekoraciul xelovnebaSi axali<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi enis Ziebisa <strong>da</strong> axali Teatraluri esTetikis<br />
CamoyalibebisaTvis novatoruli ideebiT savse SemoqmedebiTi procesi<br />
mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. iyo mcdeloba erTiani mxatvruli centris Seqmnisa,<br />
romelmac cota xans “dekorisis” saxelwodebiT iarseba. mis<br />
funqciebSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> yvela mxatvris gaerTianeba speqtaklebis<br />
koleqtiuri gaformebisaTvis. maT erTdroulad un<strong>da</strong> emuSavaT<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva speqtaklze <strong>da</strong> aseve erTad un<strong>da</strong> SeesrulebinaT yvela<br />
27
<strong>da</strong>dgmis gaformeba saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva TeatrSi. amiT Cans, rom<br />
speqtaklebis mxatvrul gaformebas meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> igi mSrali “ilustraciis” funqciiT Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
XX saukunis 20-ani wlebisTvis scenografiam mTel msoflioSi<br />
ganviTarebis maRalmxatvrul dones miaRwia. namdvili gar<strong>da</strong>texa<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi k.marjaniSvilis <strong>da</strong>brunebis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iwyo. am<br />
droisTvis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis TeatrSi (<strong>qarTul</strong>i drama)<br />
mTavar mxatvrad cnobili xelovani valerian si<strong>da</strong>mon-erisTavi<br />
muSaob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebisTanave k.marjaniSvilma <strong>da</strong>dga metcelis<br />
“cvalebadi Suqi”, Cinuri piesa “yviTeli kofTa” <strong>da</strong> o.uaildis<br />
“salomea”. am speqtaklis gasaformeblad reJisorma axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />
mxatvari i.gamrekeli miiwvia mas Semdeg, rac gamofenaze mxatvris mier<br />
o.uaildis am nawarmoebis mixedviT Seqmnili ramdenime ferweruli<br />
ilustracia naxa.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i profesiuli scenografiis Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> novatoruli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
k.marjaniSvilis mier TeatrSi qarTvel mxatvarTa miwveva, romlebmac<br />
samomavlod gansazRvres <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatraluri mxatvrobis saxe. es<br />
mxatvrebi iyvnen: i.gamrekeli, d.kakabaZe, e.axvlediani, i.Sarlemani,<br />
l.gudiaSvili, e.lansere, k.z<strong>da</strong>neviCi, mogvianebiT p.ocxeli <strong>da</strong> sxvebi.<br />
maT Tavisi uSreti fantaziiT, stilTa <strong>da</strong> formaTa mravalferovnebiT,<br />
individualuri mxatvruli xelweriT gansazRvres <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
Teatraluri mxatvrobis saxe. i.gamrekelma Tavisi Semoqmedeba<br />
mTlianad Teatrs <strong>da</strong>ukavSira. piesebi, romelic am periodSi <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
scenaze idgmebo<strong>da</strong>, Tematuri mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Sesabamisad maTi gaformebis xerxebic mxatvrul mravalferovnebas<br />
moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. 1920-iani wlebis scenografia mravali stilisturi <strong>da</strong><br />
mxatvruli formiT ganisazvrebo<strong>da</strong>. kubisturi, kubo-futuristuli,<br />
geometriul abstragirebamde <strong>da</strong>yvanili dekoraciuli formebi, maTTan<br />
erTad realisturi elementebiTa <strong>da</strong> yofiTi naturalizmiT Seqmnili<br />
dekoraciuli detalebi Tanaarsebobdnen scenur sivrceSi.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> Teatralur-dekoraciul xelovnebaSi axali epoqis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisad k.marjaniSvilis mier lope de vegas “cxvris wyaros”<br />
28
<strong>da</strong>dgma iTvleba. speqtakli 1922 wels ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> rusTavelis<br />
Teatris scenaze. speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba valerian si<strong>da</strong>mon-<br />
erisTavs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, romelic am droisTvis rusTavelis Teatris<br />
mTavari mxatvari iyo.<br />
naxevarwriuli formis koSkebi, romelic masStaburad gazrdil<br />
gluv cilindrebs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, sqematurad moniSnuli karisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sarkmlis RiobebiT scenis marjvena mxri<strong>da</strong>n diagonalurad iWrebo<strong>da</strong><br />
centrisken, amiT sivrcis moculobiani siRrmiseuli forma ikveTebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kar-sarkmlebis moxazuloba mavritanuli stilis elementebiT<br />
moqmedebis adgilis miniSnebas qmni<strong>da</strong>. dekoraciis konstruqcia<br />
saSualebas iZleoba mTavari <strong>da</strong>nadgaris Secvlis gareSe, scenis<br />
siRrmeSi suraTebis mixedviT Secvliliyo dekoracia. gaformebis<br />
koloriti mkveTri yviTlisa <strong>da</strong> lurji feris kontrastze iyo<br />
agebuli, rasac amZafreb<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis Suqwera, romelic moqmedebisas<br />
mizanscenobriv naxazSi azrobrivi aqcentebis gamovlenas uwyob<strong>da</strong><br />
xels. “cxvris wyarosTvis” Seqmnili v.si<strong>da</strong>mon-erisTavis dekoraciebi<br />
gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis saerTo mxatvrul-plastikur formas <strong>da</strong><br />
piesis ideis gamovlenas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli pirvelive <strong>da</strong>dgmebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamovlin<strong>da</strong> k.marjaniSvilis Teatraluri meTodi, rac dramaturgiuli<br />
masalis reJisorul wakiTxvaSi, speqtaklis gansakuTrebul mxatvrul-<br />
sivrcobriv ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgmis mTliani mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi<br />
gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1922-24 wlebSi <strong>da</strong>dgmuli speqtaklebis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gamovlin<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>da</strong>zgur mxatvrobaSi arsebuli modernistuli <strong>da</strong> avangarduli<br />
xelovnebis formebi. <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze zedized Cndebo<strong>da</strong> kubo-<br />
futuristul, konstruqtivistul, aRmosavlur <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong> erovnul<br />
formebSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili speqtaklis dekoraciul-mxatvruli gaformeba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis Camoyalibebis procesi. magram<br />
scenografebis winaSe arsebuli rTuli mxatvrul-sivrcobrivi<br />
amocanebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wrisas ar Can<strong>da</strong> erTiani mxatvruli midgoma. scenaze<br />
moculobiani plastikuri dekoraciis SeqmniT, scenis gaformebaSi<br />
pirobiTi sagnebis CarTviT, scenuri sivrcis scenur garemod<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmniT, formis naSenobiT, scenis iatakis horizontalis rRveviT,<br />
29
scenografiuli saSualebebiT moqmedebis dinamikis gazrdiT, formaTa<br />
ganzogadebiTa <strong>da</strong> pirobiTobiT speqtaklis gaformeba qmediTi<br />
scenografiis principebisken iswrafvo<strong>da</strong>. mTavar amocanad<br />
scenografebis winaSe <strong>da</strong>dga ara piesis Sinaarsis, aramed speqtaklis<br />
moqmedebis gaformeba.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatralur-dekoraciuli xelovnebis Camoyalibeba<br />
Teatraluri konstruqtivizmis pirobebSi xdebo<strong>da</strong>. konstruqtivizmis<br />
funqcionalizmma <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> qmediTi formebi wamowia wina<br />
mxares. qmediTi scenografiis pirobebSi gaformebis TiToeuli<br />
elementi Sinaarsis Sesabamis formas iReb<strong>da</strong>, ris gamoc xSiri iyo<br />
mxatvrul stilTa <strong>da</strong> formaTa aRreva. qmediTi scenografia aerTianebs<br />
gaformebis saTamaSo <strong>da</strong> personaJul funqciebs moqmedebis adgilis<br />
pirobiTobiT. berikaobisa <strong>da</strong> yeenobis mxatvruli gaformebis<br />
personaJuli, saTamaSo <strong>da</strong> qmediTi funqciebi Tanamedrove<br />
scenografiis moTxovnebs pasuxob<strong>da</strong>. arsebul safuZvelze<br />
scenografiis qmediTi principebis <strong>da</strong>nergva <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze, Zveli<br />
tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> axali novatoruli ideebis SerwymiT myar safuZvels<br />
uqmni<strong>da</strong> saxviTi xelovnebis axali <strong>da</strong>rgis ganviTarebas.<br />
saetapo mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> k.marjaniSvilis mier 1925 wels<br />
ganxorcielebuli “hamletis” <strong>da</strong>dgmas. mxatvari i.gamrekeli iyo.<br />
u.Seqspiris am piesis scenografiul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis ZiriTadi mxatvruli principebi <strong>da</strong> swrafva<br />
konstruqtivizmisken. am speqtakls <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT momdevno TavebSi<br />
mimovixilav.<br />
1926 wels SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrs saTaveSi<br />
al.axmeteli Caudga. misi swrafva <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze erovnuli formebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisken, romlis heroikul-romantikuli suliskveTeba<br />
revoluciuri epoqis saerTo tendenciebs Seesatyvisebo<strong>da</strong>, Teatralur<br />
mxatvrobaSi qmediT-gamomsaxvelobiTi principebi konstruqtivizmis<br />
funqcionalizmSi, formaTa ganzogadebasa <strong>da</strong> nagebi dekoraciebis<br />
sistemaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. am principebiT iyo Seqmnili i.gamrekelis<br />
speqtaklebi: “zagmuki”, “rRveva”, “anzori”, “lamara”, TeTnuldi”,<br />
“yaCaRebi”... aRniSnuli speqtaklebis mxatvrul-stilisturi analizi<br />
Temis momdevno TavSia warmodgenili.<br />
30
1920-30-iani wlebis <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatralur-dekoraciuli xelovneba<br />
uSreti fantaziiT, stilTa <strong>da</strong> formaTa mravalferovnebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
individualuri mxatvruli xelweriT gamoirCeva. aseTi iyo p.ocxelis<br />
Semoqmedeba, misi stilisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli swrafviT<br />
monumentalizmisken, formaTa ganzogadebiT, scenografiuli garemos<br />
pirobiTi minimalisturi formebiT mkveTri eqspresii<strong>da</strong>n dekoraciul<br />
formaTa groteskul hiperbolizaciamde. “uriel akostas” (k.guckovi,<br />
k.marjaniSvili. mxatvari p.ocxeli, 1929 w.) gaformebaSi calkeuli<br />
moculobiani dekoraciebi, stilizebuli savarZeli-navi, kibe, pandusi,<br />
ukana dekoraciis ganyenebuli foni dekoraciebis skulpturulobas<br />
amZafreb<strong>da</strong>. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba p.ocxelis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
kostiums eniWebo<strong>da</strong>. misi saxviT-plastikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta scenografiis<br />
mTliani mxatvruli stili<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare iyo <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis<br />
sivrcobriv ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi plastikur maxvils warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. speqtaklis<br />
mizanscenebSi msaxiobTa jgufebi plastikur kompoziciebs qmnidnen <strong>da</strong><br />
speqtaklis statikur dekoraciebTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebiT <strong>da</strong>dgmis<br />
sivrcobriv dinamizms amZafrebdnen. aseTive mxatvrul-funqcionaluri<br />
niSnebiT iyo Seqmnili dekoraciebi speqtaklebisTvis “beatriCe CenCi”,<br />
“mSenebeli solnesi”, “yaCaRebi”, “otelo”, “aprakune WimWimeli” <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
1935-37 ww. Seqmnil eskizebSi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT gamoikveTa ferweruli<br />
maneris gaZliereba, naxatis realisturi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisken <strong>da</strong><br />
istorizmisken swrafva, formaTa detalizacia, rac zoga<strong>da</strong>d, am<br />
periodis mxatvrobisTvis iyo <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli.<br />
saerTo mxatvruli mravalferovnebi<strong>da</strong>n gamoirCeva d.kakabaZis<br />
scenografia speqtaklisTvis “hopla, Cven vcocxlobT!” (reJiso ri<br />
k.marjaniSvili, 1928 w). mxatvarma dekoracia or <strong>da</strong> samsarTuliani<br />
interieris “kolofebisgan” aago. amgvari dekoracia saSualebas<br />
aZlev<strong>da</strong> reJisors, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgilas erTdroulad gaeSala<br />
mizanscenebi. es erTgvari simultanuri gaformebis modifikacia iyo.<br />
sarkeebis gamoyenebiT <strong>da</strong> ganaTebiT ucvleli dekoraciuli <strong>da</strong>nadgaris<br />
pirobebSi mxatvari martivad cvli<strong>da</strong> moqmedebis adgils. dekoraciebi<br />
sufTa <strong>da</strong> martiv geometriul formebamde iyo <strong>da</strong>yvanili. es xels<br />
uwyob<strong>da</strong> mayurebels, mTeli yuradReba moqmedebasa <strong>da</strong> msaxiobTa<br />
TamaSze ga<strong>da</strong>etana.<br />
31
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa d.kakabaZis scenografia<br />
speqtaklisTvis “ninoSvilis guria” (S.<strong>da</strong>diani. reJisori d.anTaZe, 1934<br />
w.) am speqtaklSi mxatvarma Seqmna sezaniseuli plastikuri samyaros<br />
usasrulo sivrce. muqi lurji ukana dekoracia, romelzec erTi<br />
mkveTri <strong>da</strong> lakonuri xaziT moniSnuli iyo guriis mTiani landSafti,<br />
scenis siRrmiseul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas amZafreb<strong>da</strong>. scenis SuaSi dekoraciis<br />
plastikuri detali, romlis SigniTac moCan<strong>da</strong> ukana dekoracia. es<br />
yvelaferi erTian plastikur scenografiul garemos qmni<strong>da</strong> scenaze.<br />
gansakuTrebuli Rvawli miuZRvis d.kakabaZes <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis<br />
Teoriuli principebis gansazRvraSi, misTvis mTavaria, Seafasos<br />
dramaturgiuli masalis mniSvneloba speqtaklis samoqmedo sivrcis<br />
SeqmnaSi. reJisorisa <strong>da</strong> mxatvris mWidro SemoqmedebiT kavSirs<br />
speqtklis mxatvruli mTlianobis misaRwevad is udides mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. “marTalia, reJisori arkvevs speqtasklis mTavar gezs,<br />
mimarTulebas, magram mxatvruli formis momcemi aris mxatvari. amitom<br />
mxatvari <strong>da</strong> reJisori muSaoben erTad –speqtaklis ideis<br />
gamosaxvisaTvis. (d.kakaba Ze, werili “<strong>qarTul</strong>i dramatuli studia”<br />
Tbilisi, 1935 w. inaxeba mxatvris saojaxo arqivSi.<br />
dekoraciisa <strong>da</strong> kostiumebis plastikuri formis ferweruli<br />
Zerwva axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> e.axvledianis scenografiul namuSevrebs<br />
speqtaklebisTvis “rogor?!”, “TeTrebi”, “SiSi”... yvela am speqtaklis<br />
gaformeba konstruqtivizmis principebiT agebul plastikur<br />
kompoziciebs warmoadgens. maTi ferweruloba axlos dgas mxatvris<br />
<strong>da</strong>zgur SemoqmedebasTan, mis stilur formasTan. aRsaniSnavia<br />
e.axvledianis scenografia speqtaklisaTvis “otelo”. mxatvarma scenaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi scena-<strong>da</strong>nadgari aago. ukana dekoraciis neitraluri foni<br />
sivrcis plastikas amZafreb<strong>da</strong>. Zunwad gamoyenebuli aqsesuarebi<br />
saerTo monaxazSi moqmedebis adgils aRniSnavdnen (savarZeli, sawoli);<br />
mdidruli oqrosferi <strong>da</strong> vercxlisferi tonebi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebiT iyo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. mTeli scenis simaRleze CamoSvebuli far<strong>da</strong>-drapireba,<br />
romelic sasceno sivrces saTamaSo sivrcesTan aerTianeb<strong>da</strong>, xazs<br />
usvam<strong>da</strong> scenaze Seqmnili garemos pirobiTobas, iluzorulad sivrces<br />
TiTqos scenis farglebs gareT usasrulobaSi agrZeleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
32
l.gudiaSvilis <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
dekorativizmi, plastikuri monasmi <strong>da</strong> ornamentuli grafikuloba<br />
gamovlin<strong>da</strong> mxatvris mier Seqmnil dekoraciul panoSi speqtaklisaTvis<br />
“arsenas leqsi”. masSi mkafiod ikiTxeba <strong>qarTul</strong>i nacionaluri<br />
koloritis xasiaTi <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis adgili. moxatuli ukana dekoracia<br />
perspeqtivis kanonebis gamoyenebiT uzarmazar panoramul tilos<br />
warmoadgens. masze <strong>da</strong>xatulia xalxi, mrbolavi cxenebi. es ferweruli<br />
pano l. gudiaSvilis adreuli periodis mxatvroba, Zvel Tbilisze<br />
Seqmnil naxatebis cikls mogvagonebs. dekoraciis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi<br />
igrZnoba Teatraluri sanaxaobis pirobiToba, xolo mxatvruli<br />
asociaciebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT moqmedebis saerTo ganwyoba.<br />
aRsaniSnavia l.gudiaSvilis mier gaformebuli speqtakli “lamara”.<br />
(gr. robaqiZe, reJ. k.marjaniSvili, al.axmeteli, 1926 w.) dekoraciis<br />
eskizebi, konstruqtivizmis plastikur-moculobiani formebiT Seerwya<br />
mxatvris manerisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel rbil denad ornamentul formas.<br />
igi zustad Seesatyvisebo<strong>da</strong> piesis marjaniSviliseul wakiTxvas,<br />
romelSic wina mxares lirikul-sasiyvarulo sawyisi iyo wamoweuli.<br />
Sua saukuneebis evropuli rainduli eposebis miniaturebis<br />
gavleniT Seqmna i.Sarlemanma dekoraciebi speqtaklisTvis ”wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
qalwuli” (reJ.k.marjaniSvili), romelic 1928 wels <strong>da</strong>idga quTaisSi.<br />
mxatrobaSi <strong>da</strong>culi pirobiTi istorizmi ar gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> dokumentur<br />
sizustes, igi saerTo stilistikis ganmsazRvreli iyo. <strong>da</strong>xvewili<br />
plastikuri <strong>da</strong> mravalferovani kostiumebi uxvad iyo gaformebuli<br />
stilizebuli ornamentebiTa <strong>da</strong> heraldikuri motivebiT. maTi<br />
dekorativizmi modernistul ornamentalikasTan axlos iyo, xolo<br />
ferwerulobiT “mir iskusstvos” mxatvrobasTan stilistur siaxloves<br />
avlen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1920-iani wlebis bolos <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatrebis scenebze zedized<br />
Seiqmna saetapo mniSvnelobis speqtaklebi. maTSi arsebuli novatorul-<br />
reJisoruli <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli Ziebebi scenis sivrceSi saxviT-plastikuri<br />
saSualebebiT Seqmnil samyaros mravalferovnebaSi iyo<br />
gacocxlebuli. <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> srulad aisaxa reJisura, romelic<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i sanaxaobrivi Teatris tradiciebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT epoqis<br />
mxatvrul <strong>da</strong> ideur moTxovnebs pasuxob<strong>da</strong>. Teatraluri azrovneba<br />
33
aerTianeb<strong>da</strong> Tavis TavSi <strong>qarTul</strong>i xelovnebis <strong>tradicia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanamedroveobas.<br />
1930-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
moRvaweobdnen v. si<strong>da</strong>mon-erisTavi, i.gamrekeli, p. ocxeli, e.axvlediani,<br />
d.kakabaZe, l.gudiaSvili, e.lansere, i.Sarlemani... maT SemoqmedebaSi<br />
mxatvruli gamomsaxveli enis <strong>da</strong>xvewa <strong>da</strong> scenis sivrcis saxviT-<br />
plastikuri formiseuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta kvlav gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. scenis<br />
gaformeba jer kidev xasiaTdeba pirobiTobiT, magram SeimCneva scenis<br />
iluzoruli <strong>da</strong> realuri sivrcis <strong>da</strong>mTxvevis tendenciebi. maTi Semdegi<br />
Taobis mxatvrebis d.TavaZis, s.qobulaZis, i.sumbaTaSvilis<br />
SemoqmedebaSi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT imata realisturma tendenciebma. am<br />
mxatvarTa adreuli periodis namuSevrebSi jer kidev ikveTebo<strong>da</strong><br />
konstruqtivistuli formebi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia s.qobulaZis<br />
scenografia, romelSic mkvrivi konstruqciuli <strong>da</strong> skulpturuli<br />
formebi axali elementebiT gamravalferovn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Teatralur-<br />
sanaxaobrivi tendenciebisken ga<strong>da</strong>ixara.<br />
aTwleulis bolos <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>, iseve rogorc saxviT<br />
xelovnebaSi zoga<strong>da</strong>d, e.w. socrealizmis mxatvruli principebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>. 1936 wels moskovSi gamomaval Jurnal “iskusstvos”<br />
(xelovneba) mowinave statiaSi konstruqtivizmi, futurizmi,<br />
abstraqcionizmi degenariis umaRlesi formad CaiTvala. Sewy<strong>da</strong><br />
yovelgvari novatoruli Ziebebi. Teatraluri eskizi sul ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong>emsgavsa <strong>da</strong>zgur namuSevrebs. formalizTan brZolam, ramac<br />
mxatvrebSi SemoqmedebiTi individualobis <strong>da</strong>kargva gamoiwvia, nulamde<br />
<strong>da</strong>iyvana “Teatraluri realizmis” cneba. yovelgvari pirobiToba,<br />
simboluri Tu metaforuli azrovneba xelovnebaSi miuRebeli <strong>da</strong><br />
mtruli iyo sabWoTa ideologiisaTvis.<br />
1940 –iani wlebis xelovnebaSi absolutis xarisxSi ayvanilma<br />
realisturma formam, romelic Tavad gax<strong>da</strong> Sinaarsis matarebeli,<br />
SezRu<strong>da</strong> SemoqmedebiTi fantazia. 1940-–iani wlebis bolosa <strong>da</strong> 1950-<br />
iani, wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis analizisas naTlad<br />
Cans, rom scenografebi iswrafvodnen scenaze dokumenturi sizustiT<br />
gadmoecaT moqmedebis adgili, istoriuli epoqa, yvela misTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli stilisturi niSnebiT. am periodSi moRvaweobdnen<br />
34
d.kakabaZe, s.virsalaZe, s.qobulaZe, d.TavaZe, T.abakelia, e.axvlediani,<br />
f.lapiaSvili, i.sumbaTaSvili. TeatrSi repertuaric mkacrad<br />
gansazRvruli iyo. idgmebo<strong>da</strong> an klasikuri nawarmoebebi, an<br />
Tanamedrove sabWoTa dramaturgia. naturalisturi tendenciebi,<br />
moqmedebis adgilis istoriuli epoqisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
mxatvruli formebi speqtaklis gaformebaSi dokumentur-ilustraciul<br />
xasiaTSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. scenis sivrcis mxatvrul organizebaSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli <strong>da</strong>tvirTva ukana dekoracia-panom SeiZina. igi<br />
moqmedebis fons qmni<strong>da</strong>. dekoracia sul ufro naklebad iyo CarTuli<br />
moqmedebaSi <strong>da</strong> ufro metad panoramul suraTebsa <strong>da</strong> Spalerebs<br />
emsgavsebo<strong>da</strong>. adreuli epoqebisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelma ferwerulobam<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> kvlav wina mxares gadmoinacvla. Sesabamisad qmediTi<br />
scenografiis mxatvruli principebi sufTa dekoratiuli gaformebis<br />
elementebma Secvala. amave periodis Teatraluri kostiumic epoqis<br />
istorizmis <strong>da</strong>cviT Seqmnil mdidrul samoss warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. masSi aRar<br />
iyo piesis gmiri-personaJis portretuloba <strong>da</strong> sagangebod Seqmnil<br />
formaSi gamovlenili dramaturgiuli arsi.<br />
ferwerulobis gaZlierebam <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobis<br />
principebi <strong>da</strong>abruna. speqtaklis scenografia naxati dekoraciebiT<br />
Seqmnili Txrobis ilustracias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, zustad miyvebo<strong>da</strong> piesis<br />
siuJets <strong>da</strong> ar emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> misi ideis gamovlenas. <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
gaformebis dekoraciuli forma wina mxares wamovi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
axali mxatvruli principebisa <strong>da</strong> ideuri amocanebis pirobebSi<br />
1940-ian wlebSi <strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi warmatebiT moRvaweobdnen d.TavaZe,<br />
s.virsalaZe, i.sumbaTaSvili, f.lapiaSvili <strong>da</strong> sxv. maT mxatvrobaSi<br />
Warbobs gaformebis dekoraciuli principebi, rac moqmedebis adgilis<br />
<strong>da</strong>konkretebaSi, scenografiis sazeimo brwyinvalebis elferSi,<br />
mdidrul ferTa palitraSi, rTul dekoratiul elementebSi,<br />
butaforiulobasa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qsovilebiT Seqmnili far<strong>da</strong>-<br />
drapirebebis saSualebebiT scenuri sivrcis organizebaSi gamoixata.<br />
es TvalSisacemi ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli formiseuli mravalferovneba xels<br />
uSli<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis mizanscenobrivi naxazis gamovlenas. ukana<br />
dekoracia-pano mkveTri feradovnebiTa <strong>da</strong> formaTa detalizaciiT wina<br />
mxares modio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arRvev<strong>da</strong> sivrcobriv mTlianobas scenaze.<br />
35
gaformebis aseTi panoramuli xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d klasikuri<br />
repertuaris speqtaklebs: i.sumbaTaSvilis “romeo <strong>da</strong> julietas”,<br />
“antoniusi <strong>da</strong> kleopatras”, f.lapiaSvilis “don sezar de bazanis”<br />
scenografias, romelSic mxatvarma SeZlo scenuri sivrcis speqtaklis<br />
saTamaSo sivrcesTan iluzoruli <strong>da</strong>mTxveva, Tumca mxatvruli<br />
mTlianobis miRwevas scenaze gaformebis dekorativizmma <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebulma Teatralurobam SeuSala xeli.<br />
rac Seexeba Tanamedrove dramaturgiaze Seqmnil scenografias,<br />
masSi mTlianad iyo <strong>da</strong>rRveuli “scenuri realizmis” principebi.<br />
yofiTi detalebi <strong>da</strong> sagnobrivi garemo mSral naturalizmamde iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>yvanili <strong>da</strong> scenur sivrceSi Semotanili sagnebis ubralo fiqsacias<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. sagnebi sruliad iyo moklebuli yovelgvar<br />
funqcionalurobas. dekoracia ar iyo CarTuli speqtaklis<br />
moqmedebaSi <strong>da</strong> mxolod moqmedebis adgilisa <strong>da</strong> drois swori<br />
asociaciis Seqmnas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>. mkveTrad individualuri niWis mqone<br />
Teatralurma mxatvarma s.virsalaZem mravalricxovan dramatul,<br />
sabaleto <strong>da</strong> saopero speqtaklebisTvis Seqmnil <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> SeZlo<br />
dekoraciis mxatvruli forma speqtaklis ideuri <strong>da</strong> ara siuJeturi<br />
qargisTvis miesa<strong>da</strong>gebina. s.virsalaZem mdi<strong>da</strong>ri SemoqmedebiTi<br />
fantaziisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xvewili gemovnebis wyalobiT ganumeorebeli saxviTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> metyveli scenografia Seqmna m.balanCivaZis “mTebis gulis”, a.a<strong>da</strong>nis<br />
“Jizelis”, p.Caikovskis “maknatunasa” <strong>da</strong> “gedebis tbisTvis”; saopero<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmebisTvis z.faliaSvilis “<strong>da</strong>isi”, j.verdis “otelo” <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
baletisTvis “gedebis tba” kostiumebisa <strong>da</strong> dekoraciis gaformebaSi<br />
s.virsalaZem Savi feris ormoc<strong>da</strong>rva toni gamoiyena. balet<br />
“maknatunaSi” (komp. p.Caikovski) naZvis xis dekoraciis zomis meqanikuri<br />
gazrdiT, mxatvarma speqtaklSi urTulesi droiT-sivrcobrivi<br />
problema ga<strong>da</strong>Wra, riTac pirobiTi realuri scenuri dro zRaprul<br />
droiT sivrceSi ga<strong>da</strong>iyvana (Sinaarsis Tanaxmad mojadovebuli princi<br />
Tojinad ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva <strong>da</strong> igi saSobao naZvisxis mosarTavi saTamaSo<br />
xdeba).<br />
1950-iani wlebis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
gar<strong>da</strong>texa <strong>da</strong>iwyo. scenografebi sul ufro metad iswrafvian adreuli<br />
periodis mxatvruli principebis axleburi gaazrebisken. <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
36
formiseuli sawyisi kvlav mxatvrul ideas <strong>da</strong>emorCila. dekoraciebis<br />
ferweruli <strong>da</strong>muSaveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zguroba Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT adgils uTmobs<br />
etiudurobas <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>, ramac ufro cocxali <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi gaxa<strong>da</strong><br />
mxatvrobis koloriti. mniSvnelovania, rom axleburi xedva Teatralur<br />
mxatvrobaSi amave periodSi saxviT xelovnebaSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zgur<br />
mxatvrobaSi mimdinare procesebis paralelurad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
scenografiis axleburi gaazreba speqtaklis mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi<br />
i.sumbaTaSvilis, d.TavaZis, f.lapiaSvilis <strong>da</strong> ufrosi Taobis sxva<br />
mxatrebisgan <strong>da</strong>iwyo. aRsaniSnavia i.sumbaTaSvilis scenografia<br />
speqtaklisaTvis “mokveTili” (vaJa -fSavela. a.CxartiSvili, 1956 w.),<br />
romelSic mxatvris mier Seqmnili erTiani dekoraciul-konstruqciuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>nadgari doneebad <strong>da</strong>yofili saTamaSo sibrtyeebiT, 1920-30-iani<br />
wlebis <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis <strong>tradicia</strong>sTan erTgvar ga<strong>da</strong>Zaxils<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. saerTod i.sumbaTaSvils <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> ferweruli<br />
koloritisa <strong>da</strong> konstruqciis ubadlo Sexameba axasiaTebs.<br />
scenografiis tradiciebi kargad iyo nacnobi d.TavaZisTvis,<br />
romelic SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis TeatrSi 30-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
moRvaweob<strong>da</strong>. d.TavaZis “<strong>da</strong>bruneba warsulSi” gamovlin<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> speqtaklisTvis “aragvelebi” (S.afxaiZe. reJ.<br />
a.CxartiSvili 1958 w.), romelSic gamoikveTa warmodgenis saerTo<br />
mxatvrul <strong>da</strong> scenografiul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi, al.axmetelisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli, masobrivi scenebiT- sanaxaobrivi warmodgenis Seqmnis<br />
tendencia. d.TavaZem speqtakl “roca aseTi siyvarulias” (p.kohouti.<br />
reJ. m.TumaniSvili, 1959 w.) <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> kinoproeqcia gamoiyena, ramac<br />
moqmedebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva droiTi sivrceebis erTian scenur sivrceSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta kinokadrisa <strong>da</strong> montaJis efeqtis gamoyenebiT SeZlo.<br />
1940-50-iani wlebis <strong>qarTul</strong>i saTeatro mxatvrobisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ferweruloba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobis principebi<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> Semdgom aTwleulSi mTlianad Seicvala gaformebis<br />
qmediTi formiTa <strong>da</strong> scenuri sivrcis mxatvrobiT. maT TiTqos<br />
gaaTavisufles dekoracia <strong>da</strong>zgis mijaWvuli formisgan, aamoZraves <strong>da</strong><br />
aamoqmedes msaxiobis TamaSTan erTad speqtaklSi. moculobian-<br />
plastikuri dekoraciis <strong>da</strong>bruneba <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze warsuli<br />
tradiciebis aRdgena <strong>da</strong> maTi axleburi gaazreba Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />
37
xdebo<strong>da</strong>. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Taobis scenografebSi interesi warsuli<br />
aTwleulebisadmi kidev ufro didi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, Tumca bevr SemTxvevaSi<br />
igi ubralo mibaZvas ufro hgav<strong>da</strong>. “am periodi<strong>da</strong>n ufro mkafiod Cans<br />
dekoraciebis aqtiuri roli speqtaklis ideur-mxatvruli struqturis<br />
SeqmnaSi. aman Tavis mxriv ganapiroba reJisorTan mxatvris mWidro<br />
kavSiri, marTalia, es gar<strong>da</strong>texa zogjer <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris 20-iani<br />
wlebis speqtaklebis erTgvari mibaZviT aRiniSna, magram es mowmob<strong>da</strong><br />
scenuri sivrcis <strong>da</strong>saufleblad iseTi axali metyveli formebis<br />
Ziebas, romelic xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis Sinarsis gaxsnas,<br />
mayureblis saTanado “atmosferoSi” moqcevas.” (8)<br />
aRsaniSnavia arqiteqtorisa <strong>da</strong> mxatvris o.liTaniSvilis<br />
scenografia speqtaklebisaTvis “me, bebia, iliko <strong>da</strong> ilarioni” <strong>da</strong> “me<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>v mzes” (n.dumbaZe. 1960-1961 ww reJ. g.lorTqifaniZe), maTSi naTlad<br />
Cans mxatvris interesi 1920-iani wlebis <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli kompaqturi, ganzogadebuli formis erTiani<br />
dekoraciuli <strong>da</strong>nadgaris principze agebuli mxatvrobisadmi. saerTo<br />
pirobiTobaSi moqmedebis adgilis <strong>da</strong>konkretebas o.liTaniSvili<br />
yofiTi sagnebiT axden<strong>da</strong>. speqtakl “me vxe<strong>da</strong>v mzes” dekoraciul<br />
formaze gavlena p.ocxelis “aprakune WimWimelis” mxatvrobam iqonia,<br />
romlisganac mxatvarma dekoraciis samsafexuriani ficarnagis forma<br />
aiRo. igi <strong>da</strong>matebiT saTamaSo sivrces warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. mis Tavze<br />
<strong>da</strong>kidebuli mzis uzarmazari diskos stilizebuli gamosaxulebiT ki<br />
gamovlin<strong>da</strong> dramaturgiuli masalis scenografiuli xerxebiT<br />
gaazrebis mcdeloba, rac <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis tradiciebisadmi<br />
mibrunebasa <strong>da</strong> maT axlebur gaazrebaze metyveleb<strong>da</strong>. 1920-iani wlebis<br />
konstruqtivizmi axali mxatvruli formebiTa <strong>da</strong> gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
xerxebiT gamdidr<strong>da</strong>. xolo dekoraciuli mxatvrobis ferwerulobam<br />
axali JReradoba SeiZina scenis sivrcis plastikur-moculobiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi. sul ufro met axal gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs<br />
mimarTavdnen mxatvrebi <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>. am periodi<strong>da</strong>n speqtaklis<br />
gaformeba <strong>da</strong>dgmis saerTo mxatvruli koncefcii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelic dramaturgiuli masalis Tavisufal wakiTxvas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aman kvlav aqtualuri gaxa<strong>da</strong> mxatvrisa <strong>da</strong> reJisoris mWidro<br />
SemoqmedebiTi kavSiri speqtaklis mTliani mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi.<br />
38
1960-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n warsuli tradiciebis aRorZinebiTa <strong>da</strong> axali<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis SemuSavebiT <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> metad<br />
saintereso, axali etapi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. 1920-30-iani wlebis saTeatro<br />
mxatvrobis miRwevebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove Teatris moTxovnebis<br />
safuZvelze, SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong> scenografiis erTiani<br />
mxatvrul sistemaSi warmoCena. amave periodSi moxerx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rgis<br />
Teoriuli safuZvelis gansazRvrac, romlebic v.si<strong>da</strong>mon-erisTavis,<br />
l.gudiaSvilis, i.gamrekelis, d.kakabaZis, p.ocxelis, e.axvledianisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxvaTa SemoqmedebiT meTodSi arsebul Zireul principebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT mox<strong>da</strong>. tradiciebis sworma gaazrebam, maT safuZvelze<br />
axali gamomsaxvelobiTi scenografiuli enis Ziebam ganapiroba qmediTi<br />
scenografiis principebis <strong>da</strong>bruneba TeatrSi. swored scenografiam<br />
moaxdina ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba <strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi reJisor m.TumaniSvilis<br />
speqtakliT “WinWraqa”. g.naxucriSvilis am zRaparma <strong>da</strong> misma<br />
reJisorulma wakiTxvam saSualeba misca “sameuls” (a.slovinski,<br />
i.CikvaiZe, o.qoCakiZe) SeeqmnaT esTetikurad <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli formiT<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli scenografia. scenuri sivrcis gansxvavebuli<br />
plastikuri forma msaxiobTa TamaSis gansxvavebul xerxs moiTxov<strong>da</strong>.<br />
moqmedebis adgilis pirobiToba, stilizebuli naxati, gamogonili<br />
sagan-obieqtebi, aplikaciiT Sesrulebuli far<strong>da</strong>-dekoracia <strong>da</strong> scenuri<br />
kostiumebi zRapris feeriul TamaSs iyo morgebuli. am speqtaklSi<br />
yvelaze naTlad gamoikveTa <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri Teatris sanaxaobriv-<br />
saimprovizacio arsi. speqtakl “WinWraqas” reJisoruli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta <strong>da</strong><br />
msaxiobTa TamaSi mTlianad bavSvis warmosaxviT gaTamaSebul scenur<br />
improvizacias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. zRaparSi moqmedi gmirebi (tu ra, mela,<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tvi, mgeli) gaa<strong>da</strong>mianurebuli iyvnen. maTi kazmuloba <strong>da</strong> atributebi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis xasiaTsa <strong>da</strong> fsiqologizms iyo misa<strong>da</strong>gebuli. iseve,<br />
rogorc es berikebis niRbebiTa <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>saxvis sxva saSualebebiT<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong>. amitom “WinWraqas” scenografia avlen<strong>da</strong> erovnuli saxalxo<br />
Teatris tradiciebis axlebur gaazrebas.<br />
1960-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi “sameulis” mier gaformebuli<br />
TiToeuli speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba novatoruli Ziebis<br />
magaliTs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. aseTi iyo scenografia speqtaklebisTvis<br />
“seilemis procesi” (a.mileri . reJ. r.sturua, 1965 w.), romelSic<br />
39
dekoraciis geometriuli plastika, gaformebis detalebis<br />
ferweruli <strong>da</strong>muSavebiT xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong>; speqtakl “mziani Ramis”<br />
mxatvrul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi “sameulma” moculobiani kubebisgan gakeTebuli<br />
saxlebis fragmentebiT scenaze qalaqis panoramuli iersaxe Seqmnes;<br />
“beber mezurneebSi” mxatvrebma firosmaniseul stilSi <strong>da</strong>xatuli<br />
firniSebiT scenografiuli sivrcis organizeba moaxdines. “oidipos<br />
mefis” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> “sameulma” qoro erTian uzarmazar drapirebaSi<br />
gaxveul skulpturul kompoziciad warmogvidgina. drapireba<br />
vertikalurad eSvebo<strong>da</strong> qan<strong>da</strong>kebebze <strong>da</strong> erTian mkvriv plastikur<br />
formas qmni<strong>da</strong>. qsovilis dinamikam uZravi qoro speqtaklSi aqtiur<br />
moqmed krebiT gmirad warmoaCina. es cocxali scenografia Tavisi<br />
eqspresiiTa <strong>da</strong> monumentalizmiT gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> speqtaklSi plastikur<br />
formaTa dinamikas <strong>da</strong> qmediT tempo-ritms.<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, 1940-50 wlebSi, dekoraciuli mxatvroba<br />
mTlianad ferweruli xerxiT iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>. Zveli tradiciebisadmi<br />
mibruneba, arsebuli codnisa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
dekoraciis qmediT xasiaTSi ferweras gansxvavebul saxviT <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas<br />
aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. moqmedebis ganzogadebuli adgili, qveynis krebiTi saxe,<br />
scenografiuli garemo, droiTi sivrce, moqmedebis dinamikis gamosaxva<br />
scenaze, dekoraciis koloritisa <strong>da</strong> konstruqciis sruliad axali<br />
gaazrebiT mox<strong>da</strong>. am TvalsazrisiT, Zalian saintereso SemoqmedebiTi<br />
mignebebi hqon<strong>da</strong> n.ignatovs Tavis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> speqtaklisaTvis<br />
“sibrZne-sicruisa”, romelic reJisorebma T.maRalaSvilma <strong>da</strong><br />
n.xatiskacma 1965w. sulxan-saba orbelianis igavebis mixedviT Seqmnes.<br />
uzarmazari ferweruli dekoracia-pano mTebiT, RrublebiT, velebiT,<br />
ialaRebiT, cxvris fariT, soflis xedebiTa <strong>da</strong> salocavebiT, mTeli<br />
qveynis erTian krebiT saxes warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. mxatvris mier qveynis saxis<br />
formiseuli ganzogadebiT Seqmnili sivrce <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis<br />
tradiciebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareob<strong>da</strong> (i.gamrekelis scenografia<br />
speqtaklebisTvis “anzor”, “lamara”), magram saxviTi forma, romliTac<br />
iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili moqmedebis adgilis krebiTi saxe, adreuli<br />
miRwevebis swor gamoyenebasa <strong>da</strong> mis safuZvelze axal<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis <strong>da</strong>nergvaze metyveleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong> saTeatro<br />
mxatvrobaSi. “sibrZne-sicruisaTvis” Seqmnil <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
40
n.ignatovma <strong>qarTul</strong>i freskuli mxatvrobisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
naxatis kompoziciur kadrebad agebis principi gamoiyena. es novaciebi<br />
aseve ganpirobebuli iyo dramaturgiuli masalis axleburi wakiTxviT<br />
<strong>da</strong> axleburi saxviT-plastikuri <strong>da</strong> ferweruli gaazrebiT. ukana<br />
dekoraciis ferweruli tilo Tavisi kolaJurobiTa <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli<br />
masStabiT gansazRvav<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis qmediT formasa <strong>da</strong> dinamikas.<br />
1960-iani wlebis bolos <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> 1920-30-iani wlebis<br />
tradiciebis gar<strong>da</strong>, aRorZin<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri TeatrisaTvis<br />
esoden <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli gaformebis personaJuli <strong>da</strong> saTamaSo funqcia.<br />
qarTveli mxatvrebi aRar kmayofildebian dekoraciis ubralo<br />
funqcionaluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT <strong>da</strong> maT axal mxatvrul-ideur <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas<br />
aniWeben. aseTi iyo g.gunias “SuSanikis wamebis”, “mefe liris”<br />
scenografiis qmediT dekoraciuli personaJebi. g.gunias scenografia<br />
naxatis Zunwad SerCeuli detalebiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>. mxatvris <strong>da</strong>xvewil<br />
gemovnebaze miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> TavSekavebuli koloriti <strong>da</strong> kompoziciis<br />
naTeli xasiaTi, romelic speqtaklis Sinaarsi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareob<strong>da</strong>. mZime<br />
Tokebze <strong>da</strong>kidebuli tyavis fardebi moZraobis saocar mravalferovan<br />
dinamikas qmni<strong>da</strong>. amgvari stilizaciiT iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili g.gunias “mefe<br />
liris” dekoraciebi. am speqtaklis mxatvrul-dekoraciuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri Teatris tradiciebTan kavSirs avlen<strong>da</strong>,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki, gaformebis personaJuli formiTa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. uzarmazari zomis mZime qsovilis drapireba, romelic<br />
sqel bawrebze iyo Camokidebuli, speqtaklSi moqmedebis<br />
ganviTarebasTan erTad mkveTrad icvli<strong>da</strong> formas <strong>da</strong> sruliad<br />
gansxvavebul saxviT-plastikur saxeebs qmni<strong>da</strong> scenaze. dekoracia<br />
u.Seqspiris tragediis ideis gamomsaxveli iyo. es iyo bedisweris<br />
gansxeulebuli Zala, romelic mefe liris sulier Widils,<br />
gonebaaSlili moxucis areul <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>xlarTul fiqrebsa <strong>da</strong> gancdebs<br />
gamoxatav<strong>da</strong>. speqtaklis finalSi far<strong>da</strong>-dekoracia mZimed eSvebo<strong>da</strong><br />
scenaze <strong>da</strong> qveS iqcev<strong>da</strong> momakv<strong>da</strong>v gmirs. dekoraciis qmediTi forma<br />
scenaze moqmedebis adgilis, viTarebisa <strong>da</strong> droiTi kategoriis<br />
gamomsaxveli iyo. Tavis ideuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT igi Seqspiris tragediis<br />
SeTxzuli samyaros saxviT-plastikur formas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
41
amave principze iyo agebuli g.gunias scenografia speqtaklisTvis<br />
“SuSanikis wameba”. misi mTavari “dekoraciuli-personaJi” mowameobrivi<br />
ekliani gvirgvinis stilizebuli simboluri formiT iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili.<br />
speqtaklis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi es ekliani maxvili sazareli veeba frinveliviT<br />
eki<strong>da</strong> scenis Tavze. moqmedebis ganviTarebasTan erTad igi eSvebo<strong>da</strong><br />
scenaze <strong>da</strong> SuSanikis sawamebel iaraRad iqceo<strong>da</strong>, romelsac Tavisi<br />
marwuxebiT sasikvdilo ganaCeni mohyav<strong>da</strong> moqmedebaSi. bolos, igi<br />
mTavari gmiris eklian gvirgvinad iqceo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ase xdebo<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>nis<br />
iniciacia. dekoraciis aseTi ideur-plastikuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
Teatris adreuli etapebis gaformebis qmediT-saTamaSo principebis<br />
axlebur gaazrebaze miuTiTebs.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i xelovnebis mxatvruli formebis axleburi gaazreba<br />
SeiniSneba malazonias mxatvrobaSi. “abesalom <strong>da</strong> eTerisTvis” Seqmnil<br />
dekoraciebSi mxatvari <strong>qarTul</strong>i monumenturi ferweris formebs<br />
iyeneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> dekoraciebs frizulad ganlagebul kompoziciaSi wyvet<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mis mxatvrobas JReradi koloriti, erovnuli formebi, uaRresad<br />
moxerxebuli dekoraciebi axasiaTebs, romelSic reJisors speqtaklis<br />
mizanscenobrivi naxazis agebis sruli Tavisufleba eZleva.<br />
aRsaniSnavia m.malazonias scenografia speqtaklisTvis “kaxaberis<br />
xmali” (reJ. g.lorTqifaniZe. 1965w.). scenografiis aqtiur detalze<br />
moxatul far<strong>da</strong>ze, romelzec saqarTvelos istoriuli saxe iyo<br />
warmodgenili. masSic Can<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i freskuli mxatvrobis gavlena.<br />
1960-ian wlebSi scenografebis SemoqmedebaSi ufro metad<br />
gamoikveTa <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri sanaxaobrivi Teatris tradiciebisadmi<br />
interesi. speqtaklebis gaformebaSi mxatvrebi uxvad iyeneben<br />
“berikaobisa” <strong>da</strong> “yeenobis” personaJul <strong>da</strong> saTamaSo elementebs.<br />
yeenoba <strong>da</strong> berikaoba <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis erovnuli <strong>tradicia</strong>a.<br />
yvela xalxs aqvs Tavisi <strong>tradicia</strong> sazeimo-karnavaluri qmedebis <strong>da</strong><br />
aseve Teatris yvela uZvelesi <strong>da</strong> Zveli formis saTamaSo salaRobo<br />
gaformeba. es saerTo <strong>da</strong> amouwuravi saTavea. igi dResac hkvebavs<br />
scenografiuli xelovnebis Tanamedrove ostatebs...” (9)<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis fenomenze saubrisas scenografiis<br />
mkvlevari v.beriozkini aRniSnavs, rom yvelaferi “1960-ian wlebSi iseTi<br />
speqtaklebis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyo, rogoric iyo “sameulis”<br />
42
“WinWraqa”, n.ignatovis “sibrZne sicruisa”, m.malazonias “kaxaberis<br />
xmali”, g.gunias ”romulus didi” <strong>da</strong> sxva. maTi Semoqmedeba saTamaSo<br />
saimprovizacio qmediTi scenografiis brwyinvale nimuSebs<br />
warmoadgens. ra ar iyo maT mier CarTuli msaxiobTa mxiarul TamaSSi.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sagani, romlebic TamaSis stiqii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare icvlidnen<br />
Sinaars <strong>da</strong> axal scenur cxovrebas iwyebdnen. maTi dekoraciebi<br />
berikebiviT gar<strong>da</strong>isaxebodnen erTi xatebi<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi, icvlidnen<br />
substancias, formas, faqturas <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis saerTo saTamaSo<br />
sivrcis organuli nawili xdebodnen.<br />
Semdgomi aTwleulebi, 1970-80-ian wlebi, qarTvel scenografTa<br />
SemoqmedebaSi gagrZel<strong>da</strong> 1960-iani monapovrisa <strong>da</strong> 1920-30-iani wlebis<br />
Teatraluri mxatvrobis tradiciebis SejerebiT. maTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>makavSirebelia Zveli <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris sanaxaobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
saimpriovizacio formebi. <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografia “ikvebeba swored<br />
tradiciebiT <strong>da</strong> aviTarebs mis principebs. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
mxedvelobaSi maqvs saberikaod ga<strong>da</strong>cmis, SeniRbvis, kostiumebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
sagnebis gaformebis sxva elementebTan TamaSis principi”. (10) <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
TeatrSi moRvawe mxatvrebis (n.ignatovi, g.gunia, m.malazonia, m.WavWavaZe,<br />
T.murvaniZe, g.aleqsi-mesxiSvili, i.gegeSiZe, a.WeliZe) “...Semoqmedeba<br />
gamoirCeva mxatvruli mravalferovnebiT <strong>da</strong> maTSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong> mxatvar-<br />
<strong>da</strong>mdgmelis aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi roli.” (11)<br />
amave periodSi <strong>qarTul</strong> scenografiaze didi gavlena b.brextis<br />
epikurma dramamac iqonia. brextiseuli Teoria, romelSic sruliad<br />
gansxvavebuli formiT warmoCin<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis samoqmedo adgili,<br />
“gaucxovebis efeqti” <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis TxrobiTi forma, aseTive<br />
gansxvavebul formiseul scenografias moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. scenografiis<br />
adreuli etapebis personaJuli <strong>da</strong> saTamaSo forma axali <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT<br />
<strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> scenaze. brextis epikur dramaSi scenografia Txrobis<br />
gasaaqtiureblad, movlenaTa analizisa <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli asociaciebis<br />
Sesaqmnelad iyo saWiro. am mxatvruli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
Seiqmna scenografia speqtaklebisaTvis “seCuaneli keTili a<strong>da</strong>miani” (b.<br />
brexti. reJ r.sturua 1968 w.), “kavkasiuri carcis wre” (b.brexti. reJ.<br />
r.sturua, 1975 w.) <strong>da</strong> “seCuaneli keTili a<strong>da</strong>miani” (b.brexti. reJ.<br />
r.sturua, 1994 w.) samive speqtaklis mxatvari g.aleqsi-mesxiSvili iyo.<br />
43
g.aleqsi-mesxiSvilis mxatvroba Tavisufali, feradi, msubuqi<br />
monaxazebiTa <strong>da</strong> ferTa ubadlo SexamebiT gamoirCeva. mis mier<br />
Seqmnili dekoraciebi yovelTvis dResaswauls mogvagonebs. amis<br />
magaliTia “kavkasiuri carcis wris” scenografia. mxatvarma formaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> moqmedebis adgilis ganzogadebiT <strong>da</strong> mxatvrul stilTa<br />
mravalferovnebiT b.brextis epikuri Teatris scenografiul formas<br />
miusa<strong>da</strong>ga <strong>qarTul</strong>i sanaxaobrivi Teatris gaformebis improvizaciuli<br />
xerxebi.<br />
gansakuTrebiT saintereso aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> 1960-70-ian wlebis <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
scenografia, romelic klasikur dramaturgiul masalaze iyo<br />
Seqmnili. igi saSualebas aZlev<strong>da</strong> mxatvrebs, meti fantaziiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
formaTa mravalferovnebiT, realuri Tu gamogonili sagnebis<br />
qmedobiT gamoevlinaT <strong>da</strong>dgmis mxatvruli koncefcia, msaxiobisTvis<br />
ukeT warmoeCina gmiri-personaJis saxe <strong>da</strong> ase moexdina mayurebelze<br />
zemoqmedeba. am principebiT iyo Seqmnili T.murvaniZis eskizebi <strong>da</strong><br />
dekoraciebi “don sezar de bazanisTvis”. maTSi msubuqi naxatisa <strong>da</strong><br />
groteskulobis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba gaformebas saxviT xasiaTs aniWeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
m.WavWavaZis mier speqtakl “hamletisTvis” Seqmnil kostiumebis<br />
eskizebSi, mxatvari personaJTa xasiaTis gaxsnas swored msaxiobebis<br />
CacmulobiT axerxeb<strong>da</strong>. eqspresionistuli xerxebiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili<br />
figurebi eskizebze sagangebod deformirebuli <strong>da</strong> araproporciulia.<br />
amiT mxatvarma speqtaklis mTliani mxatvruli gaformebis ganwyoba<br />
Seqmna.<br />
1970-ian wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi scenografiuli formebis axleburi<br />
gaazreba T.ninuas <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> sanaxaobriv-saTamaSo dekoraciuli<br />
garemos Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> scenuri kostiumis personaJis fsiqologiuri saxis<br />
Sesabamis mxatvrul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. T.ninuas <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
Tanamedrove plastikuri avangardis sivrculi formebiT xdeba<br />
scenografiuli sivrcis organizeba. mis xelweras msubuqi<br />
improvizacia <strong>da</strong> stilTa ganzogadeba axasiaTebs. dekoraciebis<br />
Seqmnisas is aqtiurad iyenebs ferweras, grafikas, kolaJs,<br />
arqiteqturul detalebs.<br />
formaTa ekleqtizmi, kolaJuroba, dramaturgiuli masalis Rrma<br />
codna <strong>da</strong> misi sakuTari interpretacia ganasxvavebs m.SveliZis<br />
44
Semoqmedebas. misi specifikuri mxatvruli manera scenografias<br />
improvizaciul elfers aniWebs. amave dros igi Rrma azrobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTvis matarebelia, romelic yovelTvis pasuxobs speqtaklis<br />
zeamocanas. Tanamedrove qmediT <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> warmodgenis gaformebis<br />
adreuli etapis saTamaSo <strong>da</strong> personaJuli saxviT-plastikuri forma<br />
axal-axal ideur <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas iZens. “aqtiurad moqmed scenografiul<br />
personaJs mxatvrebi maSin mimarTaven, roca isini uaRresad<br />
ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobis Temis gamoxatvis aucileblobis winaSe<br />
aRmoCndebian, magram imisaTvis, rom amgvari personaJis gamoCena<br />
speqtaklSi gamarTlebuli iyos, igi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>itvirTos WeSmaritad<br />
maRali ideuri, mxatvruli, filosofiuri SinaarsiT <strong>da</strong> piesis<br />
adekvaturi gaxdes. amgvar scenografiul personaJebad m.SveliZis<br />
SemoqmedebaSi gvevlineba, riCard glosteris xelSi gvirgvini,<br />
inglisis ruka, romelSic riCardi <strong>da</strong> riCmondi qveyanas ecilebian<br />
erTmaneTs, aseTia “makbetis” uzarmazari polieTilenis far<strong>da</strong>-<br />
marioneti, “hamletis” SuSis moxatuli Tejirebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
m.SveliZis Semoqmedeba vrclad calke TavSia ganxiluli.<br />
qveTavi II.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvroba<br />
klasikuri formiT <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvroba saqarTveloSi XVIII<br />
saukunis bolo<strong>da</strong>n gaCn<strong>da</strong>. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>zguri<br />
mxatvroba mxolod ferweruli xatwerisa <strong>da</strong> miniaturis saxiT<br />
gvxvdeba. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qveynis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxeSi<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> viTardebo<strong>da</strong> mxatvruli skolebi, maTTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli gamokveTili tradiciebiTa <strong>da</strong> ferweris Sesrulebis<br />
mxatvruli maneriT.A iseve rogorc saxviTi xelovnebis sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebi,<br />
ferwerac CvenSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> nawilobriv evropi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Semovi<strong>da</strong>. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobis erTaderTi Janri<br />
portreti iyo. qarTvel mefeTa <strong>da</strong> didgvarovanTa ojaxebis<br />
mravalricxovan portretebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mxatvrebi asrulebdnen. maT<br />
namuSevrebSi kargad Cans mxatvris ostatoba, Sesrulebis manera <strong>da</strong><br />
mxatvruli done. am adreul etapze ukve gaCndnen qarTveli mxatvrebic,<br />
romlebmac <strong>da</strong>iwyes ferweris axali teqnikis, axali saRebavebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
45
sxva ucnobi mxatvruli xerxebis aTviseba. maTve Cauyares safuZveli<br />
sazeimo portretis Janris ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi.<br />
XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi TbilisSi ferweris skola Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mxatvrobis ZiriTad Tematikad kvlav portreti rCebo<strong>da</strong>. Janrobrivi<br />
erTferovneba calkeul SemTxvevebSi jgufuri portretebiT iyo<br />
gamdidrebuli. reprezentaciuli portretebis stili pirobiTobiT,<br />
sibtyrobriobiT <strong>da</strong> modelis garegnuli msgavsebiT xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong>. maTi<br />
koloriti Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT SezRuduli <strong>da</strong> TavSekavebuli iyo, Tumca<br />
samosisa <strong>da</strong> naxatis ze<strong>da</strong>piris detalur <strong>da</strong>muSavebaSi Can<strong>da</strong> faqturis<br />
codna <strong>da</strong> misi gadmocemis unari. am periodSi <strong>qarTul</strong>i mxatvrobis<br />
erovnuli xasiaTi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d nacionalur tipaJebSi, maT CacmulobaSi,<br />
aqsesuarebsa <strong>da</strong> kazmulobis detalebSi vlindebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
pirveli profesionali qarTveli mxatvari g.maisuraZe (1817 -1885)<br />
iyo. man ganaTleba peterburgis samxatvro akademiaSi miiRo. mxatvari<br />
portretul JanrSi muSaob<strong>da</strong>. Tumca swored mis SemoqmedebaSi <strong>da</strong>irRva<br />
sazeimo portretis pirobiToba <strong>da</strong> pirvelad gaCn<strong>da</strong> realisturi<br />
tendenciebi, romelic Semdgomi Taobis qarTvelma mxatvrebma<br />
gaaRrmaves <strong>da</strong> ganaviTares.<br />
<strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobis mniSvnelovani etapi 1880-90-ian wlebze modis.<br />
wamyvan Janrad mxatvrobaSi umetesad portreti rCebo<strong>da</strong>, aSkaraa<br />
Janruli mravalferovnebac. am periodSi moRvaweobdnen r.gvelesiani,<br />
a.beriZe, g.gabaSvili, a.mrevliSvili, m.ToiZe, a.cimakuriZe <strong>da</strong> sxvebi.<br />
realisturma Janrma srulyofil ganviTarebas g.gabaSvilis (1862 -<br />
1936) SemoqmedebaSi miaRwia. mxatvari sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi mrwamsiT<br />
mWidrod iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli rusul <strong>da</strong> evropul realistur<br />
mxatvrobasTan. igi ferweris yvela JanrSi muSaob<strong>da</strong>. mis SemoqmedebaSi<br />
aisaxa saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxis a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebi <strong>da</strong> yofa-cxovreba,<br />
romelic did mxatvrul RirebulebasTan erTad utyuar eTnografiul<br />
codnas iZleva.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i saTeatro mxatvrobis erT-erT pirvel nimuSs<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> 1886 wels mxatvar a.beriZis mier TeatrisTvis, romelsac<br />
“artistuli wre” ewodebo<strong>da</strong> (dRevandeli SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis<br />
Teatri –v.kiknaZe) sagangebod moxatuli far<strong>da</strong>. igi 1914 wlamde<br />
amSveneb<strong>da</strong> scenas, vidre xanZrisas ar ganadgur<strong>da</strong>. masze mxatvarma<br />
46
gamosaxa romeliRac arqiteqturul ZeglTan gamarTuli saxalxo<br />
dResaswauli. tiloze moxuci saxalxo mTqmeli msmenelebs warsul<br />
sagmiroUistoriebs uambob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ferweris ganviTarebaze saqarTveloSi didi gavlena iqonies aq<br />
moRvawe ucxoelma mxatvrebma: helen <strong>da</strong> paul fon frankenebma, Teodor<br />
horSeltma, karl zomerma, batalistma franc rubom, peizaJistma boris<br />
fogelma, aleqsandre zalcmanma, oskar Smerlingma. <strong>da</strong> sxvebma.<br />
a.zalcmanma 1917-1918 wlebSi Tbilisis operisa <strong>da</strong> baletis TeatrSi<br />
mxatvrulad gaaforma ramdenime speqtakli: p.Caikovskis opera “pikis<br />
qali”, J.ofenbaxis “hofmanis zRaprebi”, e.napravnikis opera “dubrovski”,<br />
d.arayiSvilis opera “Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze” <strong>da</strong> z.faliaSvilis<br />
opera “abesalom <strong>da</strong> eTeri”. aRsaniSnavia rom “abesalom <strong>da</strong> eTerisTvis”<br />
kostiumebis Seqmnisas, mxatvarma Sua saukuneebis <strong>qarTul</strong> monumentur<br />
mxatvrobasa <strong>da</strong> miniaturebSi warmodgenili <strong>qarTul</strong>i saero samosi<br />
gamoiyena nimuSad.<br />
realisturi mxatvrobis ganviTarebam ganapiroba qarTvel xalxTa<br />
yofiTa <strong>da</strong> maTi a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebiT <strong>da</strong>intereseba, romelsac Rrma erovnuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> tradiciuli safuZveli gaaCnia. Janrul mravalferovnebaSi aisaxa<br />
qarTveli glexkacis, saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxis yofa-cxovreba.<br />
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi gaRvivebulma erovnulma suliskveTebam<br />
kidev ufro gaaRrmava interesi saqarTvelos warsuli istoriisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturisadmi. XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi zoga<strong>da</strong>d <strong>qarTul</strong> kulturaSi<br />
axali tendencia SeimCneva, romelic xelovnebaSi <strong>qarTul</strong>i erovnuli<br />
mxatvruli formebis Ziebis procesiT aris saintereso.<br />
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijna xelovnebaSi formiseuli <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli<br />
Semoqmedebis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>. xelovnebis<br />
internacionalizaciam mxatvruli <strong>da</strong> esTetikuri faseulobebis<br />
eqsporti gamoiwvia. modernizmi, romelic axal xelovnebas niSnav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
Zalian mokle xanSi gavrcel<strong>da</strong> mTel evropaSi. arqiteqtorebma,<br />
mxatvrebma, grafikosebma, moqan<strong>da</strong>keebma, gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis<br />
ostatebma, Teatris mxatvrebma xelovnebaSi axali SemoqmedebiTi<br />
formebis kultivireba <strong>da</strong>iwyes. safrangeTSi mas art nuvo, germaniaSi<br />
iugenstili, avstriaSi secesioni, xolo ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi<br />
moderni ewo<strong>da</strong>. axali xelovneba Tavisi filosofiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
47
msoflmxedvelobiTi mravalferovnebiT <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> gabatonebul<br />
neostilebsa <strong>da</strong> Zveli tradiciebis mxatvrul faseulobebs. Tumca<br />
modernizmi kulturaSi axal azrovnebas nergav<strong>da</strong>, mas safuZvlad<br />
adreuli epoqebis mxatvruli stilebi <strong>da</strong> mimdinareobebi <strong>da</strong>edo.<br />
qarTveli mxatvrebi STagonebas nacionaluri xelovnebis warsuli<br />
formebi<strong>da</strong>n iRebdnen. modernizmis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
xelovnebaSi erovnuli mxatvruli formebis Ziebis periods <strong>da</strong>emTxva.<br />
XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi saqarTvelos warsulisadmi gacxovelebulma<br />
interesma mxatvrebSi Sua saukuneebis kedlis mxatvrobisadmi,<br />
miniaturisadmi, <strong>qarTul</strong>i CuqurTmisadmi <strong>da</strong> plastikuri xelovnebisadmi<br />
interesi ganapiroba. <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>qarTul</strong>i kulturuli memkvidreobis<br />
aRwera, misi mecnieruli Seswavla. moewyo samecniero eqspediciebi<br />
samxreT saqarTveloSi, istoriul tao-klarjeTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c eqvTime<br />
TayaiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT mox<strong>da</strong> Sua saukuneebis <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
kulturis Zeglebis aRnusxva, mravalricxovani Canaxatebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
fotomasalis Segroveba. erovnuli formebis Ziebis procesma <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
xelovnebis yvela <strong>da</strong>rgi moicva. <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvroba, arqiteqtura,<br />
literatura. gr. robaqiZem <strong>da</strong> modernistma mwerlebma aaRorZines Zveli<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> zepirsityviereba, miTebi <strong>da</strong> folklori. maT axali sicocxle<br />
STaberes Zvel <strong>qarTul</strong> eTnokulturas.<br />
gansakuTrebuli interesi warsulis xelovnebisadmi, erTis mxriv<br />
ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> modernistul <strong>da</strong> ufro metad avangardistul<br />
ideologias, romelic uaryof<strong>da</strong> yvelafers Zvels. magram swored<br />
erovnuli formis Ziebam, romelSic bolomde SenarCun<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
xelovnebis TviTmyofadoba, xeli Seuwyo <strong>qarTul</strong>i modernistuli<br />
xelovnebis srulyofas. “qarTveli mxatvrebis axali gza, saqveyno<br />
dRevandel kulturasTan erTad un<strong>da</strong> mimdinareobdes adgilobrivi<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i SesaZleblobebiT”. (12) germaneli mecnieri <strong>da</strong> Teologi<br />
r.raicenStaini miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rom eris kulturuli ganviTarebisTvis<br />
saWiroa,“ moinaxos pirovnuloba, Zala, romliTac eri, miRebul<br />
kulturas sakuTari arsebis mixedviT SeiTvisebs, ga<strong>da</strong>amuSavebs <strong>da</strong><br />
gaakeTilSobilebs”. (13) <strong>qarTul</strong>ma kulturam <strong>da</strong> xelovnebam Zalian<br />
sainteresod SeZlo modernizmisa <strong>da</strong> avangardis xelovnebis<br />
principebis erovnul prizmaSi gaazreba. “qarTveli modernistebi<br />
48
upiratesobas arc erT mxatvrul mimdinareobas ar aniWebdnen”. (14) maT<br />
sakuTriv <strong>qarTul</strong>i xelovnebis formebi miusa<strong>da</strong>ges axali xelovnebis<br />
moTxovnebs, romelSic mniSvnelovani iyo mxatvruli nawarmoebis<br />
ideuri sawyisi. mrude konstruqciuli xazi, dekorativizmi, formaTa<br />
simbolizmi, modernizmma xelovneba a<strong>da</strong>mianis TviTgamovlenasTan<br />
gaaigiva. <strong>qarTul</strong>i mxatvrobis mravalsaukunovani tradiciebis<br />
gamoZaxilia TviTmyofadi <strong>da</strong> TviTnabadi mxatvris niko<br />
firosmanaSvilis Semoqmedeba. misi mxatvruli manera, koloriti <strong>da</strong><br />
formis modelireba Zalian axlo dgas Sua saukuneebis <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
kedlis mxatvrobis tradiciebTan. mxatvrobis koloriti, metyveli<br />
xazi, konturi, TeTri Suq-Crdilebi, formis plastika <strong>da</strong> kompoziciis<br />
frizul sibrtyeebad <strong>da</strong>yofa, romliTac firosmani formaTa<br />
modelirebas akeTebs, genetikur kavSirSia <strong>da</strong>viT-garejis samonastro<br />
mxatvrobasTan, <strong>da</strong>mianesa Tu sxva ucnobi mxatvrebis SemoqmedebasTan.<br />
firosmanis mxatvroba mTlianad <strong>qarTul</strong>i mxatvrobis nia<strong>da</strong>gze<br />
aRmocenebul unikalur movlenas warmoadgens. <strong>qarTul</strong> xelovnebaSi man<br />
erovnuli mxatvruli formebis Ziebisa <strong>da</strong> avangarduli mxatvrobis<br />
mimdinareobebis pirobebSi SeiZina gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba,<br />
romlis erT-erTi mimdinareobad neoprimitivizmi iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. Tumca<br />
niko firosmanis mxatvruli manera mxolod primitivizmis niSnebiT ar<br />
Semoifargleba <strong>da</strong> igi unikalur mxatvrul stilsa <strong>da</strong> mxatvrul<br />
principebs avlens.<br />
modernizmis gavrcelebam saqarTveloSi avangardistuli<br />
xelovnebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva forma ganaviTara: eqspresionizmi, futurizmi<br />
kubizmi, kubo-futurizmi, abstraqcionizmi, neoprimitivizmi <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa <strong>qarTul</strong>i futuristuli <strong>da</strong> kubo-<br />
futuristuli mxatvruli stili, romelic Zmeb kirile <strong>da</strong> ilia<br />
z<strong>da</strong>neviCebis SemoqmedebaSia warmodgenili. Zmebma z<strong>da</strong>neviCebma<br />
<strong>da</strong>akavSires rusuli avangarduli xelovneba <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i modernizmi.<br />
safuZveli Cauyares futuristul mxatvrobas <strong>da</strong> poezias. maT aseve<br />
didi wvlili miuZRviT firosmanis mxatvrobis aRmoCenasa <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
popularizaciaSi mTel msoflioSi.<br />
1910-ian wlebSi <strong>qarTul</strong> mxatvrobaSi axalgazr<strong>da</strong> mxatvrebi<br />
d.kakabaZe, d.SevardnaZe, l.gudiaSvili. S.qiqoZe, e.axvlediani,<br />
49
q.maRalaSvili, i.gamrekeli movidnen. maT axali mxatvruli <strong>da</strong><br />
plastikur-gamomsaxveli xerxebi Semoitanes mxatvrobaSi. isinic<br />
TavianT SemoqmedebaSi Tanamedrove xelovnebis mxatvrul ideebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
erovnul mxatvrul formebs eyrdnobodnen. “axali Taobis mxatvarTa<br />
udidesi <strong>da</strong>msaxureba zogadsakacobrio simaRleze ayvanili<br />
ganzogadebuli, pirobiTi, erovnuli mxatvruli formebis SeqmnaSi<br />
mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>. am Ziebebma Tavis mxriv ganapirobes specifikuri<br />
mxatvruli amocanebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetac” (15). axali drois moTxovnebis<br />
Sesabamisi mxatvruli kulturisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis Seqmnam ganapiroba<br />
novatorobis <strong>tradicia</strong>sTan mWidro kavSiri. mxatvarTa erTma jgufma<br />
ganaTleba evropaSi, kerZod ki, parizSi miiRo. aman gansazRvra<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobis ganviTarebaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimarTulebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> tendenciis arseboba.<br />
gansakuTrebuli adgili <strong>qarTul</strong>i xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi<br />
novator <strong>da</strong> eqsperimentator xelovans <strong>da</strong>viT kakabaZes uWiravs. misi<br />
SemoqmedebiTi diapazoni <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobiT, scenografiiT, kinos<br />
mxatvrobiTa <strong>da</strong> mecnierul-Teoriuli naSromebiT ganisazRvreba. misi<br />
saxelosno didi moazrovnis samecniero-kvleviTi laboratoria iyo.<br />
d.kakabaZe gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong> TviTmyofadi mxatvruli xerxebiT<br />
amkvidreb<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong> xelovnebaSi avangardistuli xelovnebis<br />
mxatvrul formebs. misi Semoqmedeba Rrma analizs emyarebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelSic tradiciuli <strong>da</strong> avangardistuli formebi erwymis<br />
erTmaneTs. mniSvnelovani etapi mxatvris SemoqmedebaSi parizs<br />
ukavSirdeba. aq sabolood Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> didi mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi<br />
principebi <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli meTodi.<br />
lado gudiaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi naTlad Cans gviani Sua<br />
saukuneebis <strong>qarTul</strong>i saero miniaturiT gataceba. mxatvris namuSevrebi<br />
gamoirCeva aRmosavluri mxatvrobisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli suraTis<br />
sibrtyis dekoratiuli <strong>da</strong>muSavebiTa <strong>da</strong> moqnili, metyveli xaziT, rac<br />
mxatvris manerasa <strong>da</strong> sparsuli mxatvrobis gavlenaze metyvelebs.<br />
l.gudiaSvilis ferwera Janrobrivad <strong>da</strong> Tematurad mravalferovania.<br />
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mxatvris mier moxatuli qaSveTis taZris<br />
sakurTxevlis konqi, romelSic l.gudiaSvilma mTlianad Secvala<br />
50
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli qristianuli ikonografiis<br />
forma <strong>da</strong> RvTismSobeli mSvenieri qarTveli qalis saxiT warmoadgina.<br />
sainteresod ikveTeba Salva qiqoZis SemoqmedebaSi kavSiri<br />
modernizmsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong> mxatvrul tradiciebs Soris. misi<br />
kompoziciebi sibrtyobrivia, garkveuli statikurobiT gamoirCeva,<br />
axasiaTebs formaTa utrireba <strong>da</strong> deformacia. calkeuli sagnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
figurebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebaSi mxatvari maTTvis Seusabamo fers iyeneb<strong>da</strong>, rac<br />
naxatis saerTo ganwyobis Seqmnas uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels. modernistuli <strong>da</strong><br />
eqspresionistuli xatvis maneris miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, mxatvrobaSi igi ar<br />
Sordeba realistur safuZvels. S.qiqoZe muSaob<strong>da</strong> ferweraSi, wignis<br />
ilustraciaSi, karikaturasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>. moskovSi swavlis<br />
dros S.qiqoZem Teatr-kabare “RamurasTvis” pano <strong>da</strong>xata. man ori weli<br />
imuSava g.jaba<strong>da</strong>ris “sasceno xelovnebis studiaSi”. igi am studiis<br />
mTavari mxatvari iyo, sa<strong>da</strong>c gaaforma j.jakosis piesa “viTa foTlebi”,<br />
e.bries musikaluri drama “sarwmunoeba”. am ukanasknelisTvis mxatvarma<br />
Seqmna kostiumebis eskizebi. g.jaba<strong>da</strong>ri didxans moRvaweob<strong>da</strong><br />
safrangeTSi, kerZod, andre antuanTan <strong>da</strong> iziareb<strong>da</strong> frangi reJisoris<br />
naturalistur ideebs. amitom man moiTxova S.qiqoZisgan<br />
naturalisturad <strong>da</strong> istorizmis sruli <strong>da</strong>cviT Seeqmna kostiumebi<br />
speqtaklisaTvis. msaxiobi v.anjafariZis mogonebebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom<br />
mxatvari xSirad ar eTanxmebo<strong>da</strong> reJisoris Sexedulebebs, amitom<br />
S.qiqoZem mogvianebiT <strong>da</strong>tova kidec g.jaba<strong>da</strong>ris studia.<br />
parizSi S.qiqoZe TanamSromlob<strong>da</strong> Teatr “ateliesTan”, romelsac<br />
v.yuSitaSvili <strong>da</strong> Sarl diuleni xelmZRvanelobdnen <strong>da</strong> Teatr<br />
“odeonTan”. am TeatrebisTvis mxatvarma ori <strong>da</strong>kveTa Seasrula.<br />
<strong>da</strong>zustebiT cnobili ar aris, romeli speqtakli gaaforma mxatvarma.<br />
arsebobs cnobebi mxatvris TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb parizis patara<br />
TeatrTan, “Zveli samtrede”, romelSic v.yuSitaSvilis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciiT<br />
iyo miwveuli.<br />
elene axvledianis mxatvrobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili peizaJs<br />
ukavia, romelSic mxatvarma bolomde SeinarCuna <strong>qarTul</strong>i bunebis<br />
xasiaTi, misi saxe, romelic sworad <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli zomierebis<br />
grZnobiT miusa<strong>da</strong>ga evropuli xelovnebis mxatvrul <strong>da</strong> esTetikur<br />
principebs. 1922 wels k.marjaniSvilma e.axvlediani TeatrSi mxatvrad<br />
51
miiwvia. <strong>da</strong>iwyo e.axvledianis xangrZlivi scenografiuli moRvaweoba.<br />
man gaaforma samoc<strong>da</strong>aTze meti speqtakli TbilisSi, saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazRvargareTis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva TeatrSi. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia “otelo”,<br />
“sami bRenZi”, “rogor”, ”SiSi”, “TeTrebi”. saopero <strong>da</strong>dgmebi “bohema”,<br />
“bal-maskaradi”, “abesalom <strong>da</strong> eTeri” <strong>da</strong> sxva. e.axvledians<br />
gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatralur-dekoraciuli<br />
xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi, wignis ilustraciasa <strong>da</strong> peizaJuri<br />
mxatvrobis Janrul srulyofaSi.<br />
1920-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi profesiuli Teatraluri<br />
mxatvrobis ganviTareba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis profesiul<br />
doneze amaRlebasa <strong>da</strong> misi xelovnebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebel <strong>da</strong>rgad<br />
CamoyalibebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT v.si<strong>da</strong>mon-erisTavs, d.kakabaZes,<br />
S.qiqoZes, l.gudiaSvils. e.axvledians, k.z<strong>da</strong>neviCs, i.gamrekels. <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> srulad aisaxa <strong>da</strong>zgur mxatvrobaSi arsebuli<br />
modernistuli <strong>da</strong> mravalferovani avangardistuli mimdinareobebi.<br />
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa im mxatvarTa Semoqmedeba, romlebmac Tavisi<br />
cxovreba Teatris mxatvrobas <strong>da</strong>ukavSires. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia<br />
irakli gamrekeli, romelic aseve <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobi<strong>da</strong>n mivi<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong>, magram Semdeg Tavisi Semoqmedeba Teatrs <strong>da</strong>ukavSira.<br />
1930-iani wlebis bolo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>qarTul</strong> sabWoTa xelovnebaSi, e.w.<br />
socrealizmis principebi wina planze gamovi<strong>da</strong>. socrealizmi<br />
xelovnebis istoriul mniSvnelobas axali revoluciuri epoqis<br />
miRwevebis asaxvaSi, komunisturi ideologiis gatarebaSi, xalxosani<br />
gmirebis saxeebis SeqmnaSi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. igi gamoricxav<strong>da</strong> Tavisufal<br />
SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas, radgan moiTxov<strong>da</strong> dokumenturi sizustiT<br />
yofiliyo asaxuli xelovnebaSi axali socialisturi realoba. amitom<br />
forma Tavad gax<strong>da</strong> Sinarsis matarebeli. gansxvavebuli mxatvruli<br />
forma formalizmad gamocxad<strong>da</strong>. 1948 wels saqarTveloSi myofma<br />
frangma mweralma andre Jidma qarTvel mxatvarTa gamofenaze<br />
sinanuliT aRniSna, rom <strong>da</strong>TvalierebaSi monawile mxatvrebi<br />
“formalistebi” namdvilad ar iyvnen, magram isini arc mxatvrebi ar<br />
iyvnen”. socrealizmma saxviT xelovnebaSi <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT ferweraSi<br />
Janrebis Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebac Seaferxa. am periodSi<br />
moRvaweobdnen i.nikolaZe, n.kandelaki, T.abakelia, e.axvlediani,<br />
52
d.kakabaZe, l.gudiaSvili, s.qobulaZe, u.jafariZe i.ToiZe, a.baJbeuk-<br />
melikovi, e.baR<strong>da</strong>vaZe, a.quTaTelaZe <strong>da</strong> sxvebi.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i ferweris gar<strong>da</strong>texa 1950-ian wlebis bolos <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
sabWoTa xelovnebaTmcodneobiT mecnierebaSi e.w. <strong>da</strong>Tbobis periodis<br />
xelovnebas pirobiTad “sabWoTa avangardi” uwodes. igi oficialuri<br />
xelovnebisgan gancalkevebulad viTardebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>qarTul</strong> xelovnebaSi<br />
axali epoqis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi kvlav nacionaluri xelovnebisadmi, qveynis<br />
warsulisa <strong>da</strong> adreuli epoqebis mxatvruli miRwevebisadmi interesiT<br />
ganisazRvra. aman ferweraSi mTeli rigi Janrebis aRorZinebas Seuwyo<br />
xeli. axali Taobis mxatvrebis - z.niJaraZis, a.varazis, e.kalan<strong>da</strong>Zis,<br />
r.Tordias, j.xun<strong>da</strong>Zis, T.mirzaSvilis <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi. mkafiod<br />
gamoikveTa <strong>qarTul</strong> xelovnebaSi arsebuli mTavari mxatvruli<br />
principebi, romlebic <strong>qarTul</strong> mxatvrobas msoflio xelovnebaSi<br />
arsebul tendenciebsa Tu mxatvrul mimdinareobebis saerTo<br />
konteqstSi ganixilav<strong>da</strong>. gansakuTrebiT 1970-80-ian wlebSi qarTvel<br />
mxatvarTa SemoqmedebaSi gamoikveTa XX saukunis filosofiuri<br />
mimdinareobebisadmi interesi, romlebic gansazRvravdnen mxatvruli<br />
Semoqmedebis ideur safuZvels <strong>da</strong> ferweris mniSvnelobas Tanamedrove<br />
xelovnebaSi. isini TavianTi SemoqmedebiT XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i modernistuli mxatvrobisa <strong>da</strong> modernistuli filosofiis<br />
axleburi gaazrebiT sakuTar mxatvrul principebs amkvidrebdnen.<br />
1970-80 wlebSi mxatvarTa umravlesoba gatacebuli iyo italiuri<br />
transavangardiT, neoeqspresionizmiT, konceptualizmiT <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
mimdinareobebiT, romelic axlo aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i <strong>da</strong>zguri<br />
mxatvrobis saukeTeso tradiciebTan. 1980-ian wlebi<strong>da</strong>n moRvaweoben<br />
i.farjiani, g.guguSvili, l.WoRoSvili, q.matabeli, m.cecxlaZe,<br />
o.durmiSiZe, o.timCenko, g.buRaZe <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebis postmodenistulma xelovnebam<br />
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis saxe miiRo. saxviTi xelovnebis klasikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgebi: ferwera, grafika, qan<strong>da</strong>keba Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />
gamoiyeneba art-obieqtebis, konstruqciebis, musikaluri,<br />
informaciuli, mxatvruli <strong>da</strong> literaturuli “produqtebis”<br />
Sesaqmnelad. dizaini, video-arti, kompiuteruli grafika, instalacia,<br />
postmodernistuli hepeningebi, performansi, envairomentebi <strong>da</strong><br />
53
plastikuri avangardis sxva mxatvruli formebi <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong>c gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. bolo ramdenime aTwleulSi <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
scenografia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvroba TiTqos <strong>da</strong>Sor<strong>da</strong> erTmaneTs.<br />
Teatralurma mxatvrobam, rogorc xelovnebis gancalkevebulma <strong>da</strong>rgma<br />
ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli xazi SeiZina. igi mTlianad <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
Teatralur-dekoraciuli <strong>da</strong> XX saukunis pirveli naxevris <strong>da</strong>zguri<br />
Semoqmedebis tradiciebs eyrdnoba, romlebmac myari nia<strong>da</strong>gi Seuqmnes<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgis ganviTarebas, misi mxatvruli meTodisa <strong>da</strong> Teoriis<br />
safuZvlebis Camoyalibebas <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>.<br />
qveTavi III.<br />
irakli gamrekelis <strong>da</strong>zguri <strong>da</strong> Teatraluri mxatvroba<br />
irakli gamrekeli <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli,<br />
brwyinvale fermweri, grafikosi <strong>da</strong> ilustratori TviTnaswavli<br />
mxatvari iyo. magram swored man SeZlo mTeli epoqa Seeqmna <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zgur mxatvrobaSi. i.gamrekeli <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> 1894 wlis 6<br />
maiss qalaq gorSi, mRvdlis ojaxSi. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1906 wels<br />
gamrekelebis ojaxi sacxovreblad TbilisSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1911-1917 wlebSi i.gamrekeli sasuliero seminariaSi swavlob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Semdeg rostovis universitetis samedicino fakultetze ganagrZo<br />
swavla, 1918 wels Tbilisis universitetis <strong>da</strong>arsebisTanave ki<br />
i.gamrekeli TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aq samedicino fakultetze<br />
swavlob<strong>da</strong>. magram meoTxe kursis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg swavla Sewyita<br />
<strong>da</strong> samedicino fakultets aRar mibrunebia. Tu rodis, sad an romel<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogTan swavlob<strong>da</strong> mxatvrobas <strong>da</strong> vin iyo misi pe<strong>da</strong>gogi, amis<br />
Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferia cnobili. gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom i.gamrekels<br />
master-klasebi hqonia miunxenis akademiis profesorTan, vinme<br />
soloviovTan. Tavad i.gamrekeli Tavis yvela biografiul CanawerSi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>sturebs amas, magram arsad ar moixseniebs profesors saxeliT.<br />
cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis bolos TbilisSi marTlac moRvaweob<strong>da</strong><br />
vinme mxatvari n.soloviovi, romelmac sabavSvo Jurnal ”nobaTis”<br />
pirveli nomris gare y<strong>da</strong> gaaforma.<br />
i.gamrekelis Semoqmedeba ramdenime periodisgan Sedgeba. pirveli<br />
periodis Sesaxeb (1911-1917 ww.), Zalian cota ramaa cnobili. am wlebSi<br />
54
momavali mxatvari sasuliero seminariaSi swavlob<strong>da</strong>. rogorc mxatvar-<br />
ilustrators gaformebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> iatakqveSeTSi gamocemuli<br />
Jurnali ”gvirgvini”. cnobilia, rom i.gamrekeli gatacebuli iyo<br />
g.gabaSvilis SemoqmedebiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i realisturi mxatvrobiT.<br />
i.gamrekelis Semoqmedeba JanrTa mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. igi<br />
gatacebuli iyo eqspresionizmiT, kubizmiT, futurizmiT, asuraTeb<strong>da</strong><br />
wignebs <strong>da</strong> Jurnalebs, xatav<strong>da</strong> plakatebs, qmni<strong>da</strong> Tematur Tu<br />
portretul naxatebs.<br />
1918-1922 wlebSi i.gamrekeli eqspresionizmiT <strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong>. mis<br />
xelweras zedmeti maneruloba axasiaTebs. figuris <strong>da</strong>yeneba <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
portretuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta erTgvar “eqspresionistul manerizms”<br />
mogvagonebs, ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli Teatraluri JestikulaciiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
utrirebuli mimikiT. i.gamrekelis ferweraSi Zlieri eqspresia formis<br />
rRveva <strong>da</strong> abstragireba subieqturi gancdebis Sesatyvisi iyo.<br />
monografiaSi “irakli gamrekeli” c.kuxianiZe aRniSnavs, rom<br />
dekoratiuloba saerTod <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia eqspresionizmisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
konkretulad i.gamrekelis eqspresionistuli ferwerisaTvis. magram<br />
mxatvrisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli dekoratiuloba, ara formiseuli<br />
elementis ga<strong>da</strong>WarbebulobiT, aramed modernizmisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
elementebiTaa gamravalferovnebuli. i.gamrekelis eqspresionistul<br />
mxatvrobaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong> naxatis fersa <strong>da</strong> saerTo<br />
kolorits. mxatvris palitra gajerebuli iyo Tbili oqrosferi,<br />
wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane <strong>da</strong> lurji feris civi <strong>da</strong> mkveTri niuansebiT.<br />
yviTlis siWarbe ki subieqturi emociisa <strong>da</strong> sulieri gancdis<br />
aRmniSvneli iyo. feris dekoraciuloba mxatvris ferisadmi, rogorc<br />
plastikuri erTeulisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaze metyvelebs, rac<br />
SemdgomSi gansakuTrebul esTetikur mniSvnelobas i.gamrekelis<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> SeiZens.<br />
mxatvris tiloebSi gadmocemuli ambavi drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi<br />
ukiduresad SemWidrovebulia. am maradiulobadqceul wamSi samyaros<br />
subieqturi ganc<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mxatvris individualuri xedva vlindeba. mis<br />
arc erT namuSevars: “sev<strong>da</strong>s”, “uimedobas”, “eWvianobas” <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
romelime sxvas “saxe” ar gaaCnia. es krebiTi ganc<strong>da</strong>, tkivilisa Tu<br />
sulieri sasowarkveTis saerTo ganzogadebuli gamoxatulebaa,<br />
55
omelic emociis ukidures zRvars gamosaxavs. mxatvari fers<br />
laqebad anawilebs tiloze, xazis texili, zigzagiseburi dinamika<br />
gancdis “guliscemas” gadmoscems. formis modelirebas mxatvari<br />
konturis msuye monasmiT akeTebs. igi ar erideba formis plastikur<br />
utrirebasa <strong>da</strong> hiperbolizacias. mis namuSevrebSi “sev<strong>da</strong>”, “uimedoba”,<br />
“eWvianoba” “dinamika”, “qali forToxlebiT”, “kaeni <strong>da</strong> abeli”, “sami<br />
figura”, “feeriuli Rame”, “salomeas” ilustraciebi <strong>da</strong> misi kubo-<br />
futuristuli namuSevrebi gansaxierebuli, gapirovnebuli sulieri<br />
arsebebia.<br />
i.gamrekelis tiloebSi figurebs mTeli are ukaviaT. (”sevd a”,<br />
“uimedoba”, “dinamika”, “kaeni <strong>da</strong> abeli”). formis TvalsazrisiT isini<br />
erTmaneTs hgvanan. yvelgan aqtiuria msuye konturuli xazi, aseve<br />
texili formebi <strong>da</strong> realuri sagnebisa <strong>da</strong> sxeulis deformacia.<br />
magram aq materialuri formis gar<strong>da</strong>, naxatis droiT-sivrcobrivi<br />
garemoc deformirebulia. dro suraTis siRrmeSi gawelilia, sevdiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> uimedobiTaa garinduli. mxolod “dinamikas” aqvs Tavisi dro, isic<br />
iseTi, romelSic aTvlis wertilia <strong>da</strong>karguli. swored amitom samive<br />
es namuSevari moklebulia gmirTa saxeebs. es ubralod emociaa,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis sxeulis formaSi gamosaxuli. “dinamika” ki gaqcevaa, rogorc<br />
sakuTari Tavisgan, ise amaoebisgan.<br />
gansxvavebuli plastikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta aqvs mxatvars kompoziciebSi<br />
“sami figura” (“mobanave qalebi”) <strong>da</strong> “feeriuli Rame”.Ees sruliad<br />
sizmriseuli aRqmiT Seqmnili namuSevrebi, wagrZelebuli siluetebi,<br />
rbili konturuli xaziTaa modelirebuli. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba,<br />
TiTqos yvela figura gansxvavebuli substanciisgan, raRac plastikuri<br />
masisganaa DSeqmnili. tilos foni “sam figuraSic” <strong>da</strong> “feeriul<br />
RameSic” mTlianad pirobiTi <strong>da</strong> fantasmagoriulia.<br />
i.gamrekelis kubo-futuristuli namuSevrebi<strong>da</strong>n aRsaniSnavia misi<br />
avtoportreti <strong>da</strong> sxva portretuli tiloebi. upirveles yovlisa es<br />
aris “me <strong>da</strong> cirki”, “mxatvari medicinaSi” (igive “lues”) mxatvris<br />
megobris Salva alxazaSvilis portreti <strong>da</strong> ramdenime portreti,<br />
romelmac Cvenamde ver moaRwia.<br />
suraTSi “me <strong>da</strong> cirki” mxatvars Tavisi portreti realistur<br />
JanrSi aqvs Sesrulebuli <strong>da</strong> igi Cawerilia kubisturad gaazrebul<br />
56
garemoSi. suraTSi “me <strong>da</strong> cirki” mxatvari gansakuTrebiT kargad<br />
iyenebs, rogorc proJeqtorebis Suqis nakads, aseve Tokis kibeebs,<br />
cirkis arenis mrude xazs, maneJze gaqrolebuli cxenis gamosaxulebas,<br />
romelic proJeqtorebis Suqis nakadSi gar<strong>da</strong>tydeba <strong>da</strong> geometriul<br />
figurebad iSleba. TiToeuli es figura mozaikasaviT erTian<br />
mxatvrul kompoziciaSi ikvreba, romlis mTavari amocanaa, gvaCvenos<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis mravalwaxnagovani ideuri saxe. mxatvari formaTa saerTo<br />
pirobiTobaSi, mis rRvevasa <strong>da</strong> martiv geometriul formebamde<br />
<strong>da</strong>yvanaSi axerxebs samyaro erTian suraTSi <strong>da</strong>inaxos <strong>da</strong> ganWvritos<br />
momavali. i.gamrekelisTvis samyaro cirkis arenaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c erT wreze<br />
trialebs a<strong>da</strong>mianuri gancdebi <strong>da</strong> xSirad amaoebiT aRsavse maTi<br />
bediswerac, radgan cirkis arena im Caketil wred <strong>da</strong> sivrced aRiqmeba,<br />
romlisganac a<strong>da</strong>miani Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rwevas ver axerxebs. gaqceuli cxenis<br />
paralelurad cirkis gumbaTis qveS akrobatia <strong>da</strong>xatuli. mxatvris<br />
saxis naxevars jambazis figura faravs, sinamdvileSi ki es yvelaferi<br />
mxatvris gonebaSi <strong>da</strong>trialebuli uzarmazari <strong>da</strong> erTian moZraobaSi<br />
mosuli samyaros arsia. rogorc WeSmarit futuristsa <strong>da</strong> kubo-<br />
futurizmis erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenels i.gamrekels,<br />
ase hqon<strong>da</strong> warmodgenili a<strong>da</strong>mianis rTuli buneba, romelic axali<br />
saukunis ritmsa <strong>da</strong> dinamikaSi realurisa <strong>da</strong> “zaumur” waxnagovan<br />
koncefciaSi gamoisaxeba. suraTis kompozicia isea agebuli, rom<br />
mxatvris portreti tilos marjvena kuTxeSia moTavsebuli. igi TiTqos<br />
akvirdeba mis garSemo arsebul samyaros, romelsac kveTs<br />
proJeqtorebis Suqis nakadi, cirkis arenis mrude xazebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
suraTis saerTo emociuri ganwyoba, mxatvris sulieri ganc<strong>da</strong><br />
miRweulia realistur xerxebTan modernistuli <strong>da</strong> kubo-futuristuli<br />
xerxebis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebiT.<br />
aRsaniSnavia i.gamrekelis TanamSromloba futuristul Jurnal<br />
“H2SO4”-Tan. mxatvari am Jurnalis ilustratori iyo. es <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
futuristuli gamomcemloba 1924 wels gamodio<strong>da</strong>. mis pirvelive<br />
nomerSi <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> i.gamrekelis “me <strong>da</strong> cirki” <strong>da</strong> 1922 wels Seqmnili<br />
“mxatvari medicinaSi”. am namuSevriT mxatvari erTgvarad eTxovebo<strong>da</strong><br />
eqimis profesias. misi namuSevrebis analiziT Cans, rom gamrekelisTvis<br />
medicinac <strong>da</strong> mxatvrobac a<strong>da</strong>mianis sulisa <strong>da</strong> sxeulis mkurnalia.<br />
57
magram orive profesiis msaxureba mxatvrisTvis rTuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
misi arCevani xelovnebisken ga<strong>da</strong>ixara.<br />
suraTis “mxatvari medicinaSi” erT mxares SiSveli qalis<br />
figuraa mocemuli, meore mxares ki, mamakacebis SiSveli sxeulebis<br />
erTmaneTze miwyobil SiSveli figurebis mrude moxazulobaSi<br />
Cawerilia mxatvris profili. suraTis azrobriv centrs warmoadgens<br />
mxatvris aweuli xeli, romliTac is cdilobs gaarRvios mis garSemo<br />
arsebuli avadmyofuri sisastikiTa <strong>da</strong> mankierebiT Sepyrobili samyaro.<br />
Sav fonze gamosaxulia mxatvris kubistur maneraSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili<br />
portreti, Cavardnili loyebiTa <strong>da</strong> amoSavebuli TvalebiT. Tbili<br />
yavisferi <strong>da</strong> muqi mwvane msuye tonebi mTlianad awonasworebs<br />
geometriul formebad <strong>da</strong>Slil sagnebs. aqa-iq wiTeli feris laqebi<br />
koloritulad acocxlebs naxats <strong>da</strong> amZafrebs emocias. i.gamrekelis am<br />
periodis mxatvrobisTvis Tbili, kolorituli gamaa <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli:<br />
yavisferi, wiTeli, Savi, mwvane, cisferi <strong>da</strong> yviTeli tonebi. “mxatvari<br />
medicinaSi” mTlianad kubistur maneraSia ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. mas aseve<br />
axasiaTebs futuristebis gamomsaxvelobiTi elementebic, formaTa<br />
ritmuli gameoreba, rac naxatis dinamikas aZlierebs. magram<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad i.gamrekelis didi gatacebisa kubo-futurizmiT <strong>da</strong><br />
formiseuli rRveva-abstragirebiT, igi bolomde mainc ar wyvets<br />
realisturi xerxebis gamoyenebas. es formiseuli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />
mxatvris individualur maneraze miuTiTebs. Tavad i.gamrekeli naTlad<br />
avlens sakuTar msoflmxedvelobas missave ilustrirebul Jurnal<br />
“H2SO4”-is furclebze. ”...yoveli wuTis moulodneloba nivTs ukargavs<br />
Zvel formas <strong>da</strong> misi gageba ganyenebulad sxva nivTTan<br />
warmoudgenelia. iwyeba dinamiuroba axali nivTis asagebad. ingreva<br />
yalbi forma. ga<strong>da</strong>dis sxva formaSi. erTi formis xazi amtvrevs meore<br />
formis xazulobas. xdeba ferebis Sereva <strong>da</strong> Cndeba nivTi axali<br />
formisa <strong>da</strong> axali feris...” (16)<br />
1922 wels i.gamrekelisa <strong>da</strong> k.marjaniSvilis Sexvedra sabediswero<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> axalgazr<strong>da</strong> mxatvrisaTvis, romelmac sakuTari Semoqmedeba<br />
mTlianad Teatralur mxatvrobas <strong>da</strong>uTmo <strong>da</strong> 1926-<strong>da</strong>n 1943 wlamde SoTa<br />
rusTavelis saxelobis Teatris mTavari mxatvari iyo. swored<br />
Teatralur mxatvrobaSi srulad gamovlin<strong>da</strong> i.gamrekelis<br />
58
mravalferovani SemoqmedebiTi potencia, romelic Teatraluri<br />
konstruqtivizmis pirobebSi mxatvars saSualebas aZlev<strong>da</strong>, Tavi<br />
warmoeCina, rogorc mxatvar-dekorators, fermwers, inJiner-<br />
konstruqtors, arqiteqtors, kostiumis mxatvars. “... gamrekeli iyo, ara<br />
marto bunebiT dekoratori, ara marto SesaniSnavi speqtaklebis<br />
brwyinvale gaformebis avtori. gamrekelma Seqmna Teatralur-<br />
dekoratiuli xelovnebis garkveuli sistema...”. (17)<br />
i.gamrekelis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> aisaxa modernistuli <strong>da</strong><br />
avangarduli xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela mimdinareoba. “formaTa ritmma,<br />
mdi<strong>da</strong>rma dekoratiulma fantaziam, azris moqnilma saxierebam, rac<br />
irakli gamrekelis grafikulsa <strong>da</strong> ferwerul namuSevrebSi iyo<br />
gabneuli, Tavi moiyara mis scenur qmnilebebSi”. (18)<br />
k.marjaniSvilma i.gamrekeli TeatrSi mas mere miiwvia, rac 1922<br />
wels gamofenaze mxatvris mier <strong>da</strong>suraTebuli o.uaildis romani<br />
“salomeas” ilustraciebi <strong>da</strong>aTvaliera. am droisTvis k.marjaniSvils<br />
Cafiqrebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> “salomeas” <strong>da</strong>dgma. am periodSi SoTa rusTavelis<br />
saxelobis TeatrSi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT Zlierdebo<strong>da</strong> eqspresionistuli<br />
tendenciebi, rac al. axmetelis mier s. SanSiaSvilis “berdo zmanias”<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmam kidev ufro gamoaaSkarava.<br />
k.marjaniSvili saTaveSi Caudga <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatrisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
Teatraluri skolis Senebas. Tavad didi reJisori aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
eqspresionizmi misTvisac axali iyo, <strong>da</strong> misi scenuri ganxorcieleba<br />
sakmaod rTuli mxatvruli amocana iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
“<strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi SemoWril eqspresionistul talRas<br />
i.gamrekelis saxiT saintereso <strong>da</strong> mdi<strong>da</strong>ri fantaziis ostati Sexv<strong>da</strong>”.<br />
(20) marTlac eqspresionizmi, metadre i.gamrekelis odnav maneruli<br />
Teatraluri eqspresionizmi <strong>da</strong> mxatvris individualuri xelwera<br />
zustad moergo <strong>qarTul</strong>i eqspresionistuli Teatris stilistikas.<br />
1922 wlisTvis i.gamrekelis SemoqmedebaSi kubo-futuristuli<br />
tendenciebi iyo momZlavrebuli. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mis mier<br />
eqspresionizmTan mibruneba kidev ufro saintereso aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />
SemoqmedebiTi, ise mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT. i.gamrekelis<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> eqspresionizmi Seerwya kubistur-futuristul <strong>da</strong><br />
59
konstruqtivistul elementebs. maTi sinTeziT ki <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze<br />
axali konceftualuri xelovneba gaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
i.gamrekelis scenografiis pirobiT periodizaciaSi, pirveli etapi<br />
k.marjaniSvilTan moRvaweobaze modis. 1922-1925 wlebSi <strong>da</strong>idga<br />
o.uaildis “salomea”, g.robaqiZis “malStremi”, “lon<strong>da</strong>”,<br />
i.gedevaniSvilis “sinaTle” <strong>da</strong> u.Seqspiris “hamleti”. es is pirveli<br />
nabijebi iyo Teatralur mxatvrobaSi, romlebmac <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
scenografiis momavali ganviTarebis gza gansazRvres.<br />
1922 wels “axal TeatrSi” k.marjaniSvilma <strong>da</strong>dga o.uaildis<br />
“salomea”. scenografia i.gamrekels ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>. speqtaklis<br />
dekoraciuli forma mxatvris suraTma “salomeas locvam” gansazRvra.<br />
gamWvirvale cisferi zoliani far<strong>da</strong> dekoratiul fons warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mis win ki mefe herodes sasaxlis masiuri kibeebi, gaSlili moednebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sasaxlis baRi iyo gakeTebuli. mxatvars ise hqon<strong>da</strong> agebuli<br />
dekoracia, rom mayureblis winaSe sasaxlis monakveTi Can<strong>da</strong>. sasaxlis<br />
kedlebi <strong>da</strong> mTliani konstruqcia TiTqos scenis portals miRma<br />
grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. es pirquSi arqiteqturuli garemo gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> mefe<br />
herodes sasaxleSi gabatonebul sastik atmosferos, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
salomeas ar ZaluZ<strong>da</strong> Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rweva. scenaze ki mxatvari ise axerxeb<strong>da</strong><br />
saTamaSo “moednebis” gansazRvras, rom reJisorisTvis <strong>da</strong>dgmis<br />
mizanscenobrivi naxazis ageba gaadvilebuliyo swored im rakursebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic rogorc aqtiorTa masis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba, ise<br />
dekoraciis plastikuri monaxazi saerTo mxatvrul-sivrcobrivi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis erTian saxed aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>. g.alibegaSvili wer<strong>da</strong>: “ukve am<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong> momavali Teatris mxatvris saxe. Zunw, lakonur<br />
<strong>da</strong> sufTa formebSi man gadmogvca arqiteqturuli detalebi. alag-alag<br />
es arqiteqturuli detalebi abstragirebuli iyo <strong>da</strong> Tan ubralo,<br />
geometriul formebamdec iyo <strong>da</strong>yvanili.” (19) sasaxlis realuri, mZime<br />
plastikuri formebi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli iyo haerovan <strong>da</strong> odnav burusiT<br />
mocul cisferi fardis faqturasTan. fardis ukan ki TiTqos gaSlili<br />
frTebiviT samkuTxa abstraqtuli formis dekoraciuli elementebi iyo<br />
gakeTebuli. moqmedebis msvlelobisas es elementebi fers icvli<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romlis palitra vardisferi toni<strong>da</strong>n muqi iisferi tonalobis<br />
CamuqebiT siSavemde midio<strong>da</strong>. cnobilia, rom salomeas mfarveli<br />
60
mTvaris RvTaeba iyo. aman ganapiroba dekoraciis kolorituli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta.<br />
1923-1924 wlebSi i.gamrekelma gaaforma speqtaklebi “lon<strong>da</strong>” <strong>da</strong><br />
“malStremi”. mxatvris es ori namuSevari axlos dgas i.gamrekelis<br />
<strong>da</strong>zgur mxatvrobasTan Sesrulebis maneriTa <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli stiliT,<br />
romelSic naTlad ikveTeba eqspresionistuli <strong>da</strong> kubo-futuristuli<br />
xerxebi.<br />
“lon<strong>da</strong>s” eskizSi i.gamrekeli erTdroulad aRwevs formis<br />
abstragirebas <strong>da</strong> mis kubistur-moculobian ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas. formaTa<br />
mkveTri geometriuloba gamZafrebulia eqspresionistulad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili koloritis kontrastuli ganawilebiT. piesis moqmedebis<br />
adgili mTis waxnagovan ferdobebze, rTul pirobiT landSaftSi<br />
iSleba. wiTeli, yviTeli, Savi, mwvane, gauzavebel ferebiani palitra,<br />
formis skulpturulobas amJRavnebs. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ukana<br />
dekoracia, romelic scenaze agebul sibrtyeebad diferencirebuli<br />
dekoraciis statikur formas agrZelebs <strong>da</strong> kubisturad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetil<br />
mkvriv plastikur, ferwerul far<strong>da</strong>-panoSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis. amiT mxatvarma<br />
SeZlo sivrcis <strong>da</strong>nawevreba axlo <strong>da</strong> Sori xedebiT, ramac<br />
scenografiul garemos sivrcis usasrulobis STabeWdileba mianiWa. es<br />
ki piesaSi Cadebul siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> sicocxlis maradiulobis ideas<br />
gamoxatav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
“malStremis” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> mxatvarma formaTa dinamikis<br />
misaRwevad dekoraciis elementebi iribad diagonalurad <strong>da</strong>ayena<br />
scenaze. “malStremis” eskizSi Warbob<strong>da</strong> eqspresionistuli<br />
tendenciebi, Tumca formis TvalsazrisiT, dekoraciebi Zalian axlos<br />
iyo mxatvris futuristul mxatvrul manerasTan. es urbanistuli<br />
qaosi, romelic waqceuli Senobebis, estakadebis calkeuli,<br />
safexurebiani ficarnagebiTa <strong>da</strong> dekoraciis simultanuli agebiT iyo<br />
gakeTebuli, mxatvris <strong>da</strong>zgur namuSevars “me <strong>da</strong> cirki” mogvagonebs.<br />
magram “malStremSi” moqmedeba ara cirkis arenaze, aramed pirobiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetil samyaroSi xdeba, rac formaTa <strong>da</strong>xvavebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
monumenturobis STabeWdilebas tovebs. kostiumebi am speqtaklisTvis<br />
k.z<strong>da</strong>neviCma Seqmna. piesaSi mkafio<strong>da</strong>a gamoxatuli futuristuli<br />
ideebi, rac k.z<strong>da</strong>neviCis mier sainteresod iyo asaxuli kostiumebSi.<br />
61
“malStremSi” moqmedeba pirobiT, fantasmagoriul samyaroSi<br />
viTardebo<strong>da</strong>. amitom speqtaklis scenografiuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta rTul <strong>da</strong><br />
mravelferovan dekoraciul formas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. formaTa aRreviT erT<br />
dekoraciaSi Cayrili Tanamedrove samyaros yvela elementi<br />
ariTmiulobiT xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong>. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva doneze ganlagebuli saTamaSo<br />
moednebi, romelic speqtaklis msvlelobisas mizanscenebSi calkeul<br />
kompoziciebad nawildebo<strong>da</strong>, Suqweris meSveobiT gamoiyofo<strong>da</strong> saerTo<br />
dekoraciuli foni<strong>da</strong>n. scenografiuli detalebi mozaikurad<br />
iSlebo<strong>da</strong>. magram TiToeuli saTamaSo sivrce, romelic dekoraciis<br />
did tiloze formaTa ritmuli monacvleobiT xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
stilisturad erTiani naxatis Semadgeneli plastikuri nawili iyo.<br />
mravalricxovani detalebi, Tu sagnebi, romlebic savaraudod<br />
CarTuli iyo moqmedebaSi, dekoracias “sagangebod” Seqmnil ekleqtizms<br />
aniWeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> scenografiuli konfliqtis Canasaxs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
dekoracia ise iyo ganawilebuli scenis sivrceSi, TiTqos misi formebi<br />
scenis miRmac viTardebo<strong>da</strong>. amiT iyo miRweuli samyarosa <strong>da</strong><br />
teqnikuri progresis usasrulobis futuristuli idea. ukana<br />
dekoracia Savi feris fardiT iyo gakeTebuli, rac siRrmesa <strong>da</strong><br />
plastikurobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> dekoraciul sivrces scenaze. <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>rRveuli iyo xazobrivi perspeqtivis principebi. mis magivrad<br />
dekoraciis saerTo koloritiTa <strong>da</strong> formaTa ritmuli dinamikiT<br />
iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> sivrcobrivi STabeWdileba, romelic pirobiT<br />
samganzomilebian samyaros modelSi ikveTebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT rTuli scenografiuli garemos Seqmna mouwia<br />
i.gamrekels speqtaklSi “kaci sarki<strong>da</strong>n” (“SpigelmenSi” f.verfeli. reJ.<br />
al.axmeteli, 1925 w). am speqtaklis mxatvrobac kubo-futuristul<br />
maneraSi iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. realuri samyaro <strong>da</strong> cxovreba piesaSi<br />
fantastikur samyarod ireklebo<strong>da</strong> sarkeSi. moqmedebis adgilis<br />
simravlisa <strong>da</strong> mravalferovnebis gamo maTi erTian mxatvrul<br />
stilistikaSi moyvana rTul amocanas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. saWiro iyo misi<br />
formiseulad Sejgufeba <strong>da</strong> saerTo dramaturgiuli fabulis<br />
meSveobiT erTian TxrobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta. c.kuxianiZe dekoraciebs or<br />
jgufad hyofs: “moraluri ganwmendis mistikuri samyaro <strong>da</strong> codviani<br />
cxovrebis mravalferovani suraTebi.” (20) magram, rogorc ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
62
<strong>da</strong>xarisxebuli dekoraciuli suraTebi, mTavari <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani iyo,<br />
rogor formaSi <strong>da</strong> ra plastikuri saSualebebiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita<br />
i.gamrekelma scenuri sivrce. speqtaklis gaformebaSi mniSvnelovan<br />
elements kibe warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. scenis planSeti ar iyo CarTuli<br />
gaformebaSi, samagierod sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva simaRlisa <strong>da</strong> konfiguraciis<br />
safexurebiani ficarnagebi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva scenaSi gansxvavebul<br />
dekoraciul suraTebs qmni<strong>da</strong>. TiTqmis yvela eskizze foni ganyenebuli<br />
Savi ferisaa, rac dekoracias siRrmiseuli <strong>da</strong> plastikuri aRqmisaTvis<br />
iyo saWiro. kubebi, prizmebi, svetebi, sarkis namsxvrevebi, sferoebi<br />
samyaros formaTa abstragirebul simboloebs warmoadgendnen.<br />
mxatvari “SpigelmenSis” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> erTguli <strong>da</strong>rCa samyaros<br />
mowyobis kubofuturistuli ideisa.<br />
“<strong>qarTul</strong>i dekoraciuli xelovneba axla iwyeb<strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />
ganviTarebas. is ver iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gansazRvruli mimarTulebebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. xasiaTiTac ar iyo Camoyalibebuli. Tumca, erTi ram<br />
cxadi iyo - TeatrSi mosulma reJisorebma Tamamad <strong>da</strong>iwyes axali<br />
Zalebis Semokreba TeatrSi. maT garkveuli Tavisuflebac ki miecaT<br />
SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis gamosavlenad.” (21<br />
1925 wels k.marjaniSvilma u.Seqspiris “hamleti” <strong>da</strong>dga.<br />
scenografia i.gamrekels ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>. am speqtaklis gaformeba mxatvris<br />
SemoqmedebaSi axali etapis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi iyo. “hamletis”, “anzoris”,<br />
“lamaras”, “TeTnuldis” scenografias <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi<br />
mimovixilav.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatrisa <strong>da</strong> scenografiis ganviTarebisTvis<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis<br />
Teatris saTaveSi al. axmetelis mosvlas. 1926 wli<strong>da</strong>n Teatris mTavari<br />
mxatvari i.gamrekeli gax<strong>da</strong>. Teatris esTetika <strong>da</strong> mxatvroba mTlianad<br />
<strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara Teatraluri konstruqtivizmis principebs. i.gamrekelis<br />
mier 1926-1935 wlebSi gaformebuli speqtaklebi <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatraluri<br />
konstruqtivizmisa <strong>da</strong> qmediT-sanaxaobrivi scenografiis<br />
maRalmxatvrul nimuSebs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. maTSi novatoruli ideebi<br />
axali gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebiT aisaxa, romelSic mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
xalxuri sanaxaobriv-saimprovizacio Teatris mxatvruli gaformebis,<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove xelovnebis<br />
63
mravalferovani mimdinareobebis organuli Serwyma Teatraluri<br />
mxatvrobis axal gamomsaxvelobiT sistemaSi.<br />
1930–iani wlebis meore naxevarSi <strong>qarTul</strong>-sabWoTa xelovnebaSi e.w.<br />
socrealizmis principebi gax<strong>da</strong> wamyvani, rac realizmis ukiduresi<br />
formiT gamosaxvas niSnav<strong>da</strong>. scenaze dokumenturi sizustiT un<strong>da</strong><br />
yofiliyo gadmocemuli moqmedebis adgili istoriuli epoqis stiluri<br />
elementebiTa <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli formebis <strong>da</strong>cviT. yovelgvari pirobiToba<br />
<strong>da</strong> formaTa ganzogadeba dekoraciis Seqmnisas ikrZalebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> wamyvani kvlav dekoraciuli principebi gax<strong>da</strong>, ramac<br />
speqtaklis gaformebaSi ferwerulobis gaZliereba ganapiroba.<br />
1936 wels rusTavelis TeatrSi speqtakli “arsena” <strong>da</strong>idga.<br />
(reJisori a.vasaZe) i.gamrekeli “kvlav iyenebs mravlismetyvel<br />
monumentur xes, mTeli speqtakli sunTqav<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i koloritiT”. (22)<br />
magram dekoracia ukve aRar hgav<strong>da</strong> irakli gamrekelis adreul<br />
namuSevrebs, radgan moqmedebis adgili ufro konkretuli gax<strong>da</strong>. ukana<br />
dekoraciam ferweruli fonis saxe SeiZina <strong>da</strong> sasceno sivrcis<br />
moculobiani forma xazobriv perspeqtivaze agebulma ferwerulma<br />
kompoziciam Secvala.<br />
aseTive principebzea agebuli “otelos”, “giorgi saakaZis”,<br />
“abesalom <strong>da</strong> eTeris” <strong>da</strong> “sapatarZlo afiSiT” dekoraciebi. “arsenaSi”<br />
irakli gamrekelma ganizraxa, scenuri <strong>da</strong>zga ferweruli panoramiT<br />
Semoerkala <strong>da</strong> am mxatvruli xerxiT dekoraciuli <strong>da</strong>nadgarebi,<br />
tansacmeli, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva morTuloba <strong>da</strong> TviT mizanscenebic ki, erT<br />
mTlian suraTad, erT mTlian mxatvrul, pirobiTad rom vTqvaT,<br />
ferwerul tilod ga<strong>da</strong>eqcia... am speqtaklis gaformebisas irakli<br />
gamrekeli gaemijna midrekilebas konstruqtivizmisken dekoraciul<br />
xelovnebaSi....” - igonebs akaki vasaZe. (23)<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> am periodSi Teatris mxatvrobis<br />
dekoraciuli principebi gabaton<strong>da</strong>, i.gamrekeli sul ufro xSirad<br />
moqmedebis konkretul adgils qmni<strong>da</strong> scenaze. interieri, bunebis wiaRi,<br />
navsayudeli, parki... yvela es dekoracia naturalisturi xerxiTaa<br />
Seqmnili, magram mas <strong>da</strong>xvewili formebi, calkeul SemTxvevaSi epoqebis<br />
Rrma codna, <strong>da</strong>xvewili proporciebi, formaTa plastika, brwyinvale<br />
koloriti <strong>da</strong> sivrcis swori ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba gamoarCev<strong>da</strong> sxvaTagan.<br />
64
mxatvari aqac ostaturad wyvet<strong>da</strong> amocanas <strong>da</strong> axla ukve realur<br />
samyaros mTeli Tavisi plastikur-moculobiani formebiT<br />
warmoaCen<strong>da</strong> scenaze.<br />
qveTavi IV.<br />
samyaros konstruqtivistuli modeli i.gamrekelis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
Teatraluri konstruqtivizmis funqcionalizmma saTeatro<br />
mxatvrobaSi qmediTi scenografiis principebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba ganapiroba.<br />
scenografia mTlianad iyo CarTuli speqtaklis msvlelobaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
warmodgenis plastikur-sivrcobriv ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas karnaxob<strong>da</strong>. igi<br />
ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis mizanscenobriv qargas, xolo sxva saxviTi<br />
elementebi, dekoraciis koloriti, scenuri kostiumi, dramaturgia,<br />
ganaTeba <strong>da</strong> Suqwera <strong>da</strong>dgmis mTliani mxatvruli saxis Seqmnis<br />
zeamocanas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Teatraluri konstruqtivizmis mxatvrul formaSi iyo Seqmnili<br />
i.gamrekelis scenografia speqtaklebisTvis “malStremi”, “kaci<br />
sarki<strong>da</strong>n”, “hamleti” <strong>da</strong> sxva. magram scenuri sivrcis<br />
konstruqtivistuli gaazreba pirvelad <strong>da</strong> mkafiod speqtaklebSi<br />
“zagmuki”, “rRveva”, “saWe marcxniv” gamoikveTa.<br />
1926 wels al.axmetelis mier i.gamrekelis scenografiiT<br />
ganxorcielebuli a.glebovis piesa “ზaგmuki” sruliad axali sityva<br />
iyo <strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi. “zagmukis” moqmedeba Zvel babilonSi, zagmukis<br />
dResaswaulze momx<strong>da</strong>r monaTa ajanyebaze mogviTxrobs. mxatvruli<br />
gaformebis TvalsazrisiT speqtakli “zagmuki” iyo <strong>da</strong>mdgmeli<br />
koleqtivis pirveli Tamami ganacxadi, romelmac SemdgomSi gansazRvra<br />
SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatris mxatvruli stili, misi esTetika<br />
<strong>da</strong> didi xniT <strong>da</strong>amkvidra <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> Teatraluri<br />
konstruqtivizmi. speqtakl “zagmukis” originalur <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
xorcSesxmuli novatoruli ideebi Teatris seriozul gamarjvebad<br />
CaiTvala.<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmis scenografiaმ umniSvnelovanesi amocana ga<strong>da</strong>Wra. epoqis<br />
suliskveTebisa <strong>da</strong> stilisturi niSnebis SenarCunebiT, mxatvrobaSi<br />
65
warmodgenili un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo Zveli samyaros legen<strong>da</strong>ruli qalaqis<br />
ganzogadebuli <strong>da</strong> krebiTi iersaxe. Tanac ise, rom erTian scenur<br />
sivrceSi moqceuliyo babilonis mefis sasaxle, bazari, moe<strong>da</strong>ni,<br />
uzenaesi RvTaebis, marduqis taZari <strong>da</strong> taZriswina moe<strong>da</strong>ni.<br />
speqtaklis warmatebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi swored misi<br />
scenografia aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. i.gamrekelma ise aago dekoraciebi, rom<br />
reJisors saSualeba miსca, msaxiobTa didi masis gamoyenebiT<br />
speqtaklis rTuli mizanscenuri naxazi Seeqmna, rac xels შეuwyob<strong>da</strong><br />
moqmedebis gaaqtiurebas, mis plastikur formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas.<br />
dekoraciuli <strong>da</strong>nadgarebi mTlianad moZrav wreze iyo<br />
ganlagebuli. wris amoZravebiTa <strong>da</strong> dekoraciebis rakursis xSiri<br />
cvliT swrafad icvlebo<strong>da</strong> moqmedebis adgilic. masiuri TaRebi,<br />
sworkuTxa pilonebi, uzarmazari geometriuli figurebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>usruleblad gar<strong>da</strong>isaxebo<strong>da</strong> erTi formi<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi: sveti TaRSi,<br />
TaRi aivanSi, aivani moajirSi, Semdeg kibis konstruqcia Cndebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelic Suagul moe<strong>da</strong>nSi Cadio<strong>da</strong>. es kuTxovan-spiraluri<br />
plastikuri formebis denadoba, moqmedebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgils erTian<br />
droiT sivrcეში krav<strong>da</strong>. dekoracia mTlianad iyo morgebuli scenur<br />
moqmedebas. misi forma <strong>da</strong> wyoba karnaxob<strong>da</strong> mizanscenobriv naxazs<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavisi Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili formaTa dinamizmiT speqtaklis saerTo tempo-<br />
ritms qmni<strong>da</strong>.<br />
scenaze <strong>da</strong>zgis odnavi SemobrunebiT sruliad axali dekoraciuli<br />
garemo Cndebo<strong>da</strong>, romelic saintereso iyo arqiteqturuli <strong>da</strong><br />
sanaxaobrivi TvalsazrisiTac. mxatvarma gaformebaSi uxvad gamoiyena<br />
babilonur-asuruli saxviTi xelovnebis dekoratiuli elementebi,<br />
fantastikuri cxovelebis, Sedusa <strong>da</strong> faskunjebis stilizebuli<br />
gamosaxulebebiT. speqtaklis kostiumebi sagangebo ekleqtikurobiT<br />
gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>. gansakuTrebiT sainteresod iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili “zagmukis”<br />
qalTa kostiumebi. maTSi naTlad ikveTebo<strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri stilisa <strong>da</strong><br />
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis modurი tendenciebi. es yvelaferi ki<br />
kostiumebs met gamomsaxvelobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. scenografiulad aseve<br />
saintereso migneba iyo moxatuli fardis gamoyeneba. far<strong>da</strong> or<br />
moSvebul Tokze iyo <strong>da</strong>magrebuli. far<strong>da</strong> ferwerulad iyo moxatuli.<br />
66
lomebze amxedrebuli meomrebi, mdidruli ornamentiT, uneblied<br />
asureTis mefis aSurbanipalis sasaxlis lomebian reliefur frizs<br />
mogagoneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
“zagmukis” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gamovlin<strong>da</strong> konstruqtivizmis ZiriTadi<br />
principebi: dekoraciis erTiani <strong>da</strong>nadgari ganxorcielebuli iyo<br />
sasceno sivrcis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formis sibrtyobrivi ganawilebით,<br />
romelic mTlianad CarTuli iyo speqtaklis moqmedebaSi <strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />
funqcionalurobiT <strong>da</strong>dgmis plastikur-sivrcobriv ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas<br />
gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>. aseTi dekoraciebi msaxiobebis aqtiorul <strong>da</strong> plastikur<br />
SesaZleblobebsac mkveTrad avlen<strong>da</strong>. saerTod, konstruqtivistuli<br />
dekoraciebis aTviseba fizikurad sagangebod momzadebul artistebs<br />
SeeZloT. sasceno sivrceSi dekoraciebis konstruqciebze gaSlili<br />
mizanscenobrivi wyoba, msaxiobTa kostiumi, romelic dekoraciis<br />
plastikur gagrZelebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, scenaze Seqmnili pirobiTi<br />
samyaros Si<strong>da</strong> dinamikas uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels. speqtaklis naTeli ferebiT<br />
Seqmnili kolorituli gama gamdidrebuli iyo SuqweriT, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmis xmovan-musikalur gaformebasTan erTad speqtaklis tempo-<br />
ritms gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
i.gamrekelis scenografia speqtaklisaTvis “rRveva”, mxatvruli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavebul formas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. igi 1928<br />
wels al. axmetelma <strong>da</strong>dga. b.lavrenevis piesa “rRveva” erTi ojaxis<br />
magaliTze revoluciuri mZlavri qartexilebiT gamowveul WeSmarit<br />
faseulobaTa rRvevaze mogviTxrobs. amitom mxatvars სცენაზე iseTi<br />
scenografiuli garemo un<strong>da</strong> Seeqmna, rom samyaroTa ngreva TvalsaCino<br />
yofiliyo mayureblisTvis. piesis mxatvrul gaformebas piesis Siga<br />
konfliqtebis gamovlena un<strong>da</strong> moexdina. mxatvarma speqtaklis I <strong>da</strong> III<br />
moqmedeba neoromantikul stilistur formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. dekoraciis<br />
eskizi<strong>da</strong>n moCans mSvidi, gawonasworebuli, keTilSobili ojaxis<br />
idiliuri sacxovrebeli. interieri mkrTal, cisfer <strong>da</strong> Sindisfer<br />
ferebSi iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. oTaxi, romelSic pirveli moqmedeba<br />
viTardebo<strong>da</strong>, mxatvarma qsovilis drapirebiT SemosazRvra. drapirebis<br />
vertikaluri naoWebis monotonuri denadi forma ovalurad<br />
momrgvalebuli fardebis kalTebiT iyo gawonasworebuli. avejis<br />
simcire scenaze sivrcis sixalvaTes usvam<strong>da</strong> xazs. mrgvali magidis<br />
67
Tavze <strong>da</strong>Svebuli abaJuri met intimurobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> oTaxs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom i.gamrekelma moqmedebis Zalian konkretuli adgili Seqmna,<br />
dekoraciis saerTo ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta mainc krebiTi formis iyo. es intimuri<br />
elferiT warmodgenili myudro navsayudeli speqtaklis mTavari<br />
gmiris Sinagan amboxs amwvaveb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
speqtaklis II <strong>da</strong> IV moqmedebis dekoracia konstruqtivistuli iyo.<br />
i.gamrekelma scenaze uzarmazari stilizebuli javSnosani kreiseri<br />
aago. kreiseris stilizebuli dekoracia saTamaSo moednebiT iyo<br />
diferencirebuli <strong>da</strong> erTian samoqmedo sivrces warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
speqtaklSi gamoyenebuli iyo Teatris yvela teqnikuri saSualeba.<br />
dekoracia aqac moZrav wreze iyo moTavsebuli. mezRvaurTa ajanyebis<br />
scenaSi statistTa uzarmazari masa talRisebur sinqronul<br />
moZraobebs akeTeb<strong>da</strong>, rac dekoraciis plastikur formas<br />
mravalganzomilebian dinamikur skulpturul formad gar<strong>da</strong>saxav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mezRvaurTa scenebi ritmul mizanscenebze iyo agebuli, rac<br />
SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> mxatvris mier dekoraciis zusti <strong>da</strong> optimaluri<br />
formis mignebiT. amiT speqtaklis ideuri <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli fოrma erT<br />
mTლianobaSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />
speqtakl “rRvevaSi” naTlad gamoikveTa reJisoris mier<br />
konkretuli dramaturgiuli masalis individualuri wakiTxva.<br />
warmodgenის გაფორმება mTlianad ritmul kontrastebze iyo agebuli.<br />
I <strong>da</strong> III moqmedebebi zedmetad mSvid <strong>da</strong> yofiT garemos asaxav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
pauzebiT garindul msaxiobTa “umoqmedo” TamaSs II <strong>da</strong> IV moqmedebebSi<br />
mezRvaurTa ajanyebis mZafri dinamikuri scenebi cvli<strong>da</strong>. rasac xels<br />
uwyob<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis scenografia. <strong>da</strong>dgmis temporitmis mkveTri cvla<br />
speqtaklis saerTo moqmedebas amZafreb<strong>da</strong>. igive reJisoruli xerxi<br />
gamoiyena al.axmetelma speqtakl “anzoris” II moqmedebaSi. i.gamrekelma<br />
gasaocari alRoTi <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli xedviT sworad miagno dekoraciis im<br />
formas, romelSic zustad gamovlin<strong>da</strong> al.axmetelis reJisoruli xedva<br />
<strong>da</strong> dramaturgiis miseuli aRqma. dekoraciis formaTa saerTo<br />
ganzogadebam <strong>da</strong> stilizaciam SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> b.lavrenevis piesis<br />
idea sayოvelTao mniSvnelobis gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo.<br />
68
“irakli gamrekelis dekoraciuli Ziebani mu<strong>da</strong>m mimarTuli iyo<br />
dramatuli nawarmoebis gamWoli moqmedebis gamoCinebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
xorcSesxmisaken, ZiriTadis zeamowevisaken, rac mis namuSevars<br />
yovelTvis aniWeb<strong>da</strong> masStaburobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>majereblobas... rogorc<br />
Teatralur mxatvars, mas mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc ar aintereseb<strong>da</strong> intimSi, yofiTi<br />
detalebis meSveobiT gadmoeca warsuli cxovrebis atmosfero,<br />
warsulis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi <strong>da</strong> mimarTulebebi. igi speqtaklis<br />
mTlian arqiteqturul aRnagobaze ufro zrunav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cdilob<strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />
mxatvrobas Tanamedrove JReradoba hqono<strong>da</strong> ideis mimarTulebis<br />
Tanaxmad”, aRniSnavs Tavis mogonebebSi msaxiobi a.vasaZe. (24)<br />
“zagmuksa” <strong>da</strong> “rRvevaSi” miRweuli plastikur formaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
plastikur masaTa dinamikuri urTierTqmedeba “anzorSi” kidev ufro<br />
srulyofili saxiT warmodga, რის safuZvelsac <strong>da</strong>dgmis scenografia<br />
qmni<strong>da</strong>. i.gamrekelis mxatvrobaSi dekoraciebi umaRles xarisxSi<br />
ayvanili ganzogadebuli mxatvruli formiT iyo Seqmnili. es erTis<br />
mxriv, pasuxob<strong>da</strong> Teatraluri konstruqtivizmis mTavar principebs<br />
moqmedebis ganzogadebuli adgilis SeqmnaSi. meore mxriv ki,<br />
ganpirobebuli iyo piesis reJisoruli wakiTxviT. al.axmetelma<br />
v.ivanovis piesa “javSnosani 14-69” mweral s.SanSiaSvils<br />
gadmoa<strong>qarTul</strong>ebina <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis adgili Soreuli cimbiris nacvlad<br />
<strong>da</strong>RestanSi gadmoatanina. piesis revoluciur-heroikuli suliskveTeba,<br />
s.SanSiaSvilma zustad miusa<strong>da</strong>ga mTis xalxis Tavisuflebisaken<br />
swrafvas, maT fsiqologiasa <strong>da</strong> sabrZolo mrwamss. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad formaTa<br />
ganzogadebisa <strong>da</strong> stilizebuli dekoraciebisa, “anzoris”<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> naTlad ikveTebo<strong>da</strong> mTis xalxis eTnokulturisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi: arqiteqtura, yofa, Cacmuloba <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva.<br />
al.axmeteli Tavis speqtaklebSi yovelTvis iswrafvo<strong>da</strong> erTiani<br />
sanaxaobrivi <strong>da</strong>dgmis Seqmnisaken. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom mxatvarma<br />
speqtaklis gaformebaSi calkeuli scenografiuli სამყაროები Seqmna,<br />
maTi saerTo mxatvruli saxe zustad Seesatyvisebo<strong>da</strong> piesis<br />
moqmedebas. <strong>da</strong>dgma oTx aqtad <strong>da</strong> eqvs suraTad midio<strong>da</strong>, speqtaklis<br />
mxatvruli gaformebis sirTuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, dekoraciebze muSaoba<br />
TiTqmis premieramde mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, rom gaTvaliswinebuli yofiliyo<br />
69
yvela detali <strong>da</strong> aRmofxvriliyo yvela uzustoba. speqtaklis<br />
mxatvrul mTlianobas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgmis teqnikuri<br />
gamarTuloba.<br />
yvela moqmedebaSi scenaze diferencirebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva zomis<br />
saTamaSo sibrtye iyo gakeTebuli <strong>da</strong> dekoraciis Sesabamis formas<br />
Seesatyvisebo<strong>da</strong>. yvela moqmedebaSi saerTo iyo avanscenaze scenis<br />
iatakis ayriT gakeTebuli ficarnagebi, romelic stilizebuli mTis<br />
kლdovan reliefs mogvagoneb<strong>da</strong>. es konstruqcia speqtaklis yvela<br />
scenis dekoraciuli gaformebisTvis ucvleli rCebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis<br />
adgilis <strong>da</strong>konkretebasa <strong>da</strong> dekoraciebis calkeuli suraTebis<br />
gaerTianebas uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels. avanscenaze, SuaSi gakeTebuli iyo kibe.<br />
msaxiobebis svla scenaze saorkestrო ormo<strong>da</strong>n xdebo<strong>da</strong>. igi<br />
vizualurad adideb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mravalganzomilebians xdi<strong>da</strong> scenis sიvrces.<br />
mxatvarma scenaze ara ubralod scenografiuli samoqmedo garemo<br />
Seqmna, aramed pirobiTi samyaros modeli warmoadgina. es sakmaod<br />
rTuli plastikuri konstruqcia iyo <strong>da</strong> msaxiobebisgan sagaნgebo<br />
fizikur momzadebas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. mxatvris mier Seqmnili scenografiuli<br />
garemo msaxiobisTvis organuli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. es gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovania, roca dekoracia CarTulia scenur moqmedebaSi.<br />
”anzoris” dekoraciebi msaxiobisTvis uSualo samoqmedo sibrtyes<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. am mxriv gamorCeuli iyo III moqmedebis dekoracia,<br />
TiTqos scenis planSeti<strong>da</strong>n amozrdili <strong>da</strong>Rეstnuri auli. mis<br />
stilizebul banebsa <strong>da</strong> kibe-pandusebze TamaSi msaxiobebisgan fizikur<br />
momzadebasac ki moiTxov<strong>da</strong>.<br />
“gamrekelis yoveli dekoracia <strong>da</strong> miT umetes “anzoris”<br />
dekoraciis aTviseba msaxiobebis mier <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo speqtaklis<br />
saerTo saxis srulyofasTan. swored amitom iyo, rom “anzorSi”<br />
msaxiobebi Cveulebrivad ki ar <strong>da</strong>abijebdnen scenaze, aramed TiTqos<br />
<strong>da</strong>frinavdnen, srialebdnen, cocavdnen; isini cekvavdnen <strong>da</strong> maTi yoveli<br />
moZraoba cekvis romeliRac ileTs waagav<strong>da</strong>” (25)<br />
speqtakl “anzoris” scenografia mTlianad konstuqtivizmis<br />
principebze iyo Seqmnili. igi mxatvrisgan arqiteqturisa <strong>da</strong> inJineriis<br />
codnas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. oTxive aqtSi i.gamrekelma sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dekoracia<br />
70
Seqmna. arc erTi maTgani erTmaneTs ar hgav<strong>da</strong>, saerTo maTSi mxolod<br />
scenis planSetis reliefuri wyoba iyo, romelic erTgvar saZirkvels<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> yoveli axali dekoraciul-konstruqciuli garemosTvis. I<br />
moqmedebaSi rkinis xidis uzarmazari konstruqcia ise iyo gakeTebuli,<br />
rom konstruqciis detalebi scenis portalis miRma grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. es<br />
met siRrmesa <strong>da</strong> plastikurobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> dekoracias. avanscenaze<br />
gamoweuli <strong>da</strong>mreci ficarnagebi sali kldis imitacias qmni<strong>da</strong>. es<br />
mTagoriani reliefi scenis siRრmisken miemarTebo<strong>da</strong>, sai<strong>da</strong>nac xidis<br />
uzarmazari kibe amodio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> igi rkinigzis lian<strong>da</strong>gebze ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlel<br />
xids warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. dekoraciebis stilizebuli geometriuli formebi,<br />
kibis konstruqcia <strong>da</strong> safexurebiani ga<strong>da</strong>sasvleli scenis iatakis<br />
reliefur formas erwymo<strong>da</strong>. dekoracia muqi nacrisferi tonebis<br />
TamaSze iyo agebuli. rkinisa <strong>da</strong> qvis faqturis xaoiani <strong>da</strong><br />
gaprialebuli ze<strong>da</strong>piriT is mxatvrul kontrastebs qmni<strong>da</strong>.<br />
“anzoris” II moqmedebaSi irakli gamrekelma mcire zomis rkinigzis<br />
sadguri aago, romelic ganaTebis palitriT mkrTal <strong>da</strong>bindul SuqSi<br />
warmoadgina. am patara sadgurze mravali a<strong>da</strong>miani ireo<strong>da</strong>. speqtaklis<br />
moqmedebebs Soris xelovnurad Seqmnili ritmuli kontrasti, romelic<br />
a.axmetelma warmatebiT ganaxorciela “rRvevaSi”, “anzoris” II<br />
moqmedebis Senelebul dinamizms Sinagani fsiqologiuri muxti SesZina.<br />
igi TiTqos III <strong>da</strong> IV moqmedebis <strong>da</strong>Zabuli tempo-ritmis winapiroba iyo.<br />
speqtakl “anzoris” III moqmedebaSi yvelaze naTlad gamovlin<strong>da</strong><br />
speqtaklis ideur-plastikuri <strong>da</strong> saxviTi mxare. i.gamrekelis mier III<br />
moqmedebisTvis Seqmnili dekoracia-<strong>da</strong>nadgari <strong>qarTul</strong> saTeatro<br />
mxatvrobaSi sruliad axali ganacxadi iyo.<br />
mravalsafexuriani dekoracia-<strong>da</strong>nadgari, romelic erTian<br />
ganzogadebul-krebiT plastikur formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetil <strong>da</strong>Restnur<br />
auls warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, SoTa rusTavelis Teatris scenis mTel sivrceSi<br />
gaiSala. mTlianad <strong>da</strong>ikava scena-kolofi <strong>da</strong> gamoavlina scenis<br />
teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi. dekoracia erTmaneTze <strong>da</strong>wyobil trapeciis<br />
formis brtyelsaxuravian sacxovrebel saxlebs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. isini<br />
erTmaneTTan kibeebiTa <strong>da</strong> mravalsafexuriani pandusebiT iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. saxlis banebze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva simaRleze diferencirebuli<br />
saTamaSo moednebi iyo gakeTebuli. amis gamo dekoracia mTlianad iyo<br />
71
CarTuli moqmedebaSi <strong>da</strong> mTis erTiani monoliTi<strong>da</strong>n amozrdili<br />
plastikuri masis STabeWdilebas toveb<strong>da</strong>. mTis kortoxebze<br />
gaSenebuli <strong>da</strong>Restnuri auli TiTqos zevi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>hyureb<strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miwas.<br />
mTis soflis landSafti pirquS rux-miwisfer tonSi iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili.<br />
konstruqciis “uferuli” koloriti dekoraciis formisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
faqturis gamovlenas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>. dekoraciis ze<strong>da</strong>piris faqturuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>muSavebiT aulis Tixatkepnili, Tu fiqali qvisgan naSen,<br />
erTmaneTze <strong>da</strong>wyobil trapeciis formis geometriul sხeulebs hgav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mxatvarma meti <strong>da</strong>majereblobisTvis am saxlebs Sesasvleli kari <strong>da</strong><br />
sarkmlebic gaukeTa. TiToeuli dekoracia konkretuli realuri<br />
dekoraciuli formisa <strong>da</strong> pirobiTi plastikuri formis kontrastze<br />
iyo agebuli.<br />
banebis aseTi stilizacia <strong>da</strong> msaxiobTa moZraoba scenaze saocar<br />
efeqts qmni<strong>da</strong>. msaxiobTa Cacmuloba, maTi ruxi <strong>da</strong> gaxunebuli Savi<br />
feris Coxebi kargad erwymo<strong>da</strong> scenis “kldovan” faqturas. msaxiobTa<br />
kostiumi dekoraciis gagrZelebad iqca.<br />
i.gamrekelis mier “anzorisTvis” Seqmnili dekoraciebis<br />
ganzogadebul-stilizebuli forma scenografiuli TvalsazრisiT<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> is metad mniSvnelovani novatoruli migneba, romelmac<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatraluri mxatvrobis saxe gansazRvra. man speqtaklis<br />
mxatvrul gaformebaSi, formaTa ganzogadebas, dekoraciis krebiT-<br />
plastikur formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas <strong>da</strong> scenis plastikis gansakuTrebul<br />
sivrcobriv gaazrebas Cauyara safuZveli. i.gamrekelis konstruqciebi<br />
maTematikuri sizustiT iyo agebuli. es erTi SexedviT sruliad<br />
xelovnuri garemo Tavisi lakonurobiT, formis mTlianobiT<br />
gansazRvav<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis moqmedebis mTel dinamikas. scenografiuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT “anzori” moqmedebis gaformebis brwyinvale nimuSs<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, masSi naTlad Can<strong>da</strong> scenografiis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
funqcionaluri mxarec. “msaxiobebi dekoraciis yovel kibes, yovel<br />
ficarnags, yovel SemaRlebas aTamaSebdnen. es iyo cocxali kavSiri<br />
msaxiobsa <strong>da</strong> mis garemomcvel scenur pirobebs Soris”. (26)<br />
ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>zga, romelic auls warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> arRvev<strong>da</strong><br />
dekoratiul formaTa ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis Sesaxeb arsebul yvela adreul<br />
72
Sexedulebas <strong>da</strong> sruliad axal <strong>da</strong>moukidebel <strong>da</strong> TvalsaCino gzas<br />
hqmni<strong>da</strong> Teatralur mxatvrobaSi.<br />
aulis maketi TerTmeti banisa <strong>da</strong> eqvsi kibisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
TiToeul baqanze xuTi an eqvsi msaxiobisagan plastikuri mizanscena<br />
iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>. roca yvela baqani statistebiT iyo <strong>da</strong>kavebuli <strong>da</strong> erTian<br />
qoreografiul nomerSi scenisa <strong>da</strong> msaxiobebis plastikuri moZraoba<br />
kulminacias aRwev<strong>da</strong>, naTlad Can<strong>da</strong>, Tu ra rTuli geometriuli naxazi<br />
iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>. es naxazi dekoraciis arqiteqtonikasTan TanxvedraSi iyo<br />
moyvanili. am SemTxvevaSi scenografia im bazas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romelic<br />
aucilebeli iyo reJisorisaTvis, rom speqtaklis teqnikururad aewyo<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi mTavari ideisaTvis <strong>da</strong>emorCilebina.<br />
“sasceno moe<strong>da</strong>nze aRmarTuli konstruqciis texili xazebiT,<br />
samoqmedod gamoyenebuli banebis sistemiT,moiZebna saxe, romelic<br />
zustad asaxav<strong>da</strong> garemos <strong>da</strong> Tavisi zogadi bunebiT amarTleb<strong>da</strong><br />
masStabis aseT <strong>da</strong>rRvevas... piriqiT, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sxeulebTan Seusabamod<br />
mcire zomis qoxebi ufro mkveTrad aCendnen mizanscenaTa<br />
mniSvnelobas.” (27)<br />
i.gamrekelma “anzoris” mxatvrul gaformebaSi Tavisi <strong>novatoroba</strong><br />
gamoavlina scenuri sivrcis plastikis axleburi gaazrebiT. saTamaSo<br />
sivrcis gansxvavebul modelirebam saSualeba misca reJisors,<br />
rTuli mizanscenebis naxazi Seeqmna, romelic scenaze statistTa<br />
didi masis erTdroul ganTavsebas uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong>.<br />
speqtakl ”anzoris” scenografia <strong>da</strong>dgmis zeamocanis gamovlenas<br />
emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>. igi xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis moqmedebis gaaqtiurebas,<br />
msaxiobebs ki sakuTari SesaZleblobebis ukeT gamovlenis saSualebas<br />
aZlev<strong>da</strong>. aseTi dekoraciuli garemos SeqmniT, romelic xels<br />
Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> aqtioruli SesaZleblobebis gamovlenas <strong>da</strong> scenaze<br />
organul saTamaSo sivrces Seqmni<strong>da</strong>. piesa im drois saerTo<br />
suliskveTebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare ideologizirebuli iyo. magram<br />
al.axmetelisTvis mas gansakuTrebuli JReradoba gaaCn<strong>da</strong>, radgan<br />
mTavari idea masSi TavisuflebisTvis brZola iyo. amitom SesaZlebeli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> piesis gadmo<strong>qarTul</strong>eba <strong>da</strong> misi gansxvavebuli interpretacia.<br />
speqtaklisTvis Seqmnil mTis stilizebul ferdobebze reJisorma<br />
TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli mTis xalxis gmiruli cekva-rokva rTuli<br />
73
qoreografiul-plastikuri formiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri<br />
cekvebis ileTebis gamoyenebiT, sinqronuli Jestebisa <strong>da</strong> moZraobebis<br />
mkveTri xaziT msaxiobTa moZraoba dekoraciis xazobriv wyobas<br />
emTxveo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> paralelur naxazSi ewyobo<strong>da</strong>. amiT kidev ufro<br />
matulob<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis Si<strong>da</strong> ritmi <strong>da</strong> warmodgenis saerTo dinamikas<br />
amZafreb<strong>da</strong>. aseTi muxti mTlianad ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis mTel<br />
moqmedebas. es plastikuri paTetika warmoudgeneli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
dekoraciis wyobas Si<strong>da</strong> dinamika rom ar hqono<strong>da</strong>.<br />
speqtaklis IV aqtis dekoracias rkinigzis depo <strong>da</strong> lian<strong>da</strong>gze<br />
Seyenebuli javSnosani matarebeli warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. scenis siRrmisken<br />
safexurebad Tormeti pandusi adio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maT miRma rkinigzis<br />
lian<strong>da</strong>gis xazi mosCan<strong>da</strong>. javSanmatarebels win tyviamfrqvevi hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
gakeTebuli. am speqtaklis idea, romlis revoluciuri svla mxolod<br />
momavlisken iyo mimarTuli, mxatvarma SemarTuli luliT gamoxata.<br />
uzarmazari betonis cilindrebi wyvil-wyvilad betonis filebiTve<br />
iyo ga<strong>da</strong>xuruli. rkina-betonSi Casmuli es scenuri samyaro, mtkice<br />
revoluciur suliskveTebas gamoxatav<strong>da</strong>. ajanyebuli mTielebis mier<br />
javSnosanze afrialebuli wiTeli droSa mkveTr koloritul efeqts<br />
qmni<strong>da</strong>. amas win uswreb<strong>da</strong> i.gamrekelis mier Tamam xerxSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili<br />
reJisoruli Canafiqri, romelic III moqmedebaSi zairas cekvaSi iyo<br />
gamoyenebuli. Sinaarsis Tanaxmad, javSanmatarebeli romelime<br />
partizans sakuTari sxeuliT un<strong>da</strong> gaeCerebina. partizanebi wreSi<br />
idgnen. erT-erTi maTgani mSvenier zairas sacekvaod un<strong>da</strong> gamoewvia. mis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> yvelam ico<strong>da</strong>, visac zaira gamoiwveva sacekvaod, sasikvdilod<br />
iyo ganwiruli. zairam Tavisi Seyvarebuli axma gamoiwvia. reJisorma<br />
tragikuli kulminaciis gamosaxatavad scena mTlianad plastikur-<br />
qoreografiul formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. momavalSi Teatrmcodneebma zairas<br />
cekvas “sikvdilis rokva” uwodes. scenografiuli TvalsazrisiT,<br />
i.gamrekelmac efeqtur xerxs mimarTa. man zairas Wreli, didi<br />
yvavilebiT moCiTuli kostiumi Caacva. cekvis epizodSi kostiumi<br />
saocar ferwerul efeqts iZleoba <strong>da</strong> dekoraciis saerTo monoqromul<br />
tonalobasTan mkveTr koloritul kontrasts qmni<strong>da</strong>. mxatvarma<br />
scenuri kostiumi piesis dramaturgiuli konfliqtis gasamZafreblad<br />
Seqmna, rac Tanamedrove <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> saTeatro mxatvrobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
74
scenis sivrcis plastikis <strong>da</strong>muSavebis umniSvnelovanes esTetikur<br />
kategoria<strong>da</strong>a miCneuli. sadReisod mas scenografiuli konfliqti<br />
ewodeba <strong>da</strong> speqtakl “anzoris” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> Canasaxis formiT iyo<br />
warmodgenili.<br />
1926-1930 wlebSi al.axmetelis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />
speqtaklebisTvis Seqmnil <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> i.gamrekelma sruliad<br />
axleburi novatoruli xedva gamoavlina scenis sivrcis plastikis<br />
amocanis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi. es gamoisaxa scenis sivrcis modelirebaSi,<br />
speqtaklis gansakuTrebul mizanscenobriv agebaSi. qmediTi<br />
scenografiis pirobebSi scenis yvela teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis<br />
gamoyeneba, scenografiuli konfliqtisa <strong>da</strong> sxva esTetikuri<br />
kategoriebis gansazRvra speqtaklis mxatvruli saxis Seqmnas<br />
emsaxureba.<br />
i.gamrekelis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> speqtaklebisaTvis “zagmuki”, “rRveva”,<br />
“anzori” gamovlin<strong>da</strong> mxatvris <strong>novatoroba</strong> speqtaklis samoqmedo<br />
sivrcis SeqmnaSi. Teatraluri konstruqtivizmi Tavisi funqcionaluri<br />
xasiaTiT scenaze iseTi dekoraciuli garemos Seqmnas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelic speqtaklis realur samoqmedo sivrces Seqmni<strong>da</strong>. igi<br />
dramaturgiuli masalis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong>dgmis reJisoruli<br />
koncefciiis Sesabamisi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. i.gamrekelis mxatvroba<br />
zemoaRniSnul speqtaklebSi Seesatyvisebo<strong>da</strong> reJisoris Canafiqrs,<br />
romelSic gansazRvruli iyo speqtaklis mTliani plastikuri formac.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad mxatvrisa <strong>da</strong> reJisoris Zalian mWidro<br />
SemoqmedebiTi TanamSromlobisa, i.gamrekelma ar <strong>da</strong>karga<br />
individualuri Tvisebebi <strong>da</strong> sakuTari manera. i.gamrekelis<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> yvelgan vlindeba mxatvris mier Seqmnili TviTmyofadi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganumeorebeli dekoraciisa <strong>da</strong> kostiumebis saxviTi formebi. maTSi<br />
gansakuTrebiT sainteresod gamoikveTa didi reJisoris xorcSesxmuli<br />
novatoruli ideebi. “anzoris” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> i.gamrekelma Seqmna<br />
<strong>da</strong>Restnis ganzogadebuli krebiTi saxe. dekoraciebi mTlianad<br />
moklebuli iyo yovelgvar detalizacias. speqtaklis mxatvruli<br />
gaformeba <strong>da</strong>dgmis yvela sxva Semadgeneli formis, xmovan-musikaluris,<br />
qoreografiul-plastikuris, moqmedebis mizanscenuri naxazis<br />
gamaerTianebeli iyo. <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> Cadebuli formaTa dinamikuroba<br />
75
speqtaklis saerTo dinamizms ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis tempo-<br />
ritmsac gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
i.gamrekelis “anzoris” scenografiis analiziTa <strong>da</strong> al.axmetelis<br />
reJisoruli koncefciis gaazrebiT naTlad ikveTeba imdroindeli<br />
rusTavelis Teatris esTetika, misi mxatvruli forma <strong>da</strong> stili. es<br />
marTlac heroikul-revoluciuri Teatri iyo. aseT TeatrSi <strong>da</strong>dgmuli<br />
speqtaklebis mxatvruli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Sesatyvisi un<strong>da</strong><br />
yofiliyo im monumenturi stlisa, romelsac moiTxov<strong>da</strong> epoqis saerTo<br />
suliskveTeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri sanaxaobrivi Teatris tradiciebi.<br />
1920-iani wlebis <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> mimdinare scenografiis<br />
Camoyalibebis procesi <strong>qarTul</strong>i reJisuris ganviTarebasTan<br />
paralelurad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania isic, rom<br />
Teatraluri mxatvroba <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareob<strong>da</strong>. man<br />
ganica<strong>da</strong> XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi arsebuli mravalricxovani<br />
mxatvruli stilisa <strong>da</strong> mimdinareobis gavlena, ramac saSualeba misca<br />
qarთul scenografias mravalferovani SemoqmedebiTi eqsperimentebi<br />
ewarmoebina, mxatvrul formaTa <strong>da</strong> maT ideur mravalferovnebaTa<br />
gamoyenebiT.<br />
“anzoris” <strong>da</strong>dgmam gamoavlina TeatrSi mxatvrisa <strong>da</strong> reJisoris<br />
mWidro SemoqmedebiTi kavSiris aucilebloba. mxatvris mier Seqmnili<br />
scenuri samyaro msaxiobebisTvis organul samoqmedo sivrced iqca.<br />
msaxiobebi imdenad bunebrivad Seerwynen speqtaklis dekoraciul<br />
sivrces, rom STabeWdiloeba iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos zRvari realur <strong>da</strong><br />
gamogonil samyaros Soris waiSala. amgvari realizmi araviTar<br />
kavSirSi ar aris naturalizmTan an realobis reproduqciasTan. igi<br />
miRweulia formaTa ganzogadebiT <strong>da</strong> ideisadmi mkacri <strong>da</strong>morCilebiT.<br />
erTi mxriv, mxatvroba mTlianad Caikarga reJisuraSi, amave dros<br />
reJisura gamovlin<strong>da</strong> scenografiul formebSi. es ki mxolod didi<br />
SemoqmedebiTi potencialis mqone reJisorisa <strong>da</strong> mxatvrisTvis iyo<br />
SesaZlebeli. SemoqmedebiTi kompromisi <strong>da</strong> mTavari ideisadmi<br />
erTguleba is gamaerTianebeli Zalaa, ramac mxatvrisa <strong>da</strong> reJisoris<br />
speqtaklis Tanaavtoroba gansazRvra. “mxatvari ilustratori ki ar<br />
aris reJisoris azrisa, amave dros reJisorTan erTad Slis dramatul<br />
moqmedebas”, wer<strong>da</strong> d.kakabaZe.(28) mxatvari <strong>da</strong> Teoretikosi miiCnev<strong>da</strong>,<br />
76
om TeatrSi mxatvris <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba iyo amoexsna piesa <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis<br />
mTavari azri, reJisoris mier <strong>da</strong>saxuli zeamocana <strong>da</strong> saxviTi<br />
xelovnebis saSualebiT zemoqmedeba moexdina mayurebelze. magram<br />
mxatvars “marto feri, moculoba, sivrce ki ar un<strong>da</strong> ainteresebdes,<br />
aramed TviT moqmedeba- speqtaklis dinamika”. (29) Semdegi speqtaklebi:<br />
“lamara” <strong>da</strong> “TeTnuldi” i.gamrekelisa <strong>da</strong> al.axmetelis<br />
TanaSemoqmedebisa <strong>da</strong> SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatris esTetikisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mxatvruli stilis srulyofilebaze metyvelebs.<br />
1930 wels al.axmetelma gr.robaqiZis piesa “lamara” <strong>da</strong>dga. amas<br />
TeatrSi araerTgvarovani Sefaseba moyva. Tavis droze swored<br />
“lamara” aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> ganxeTqilebis saboloo mizezi k.marjaniSvilsa <strong>da</strong><br />
al.axmetels Soris, ris gamoc k.marjaniSvilma <strong>da</strong>tova rusTavelis<br />
Teatri. 1925 wlis “lamara”, romelsac k.marjaniSvili dgam<strong>da</strong>,<br />
reJisorulad sruliad gansxvavebulad un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebuliyo.<br />
speqtaklis mxatvari l.gudiaSvili iyo. mxatvars hqon<strong>da</strong> Seqmnili<br />
mravali eskizi, romelSic mkafiod ikveTebo<strong>da</strong> Teatraluri<br />
konstruqtivizmis saerTo principebi, Tumca l.gudiaSvilis mxatvruli<br />
maneri<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare dekoracia ar iyo moklebuli detalebs, rac<br />
formaTa mravalferovan dekoraciulobaSi vlindebo<strong>da</strong>. sruliad<br />
gansxvavebuli iyo speqtaklis reJisoruli wakiTxvac, romelSic<br />
k.marjaniSvilma ZiriTadi aqcentebi piesaSi mis lirikul JReradobaze<br />
gaakeTa. “rogorc Cans, kote marjaniSvils piesis lirikuli motivebi<br />
aRelveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgmis xasiaTsac swored maT umorCileb<strong>da</strong>. siuJeturad<br />
tradiciuli sasiyvarulo intonaciebi piesisa, misTvis ganmsazRvreli<br />
faqtori aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>...(30)<br />
axmetelma ki piesaSi sxva Temebi aamoZrava. upirveles yovlisa, es<br />
iyo erovnuli poziciebi<strong>da</strong>n amomavali urTierTobani, romelTa<br />
sayrdens siyvarulsa <strong>da</strong> keTilSobilebaSi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>...” (31) “Tu<br />
k.marjaniSvili ufro lirikul xazs hkveT<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> trfobiT gaxelebuli<br />
vaJebis urTierTobaTa siRrmi<strong>da</strong>n amomaval siyvaruls ukavSireb<strong>da</strong><br />
speqtaklis saerTo tonalobas <strong>da</strong> saxes; al.axmetelisTvis<br />
sasiyvarulo gancdebi sababi Seiqna samyaros rTul movlenaTa arsSi<br />
garkvevis, pirovnul a<strong>da</strong>mianur TvisebaTa Secnobis, sazogadoebriv<br />
urTierTobaTa axsnis procesisaTvis”. (32)<br />
77
speqtaklis pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore moqmedeba ukve <strong>da</strong>dgmuli iyo,<br />
rodesac k.marjaniSvilma avadmyofobis gamo speqtaklis <strong>da</strong>sruleba al.<br />
axmetels ga<strong>da</strong>abara. al.axmetelma <strong>da</strong>amTavra speqtaklze muSaoba <strong>da</strong><br />
gamouSva kidec igi. magram axmetelis mier <strong>da</strong>dgmuli speqtaklis<br />
naxevari Zireulad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> k.marjaniSvilis versiisgan.<br />
al.axmetelisTvis piesa “lamara”, upirveles yovlisa, zneobrivi<br />
kategoriebis Semcveli heroikul-romantikuli suliskveTebis<br />
movlenad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>. gr.robaqiZis piesis aseTma gansxvavebulma<br />
interpretaciam mTlianad <strong>da</strong>ukarga mxatvruli mTlianoba speqtakls<br />
<strong>da</strong> igi ekleqturi gaxa<strong>da</strong>. am speqtaklma yvelaze TvalnaTliv<br />
gamoavlina ori reJisoris k.marjaniSvilisa <strong>da</strong> al.axmetelis sruliad<br />
gansxvavebuli SemoqmedebiTi xedva, gansxvavebuli Teatraluri<br />
esTetika.<br />
speqtakl “lamaraze” saubrisas ar SeiZleba calke ar gamovyoT<br />
misi avtori grigol robaqiZe. <strong>qarTul</strong> miTosze agebuli es piesa<br />
yvelaze metad aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> axlos erovnul <strong>da</strong> xalxur sawyisebTan. es<br />
miTi aRsavsea simboluri <strong>da</strong> mistikuri elementebiT <strong>da</strong> igi zRaprisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> realobis zRvarze arsebobs.<br />
“sicocxleSive legen<strong>da</strong>d iqca grigol robaqiZe. brwyinvale<br />
oratori, eseisti, poeti, prozaikosi, mkvlevari, filosofiurad<br />
moazrovne jentlmeni, yvelaferi erTad erT pirovnebaSi<br />
gaerTianebuli... TiTqos sakmarisia popularobisaTvis, magram misi<br />
fenomenis Zala mainc erovnul stiqiaSi Zevs. aq aris genetikuri kodi,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs robaqiZis SemoqmedebiT xasiaTs. igia saTave<br />
misi Teatralur-esTetikuri naazrevisa”. (33)<br />
gr.robaqiZe XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis <strong>qarTul</strong>i kulturis im<br />
moRvaweTa rigs ganekuTvneba, romelTaTvisac gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasi<br />
iyo yvelaferi <strong>qarTul</strong>i <strong>da</strong> erovnuli. amitomac modernistuli<br />
mimdinareobebis Zlier talRas gr. robaqiZem <strong>qarTul</strong>i wiaRi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
amosuli kulturuli tradiciebi <strong>da</strong>upirispira. “aqe<strong>da</strong>n modis misi<br />
nawarmoebebis miTosuri motivebic”. (34) rac Seexeba gr.robaqiZis<br />
SemoqmedebaSi Teatris mniSvnelobas, mas yvelaze kargad sakuTari<br />
naazrevi Camoyalibebuli aqvs moxsenebaSi “Teatri, rogorc ritmi”,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c is vrclad saubrobs Teatris mniSvnelobaze erebis kulturaTa<br />
78
istoriaSi. al.axmetelisTvis gr.robaqiZis “lamara” aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />
TviTSegnebisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari TviTmyofadobis gamovlenis utyuari<br />
saSualeba. am piesam samu<strong>da</strong>mod <strong>da</strong>ukavSira erTmaneTs reJisorisa <strong>da</strong><br />
dramaturgis Teatraluri esTetika. “grigol robaqiZisTvis Teatri<br />
iyo is samyaro, sa<strong>da</strong>c iqmneba <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxis sulieri formebi”. (35)<br />
speqtakl “lamaras” premiera 1930 wlis 25 aprils Sedga <strong>da</strong>dgmis<br />
scenografia mTlianad konstruqtivizmis principebze iyo agebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
masSi moqmedebis ganzogadebuli adgili, qveynis krebiTi saxe <strong>da</strong><br />
pirobiT-plastikuri samoqmedo sivrce iyo Seqmnili. Tu speqtakls<br />
“anzorSi” moqmedebis adgili scenografiulad yovel aqtSi mTlianad<br />
icvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> suraTebad iyo <strong>da</strong>yofili, “lamaraSi” dekoraciis<br />
komstruqcia erTi ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>zgis farglebSi icvlebo<strong>da</strong>, moqmedebis<br />
adgilis meti <strong>da</strong>konkretebisTvis. robaqiZiseuli zRaprul-simboluri<br />
samyaro i.gamrekelma amaRlebul baqanze <strong>da</strong>mreci ficarnagebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
stilizebuli mTis mwvervalebiT gamoZerwil samyaros modelSi asaxa.<br />
speqtaklis amaRlebulma suliskveTebam gansazRvra mxatvris mier<br />
Seqmnili moculobian-plastikuri dekoraciis formiseuli Sinaarsi.<br />
“lamaras” warmodgenis moqmedeba TiTqos miwasa <strong>da</strong> cas Soris<br />
sagangebod Seqmnil miTosur substanciaze viTardebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
“anzoris” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> mignebulma formaTa ganzogadebam<br />
logikuri gagrZeleba “lamaras” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> hpova. dekoraciul<br />
<strong>da</strong>zgaze saTamaSo moednebis diferenciacia, stilizebuli koSkebi <strong>da</strong><br />
spiralurad zeviT mimavali <strong>da</strong>mreci ficarnagebi erTian<br />
konstruqciul-plastikur formaSi iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. plastikuri<br />
formis sirbile <strong>da</strong> mrude xazebi, erTis mxriv Seesatyvisebo<strong>da</strong><br />
piesaSi arsebul lirikul sawyiss. amave dros xazebis denadi ritmi<br />
arbიleb<strong>da</strong> dekoraciis erTi formis meoreSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlas, rac aCereb<strong>da</strong><br />
koSkebis kuTxovanebis sixistes. dekoraciis koloriti <strong>da</strong> faqtura<br />
kldovani mTis ferdobebis asociacias qmni<strong>da</strong>.<br />
speqtakl “lamaras” mxatvroba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad თavisi<br />
konstruqtivistuli, funqcionaluri <strong>da</strong> samoqmedo xasiaTisa,<br />
kubisturi mxatvrobis elementebsac Seicav<strong>da</strong>. es ganpirobebuli iyo<br />
piesaSi Cadebuli mravalferovani ideuri SreebiT. gr.robaqiZe wer<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom speqtaklis mxatvroba ise un<strong>da</strong> iyos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili (x.k.), rom<br />
79
“...movlena mTlianad un<strong>da</strong> aiTvisebodes <strong>da</strong> ara atomisturad.” (ara<br />
nawilobriv-xazi Cemia). igi un<strong>da</strong> mimdinareobdes garkveul xazebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
aseve ferebSi. uTuod xedviTi STabeWdileba un<strong>da</strong> iyves gamoZaxili<br />
xmieri aTvisebis. ori xazi un<strong>da</strong> erTdebodes erT wertilSi, mxolod<br />
am SemTxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli movlenis mTlianad aTviseba. amitom<br />
principi mxatvrobis <strong>da</strong> arqiteqturis Tanamedrove scenaze ar<br />
SeiZleba iyos dekoratiuli. aq sxva principis momarjveba aris saWiro,<br />
cxovrebis ritmisagan gamomdinare principis, xazebi sa<strong>da</strong> swori, <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomia un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>edvas safuZvlad Teatris arqiteqturas. es ki aris<br />
principi- “konstruqtivizmi”-s. ukanasknels SeuZlebelia acdes<br />
Tanamedrove Teatri”. (36) amrigad, naTlad Cans, rom Tanamedrove<br />
Teatris gamomsaxvel-plastikur formad gr.robaqiZe konstruqtivizms<br />
miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. d.kakabaZe aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom speqtaklis mxatvruli<br />
gaformebisTis saWiroa “...dramaturgs gaaCndes scenuri drois zusti<br />
SegrZneba, raTa droSi gaSlili nawarmoebi erT mTlianobad Seikras”.<br />
mxatvari amas “kompoziciis grZnobas uwodeb<strong>da</strong>” (37) speqtakl “lamaras”<br />
droiT sivrces ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> misi dramaturgiuli safuZveli. “lamara”<br />
Zvel <strong>qarTul</strong> miTosze Seqmnili piesaa. amitom dro, romelSic is<br />
viTardeba, mTlianad pirobiTia. masSi drois bunebrivi svla<br />
speqtaklis moqmedebis saerTo tempo-ritmis Sesabamisi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo.<br />
piesaSi moqmedeba xevsureTSi viTardeba. speqtaklis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> moqmedebis adgilis konkretuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli detalebis gamokveTas. Tumca aqac aucilebeli iyo im<br />
zRvaris <strong>da</strong>cva, rom gaformebis detalebi <strong>da</strong> calkeuli sagnebi<br />
zedmetad yofiTi <strong>da</strong> naturalisturi ar yofiliyo. amave dros isini<br />
TvalsaCino nimuSebi iyo piesis gmirebis yofa-cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebisa. aseT mocemulobaSi mTliani droiTi sivrcis ageba<br />
scenaze did sirTules warmoadgens, radgan xevsureTi saqarTvelos im<br />
maRalmTian kuTxes ganekuTvneba, sa<strong>da</strong>c mZlavra<strong>da</strong>a ga<strong>da</strong>jaWvuli<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i warmarTuli kultebi qristianul religiasTan, romelsac<br />
emateba maT gverdiT arsebuli musulmanuri kulturac. am rTul<br />
ideologiur garemoSi Tanaarsebobas xevsuri <strong>da</strong> qisti xalxis<br />
bunebasTan mWidro kavSiriT axerxebs. is karnaxobs a<strong>da</strong>mianebs wesebs,<br />
romelTa wyalobiT mTielebi axerxeben moargon TavianTi yovelRiuri<br />
80
cxovreba <strong>da</strong> saqmianoba xist <strong>da</strong> xSirad saxifaTo bunebriv pirobebs.<br />
maT realur cxovrebaSi, xSirad droTa kavSiri erTmaneTSia areuli.<br />
aq dro usasruloba ufroa, vidre konkretuli <strong>da</strong>sawyisisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>sasrulis aRmniSvneli bunebrivi drois svla. amitom speqtakl<br />
“lamaras” Teatraluri sivrce xedvis usasrulobas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
speqtakli “lamara” oTx moqmedebad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. TiToeuli<br />
moqmedebisTvis oTxi gansxvavebuli dekoracia-<strong>da</strong>nadgari gakeT<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom “anzoris” scenografiisgan gansaxvavebiT lamaras<br />
gaformeba meti ferwerulobiTa <strong>da</strong> kolorituli mravalferovnebiT<br />
gamoirCeva. I moqmedebaSi dekoraciis konstruqcia xuTi erTmaneTze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>debuli pandusisgan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. pandusebi ise iyo ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebuli<br />
konstruqciis baqanze, rom mTis ferdobebze <strong>da</strong>Svebul bilikebs<br />
mogvagoneb<strong>da</strong>. dekoraciis <strong>da</strong>mreci sibrtyeebi konstruqciis centrisken<br />
moemarTebo<strong>da</strong>, romlis Ziri<strong>da</strong>n mTis stilizebuli dekoraciuli<br />
mwvervali iyo amozrdili. am mTas gverdebSezneqili trapeciis formis<br />
prizma warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. dekoraciis mTeli konstruqcia scenis moZrav<br />
wreze idga. igi 5-6 metris simaRlis iyo. dekoraciis koloriti<br />
naxevartonebiT iyo Sedgenili <strong>da</strong> mocisfro-monacrisfro tonSi iyo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. dekoraciis ze<strong>da</strong>piri moCiTuli tiloTi iyo ga<strong>da</strong>kruli.<br />
ganaTebis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong> dekoraciis formaTa erTmaneTSi SeWriT<br />
sakmaod cxovelxatuli efeqti iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>. mxatvars ise hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebuli dekoraciaze <strong>da</strong>mreci sibrtyeebisa <strong>da</strong> plastikur<br />
formaTa vertikaluri maxvilebi, rom mizanscenebSi masze ganlagebuli<br />
msaxiobebis moZraobiT <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Crdilebi Cndebo<strong>da</strong>. aRsaniSnavia<br />
lamaras pirveli Semosvla qist qalebTan erTad speqtaklis I aqtSi.<br />
ganaTebis iribi nakadiT dekoraciaze grZel Crdilebi ecemo<strong>da</strong>. isini<br />
erTmaneTs kveT<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> Suq-Crdilisa <strong>da</strong> gamonaTebuli<br />
adgilebis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba. speqtaklis gare ganaTebiT Seqmnili<br />
ferweruli efeqti mZafrdebo<strong>da</strong> uSualod dekoraciis plastikuri<br />
moculobiTi formebis ganaTebiT. dekoraciis waxnagovani forma<br />
TavisTavad qmni<strong>da</strong> gamonaTebuli <strong>da</strong> Camqrali ze<strong>da</strong>pirebis faqturul<br />
feradovnebas.<br />
speqtaklis eskizebis naxvisas kargad Cans, Tu ramdenad faqizad<br />
iyenebs i.gamrekeli kolorits. ZiriTadi ferebi dekoraciis<br />
81
koloritSia sa<strong>da</strong>fia <strong>da</strong>xSuli toni, iisfer-monacrisfo toni, romelic<br />
bindisfrad Seferil ferdobebs aqvT xolme.<br />
i.gamrekelma, iseve rogorc “anzoris” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>, “lamaraSic”<br />
konkretuli <strong>da</strong> amave dros ukiduresad ganzogadebuli moqmedebis<br />
adgili Seqmna. “lamaras” dekoraciaSi mxatvarma uamravi simbolo<br />
Caaqsova. pirvel yovlisa, dekoraciis forma ar aris ganyenebuli<br />
piesis Sinaarsi<strong>da</strong>n. TiTqos veeberTela gveli mZlavri taniT Semoxvevia<br />
mTis mwvervalebs. es aris piesis mTavari gmiris, gvelismWameli mindias<br />
bunebis sibrZnis simbolo. dekoraciebis geometriuli stilizacia,<br />
maTi pandisebiani <strong>da</strong>mreci saTamaSo sibrtyeebi mravalwertilian<br />
samoqmedo sivrces qmni<strong>da</strong>. aqac al.axmeteli moxerxebulad iyenebs<br />
dekoraciis formas masobrivi scenebis rTul mizanscenur naxazSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad, igi uzrunvelyofs scenaze erTdroulad asamde<br />
statistisa <strong>da</strong> msaxiobis moqmedebas mizanscenebSi <strong>da</strong>dgmul<br />
qoreografiul-plastikur kompoziciebSi.<br />
dekoraciis konstruqcia asimetriuli formis iyo <strong>da</strong> mTlianad<br />
ekava scenis sivrce. geometriuli stilizaciiT Seqmnili mTis<br />
dekoraciuli formebi bunebriv landSafts iyo misa<strong>da</strong>gebuli. mis<br />
safuZvels uzarmazari ovaluri formis baqani warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
dekoracia mTlianad iyo CarTuli scenur moqmedebaSi. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
scenaSi msaxiobebi ise iyvnen ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebuli mizanscenebSi, rom<br />
awonasworebdnen dekoraciis asimetriulobas. dekoraciis formi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare msaxiobebi TiTqos wreze moZraobdnen. dekoraciis<br />
plastikuri forma piesis SinaarsiT iyo nakarnaxevi. “lamaras”<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> droiTi sivrce, romelSic mindiasa <strong>da</strong> lamaras<br />
siyvaruliT gamowveuli tragedia sabediswero jaWvSi ikvrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
jadosnur Caketil wres qmni<strong>da</strong>. amitom iyo gamarTlebuli mxatvris<br />
mier Seqmnili Caketili droiTi sivrce scenaze, sai<strong>da</strong>nac piesis<br />
gmirebs ar ZaluZT Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rweva. xsna mxolod sikvdilia <strong>da</strong> isic am<br />
jaWvis erT-erTi rgolia.<br />
speqtaklis dinamikas gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> dekoraciis formis<br />
usasrulod erTmaneTSi gar<strong>da</strong>mavali formebi <strong>da</strong> msaxiobTa swrafi <strong>da</strong><br />
plastikuri moZraoba scenaze. lamaras pirveli gamosvlis Sesaxeb am<br />
rolis Semsrulebeli, msaxiobi T.wulukiZe wer<strong>da</strong>: ”sadRac maRla<br />
82
gogonas msubuqi silueti Cndebo<strong>da</strong>... Ria mwvane grZeli samosi, TeTri<br />
gamWvirvale TavsafriT... kldi<strong>da</strong>n gamoixe<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos gairin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mere<br />
mTeli siCqariT <strong>da</strong>eSva mTi<strong>da</strong>n mixveul-moxveuli bilikebiT. TviTonac<br />
iseTive moqnili, swrafi, qarze gafrialebuli JRali TmiT... wamierad<br />
gamoCn<strong>da</strong> (lamara - x.k.) <strong>da</strong> isev gaqra...” . (38)<br />
piesis mixedviT “lamaraSi” moqmedeba Zalian swrafad viTardeba.<br />
sul ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi Cven winaSe iSleba mindiasa <strong>da</strong><br />
lamaras igavi. movlenis amgvari SekumSva drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi<br />
speqtaklis dekoraciuli wyobiT iyo gamarTlebuli <strong>da</strong> ambavi<br />
speqtaklSi Tavisi welTaRricxviT midio<strong>da</strong>. swrafi moZraoba <strong>da</strong>mrec<br />
ficarnagebze, mTis bunebis sisxarte, mdinareebis swrafi dineba - es<br />
yvelaferi igZnoba dekoraciis plastikur xazebSi. mxatvarma drois<br />
svlas dekoraciis plastikuri formebiT Seuwyo xeli <strong>da</strong> igi mxatvrul<br />
metaforad aqcia. mTlianad ki speqtaklis scenografia metaforul-<br />
simboluri xasiaTis gamovi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
“lamaras” gaformeba mTlianad qmediTi scenografiis principebze<br />
iyo agebuli. dekoraciebis funqcinaluroba gankuTvnili iyo<br />
speqtaklis rTuli qmediT-plastikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisTvis. maTi saerTo<br />
mxatvruli iersaxe, masSi kodirebuli istoriuli, miTologiuri,<br />
eTnografiuli formebiT, mTis serpantinebiTa <strong>da</strong> mixveul-moxveuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>klaknili bilikebiT mTis bunebis rTuli Sinagani agebulebis<br />
simbolos matarebeli iyo. calkeul detalebSi ikveTebo<strong>da</strong> gvelis<br />
simbolo, rogorc gmiri mindias totemisturi alegoria. “rodesac<br />
gamrekelis mier Seqmnil sivrceSi msaxiobi Cndebo<strong>da</strong>, a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong><br />
dekoraciebi, erT mTlian plastikur siuJets qmni<strong>da</strong>. sivrce Tavis<br />
Sinagan qmediT bunebas, emociur maxsovrobas avlen<strong>da</strong>...”(39)<br />
i.gamrekelis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gansakuTrebuli adgili speqtkl<br />
“TeTnuldis” mxatvrobas ukavia. igi 1931 wels al.axmetelma<br />
ganaxorciela SoTa rusTavelis Teatris scenaze. mxatvruli<br />
TvalsazrisiT, Zalian saintereso scenografiul namuSevars<br />
warmoadgens sandro axmetelis mier <strong>da</strong>dgmuli S.<strong>da</strong>dianis “TeTnuldi”,<br />
romelSic ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilia scenuri drosa <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis realur droSi<br />
ganviTarebis problema.<br />
83
1930-ian wlebSi <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d revoluciuri <strong>da</strong><br />
samoqalaqo omis Tematikaze Seqmnili piesebi idgmebo<strong>da</strong>. axalma<br />
sabWoTa ideologiam dramaturgiaSi fsiqologiuri dramis axali Janri<br />
“optimisturi tragedia” gaaCina. misi <strong>novatoroba</strong> axali istoriuli<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis pirobebSi axali faseulobebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebaSi<br />
mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>, romelic axal zneobriv gmirebs warmoSob<strong>da</strong>. axlebur<br />
Sinaarss iZen<strong>da</strong> cxovreba, romelic gansxvavebul dramatul<br />
konfliqtebs warmoqmni<strong>da</strong>. sabWoTa tragediis gmirebi cxovrobdnen <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavs swiravdnen axali socialisturi samyaros SeqmnisaTvis.<br />
iRupebodnen moralurad gamarjvebulebi. ar iRupebo<strong>da</strong> maTi monapovari<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT saqmes Tanamoazreebi <strong>da</strong> TanamebrZolebi agrZelebdnen. amitomac<br />
sabWoTa tragedia optimisturi iyo, radgan igi momavlisTvis iyo<br />
gankuTvnili. yvelaze metad misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo heroikuli<br />
romantizmi. (40)<br />
optimistur tragediis JanrSi Seqmna dramaturgma S.<strong>da</strong>dianma piesa<br />
“TeTnuldi”. piesa uZveles svanur legen<strong>da</strong>ze mogviTxrobs. TeTnuldis<br />
mwvervali ubiwo qalwulis simbolo, svanebis wmin<strong>da</strong> salocavi. jer<br />
veravin SeZlo misi <strong>da</strong>pyroba. es veragi <strong>da</strong> gasaocari silamazis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tovlili mwvervali, sabWoTa epoqis gmirebs un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>epyroT. maT ar<br />
esmiT ufrosi Taobis gafrTxileba, rom TeTnuldze asvla<br />
SeuZlebelia <strong>da</strong> eqspedicia ganwirulia. magram eqspedicia mTaze<br />
asvlas mainc ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets <strong>da</strong> iRupeba kidec. es uZvelesi legen<strong>da</strong><br />
sabWoTa ideologiam Zvel cruwmenebTan brZolis iaraRad gamoiyena<br />
<strong>da</strong> axal, optimistur tragediad aqcia. S.<strong>da</strong>dians Tavis piesaSi<br />
Segnebulad ar hqon<strong>da</strong> gakeTebuli moqmedebis adgilis aRmniSvneli<br />
remarkebi. amrigad, speqtaklis scenografiuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta <strong>da</strong> samoqmedo<br />
forma mTlianad reJisorisa <strong>da</strong> mxatvris fantazias iyo mindobili.<br />
i.gamrekelma speqtakl “TeTnuldis” scenografia ukve tradiciul<br />
konsturqtivistul formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. dekoraciuli konstruqcia<br />
scena-kolofis mTel sivrceSi gaSlil uzarmazari svanuri koSkebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> TeTnuldis mTis stilizebul dekoracias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. mxatvroba<br />
formaTa krebiT-ganzogadebiT gamoirCeva. magram i.gamrekelis Seqmnili<br />
sxva scenografiuli namuSevrebisgan gansxvavebiT, “TeTnuldis”<br />
gaformeba yvelaze axlosaa erovnul, <strong>qarTul</strong>, mxatvrul formebTan.<br />
84
mxatvarma scenaze stilizebuli, magram mainc namdvili svanuri koSkebi<br />
aago, riTic speqtaklis moqmedebis adgilma konkretuli saxe miiRo.<br />
amitom masSi scenuri drois modelireba gansakuTrebul sirTules<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. yvelaze TvalsaCinod warsuli, awmyo <strong>da</strong> momavali,<br />
<strong>tradicia</strong> <strong>da</strong> axali realoba ga<strong>da</strong>ikveTa speqtakl “TeTnuldSi”.<br />
scenuri konstruqcia uzarmazar, erTmaneTze Sejgufebul<br />
paralelepipedebs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. es geometriuli stilizaciiT<br />
gakeTebuli Svidi svanuri koSkisagan Semdgari konstruqcia namdvili<br />
saTofurebiani gvirgviniT bolovdebo<strong>da</strong>. Tavisi zomebis gamo<br />
dekoracia TiTqos gaWedili iyo scenis sivrceSi. igi sam calkeul<br />
<strong>da</strong>zga-baqanze iyo agebuli, romelsac erTad ovaluri moyvaniloba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>. dekoraciis marcxena baqani Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRali iyo <strong>da</strong> masze<br />
oTxi svanuri koSki iyo ganlagebuli. koSkebi erTmaneTTan viwro<br />
kibiT iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. dekoraciis marjvena nawili ufro metad iyo<br />
diferencirebuli erTmaneTze awyobili pandusebiT. baqani koSkebs<br />
gars uvli<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> siRrmeSi aRmaval kibeebad iqceo<strong>da</strong>. aq Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali sami koSki iyo erTmaneTTan Sejgufebuli.<br />
“anzoris” aulisa <strong>da</strong> “lamaras” dekoraciebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
“TeTnuldis” konstruqcia meqanikurad moZravi iyo. moqmedebis<br />
Sesabamisad igi ixsnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iketebo<strong>da</strong>. amitom konstruqcia scenis<br />
siRrmeSi aRwev<strong>da</strong>. gansaxvavebiT “anzorisa” <strong>da</strong> “lamaras”<br />
dekoraciebisgan, romelzec konstruqciis plastikuri formi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare msaxiobTa <strong>da</strong> statistTa moZraoba erT SemTxvevaSi<br />
qvevi<strong>da</strong>n zeviT xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>, meore SemTxvevaSi zevi<strong>da</strong>n qveviT <strong>da</strong><br />
wriulad. “TeTnuldSi” mxatvarma scenis siRrme gaarRvia <strong>da</strong><br />
dekoraciis kompozicia xazobrivi perspeqtivis principebis Sesabamisad<br />
aago. amitom msaxiobebis svla scenaze dekoraciis ukana mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
gverdiTa kulisebi<strong>da</strong>n xdebo<strong>da</strong>. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom wina ori<br />
speqtaklis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> ukana dekoracia ganyenebuli far<strong>da</strong>-<br />
drapirebiT iyo gakeTebuli <strong>da</strong> xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> dekoraciis<br />
skulpturulobis gamovlenas. “TeTnuldSi” ukana sivrce mTis<br />
stilizebul plastikur dekoracias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> CarTuli iyo<br />
moqmedebaSi. ase aRwer<strong>da</strong> “TeTnuldis” avtori S.<strong>da</strong>diani konstruqciis<br />
ukana planze agebul TeTnuldis mTis dekoracias. “modernistuli<br />
85
formis kubisturi xazebi mkveTrad Cans am dekoraciaSi <strong>da</strong> swored<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> moe<strong>da</strong>ni Tavisi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari xaziT amTlianebs <strong>da</strong> kravs am or<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel farTobs”. (41)<br />
svanuri koSkebi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli speqtaklis moqmedebaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
saTamaSo-plastikur erTeuls warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. koSkebis saTofurebze<br />
msaxiobebisTvis saTamaSo baqani iyo gakeTebuli. speqtaklis<br />
mxatvroba mTlianad ganzogadebul-krebiTi saxis iyo. dekoraciis<br />
eskizebisa <strong>da</strong> maketis Tanaxmad, dekoraciis iataki zeaRmavali<br />
momrgvalebuli safexurebiani ficarnagebisgan iyo gakeTebuli. isini<br />
scenis planSetis ze<strong>da</strong>piris dekoraciul formaSi moqnil <strong>da</strong><br />
plastikur ga<strong>da</strong>svlas akeTeb<strong>da</strong>. rac Seexeba koSkebs, isini<br />
TeTrCanarTiani Jangisfer-monacrisfro cisfer tonSi iyo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. “TeTnuldis” scenografiis kolorituli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta <strong>da</strong><br />
dekoraciis ze<strong>da</strong>piris faqturuli <strong>da</strong>muSaveba maqsimalurad<br />
naturalur formebTan iyo misa<strong>da</strong>gebuli <strong>da</strong> qviT naSeni uZvelesi<br />
koSkebis xaoian <strong>da</strong> xavsian ze<strong>da</strong>pirs mogvagoneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rogorc ukve avRniSne, speqtakl “TeTnuldis” samoqmedo droiTi<br />
sivrce mis gaformebaSi dekoraciis gamokveTili saTamaSo funqciis<br />
miniWebiT warmodgenas gansakuTrebul dinamizms sZen<strong>da</strong>. dekoraciis<br />
meqanikuri moZraobiT, romelic mTlianad Seesatyvisebo<strong>da</strong> piesaSi<br />
ganviTarebul moqmedebas, i.gamrekelma ga<strong>da</strong>Wra saTeatro mxatvrobaSi<br />
arsebuli erT-erTi urTulesi mxatvruli <strong>da</strong> esTetikuri amocana.<br />
yvela speqtakli Tavis droiT-sivrcobriv formebSi arsebobs.<br />
pirobiTi scenuri dros Seqmnas xelx uwyobs scenaze dekoraciebiT<br />
Seqmnili scenografiuli garemo. xSirad scenuri dro ar emTxveva<br />
realur dros. rogorc wesi, scenuri dro piesaSi ganviTarebul<br />
movlenebs asaxvas, romelSic Cndeba Tavisi droiTi sivrce. Temis am<br />
nawilSi iyo moyvanili d.kakabaZis citata, romelSic mxatvari piesis<br />
avtorisgan “...scenuri drois zust SegrZnebas moiTxovs”. (42) piesa<br />
“TeTnuldSi” dro <strong>da</strong> droTa kavSiri is umniSvnelovanesi kategoriaa,<br />
romelic amTlianebs piesas,miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom warsulisa <strong>da</strong> awmyos<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebazea agebuli. aseTi formis dramaturgiuli masalis<br />
gaformebisas saWiro iyo ise saerTo droiTi niSnulis moZebna, rom<br />
speqtaklis mxatvruli mTlianoba ar <strong>da</strong>rRveuliyo. gar<strong>da</strong> uSualod<br />
86
dekoraciis qmediT-saTamaSo funqciis gazrdisa, romelic i.gamrekelma<br />
brwyinvaled ga<strong>da</strong>Wra svanuri koSkebis moZraobis ritmul dinamikaSi.<br />
scenografia speqtaklis moqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnili droiTi<br />
sivrcis materializacias axdens. yvelaze rTuli iseTi droiTi<br />
sivrcis agebaa, romelic Tavad xdeba moqmedebis Tanxvedri. scenuri<br />
dro yovelTvis pirobiTia, speqtakli ki realur droSi midis.<br />
speqtaklis moqmedebis agebuleba karnaxobs mxatvars dekoraciul<br />
formebs, TuU rogor gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnea es formebi plastikur sivrcobriv<br />
erTeulebad <strong>da</strong> ra urTierTqmedebaSi iqneba isini msaxiobTan <strong>da</strong><br />
dekoraciis sxva detalebTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia speqtaklSi srulfasovani<br />
droiTi sivrcis SeqmnasTan. i.gamrekelma “TeTnuldis” gaformebaSi<br />
miagno martiv, magram Zalian efeqtur xerxs. warmodgenis finalSi,<br />
rodesac mTamsvlelTa eqspedicia iRupebo<strong>da</strong> svanuri koSkebi ganze<br />
gadio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> samgloviaro zaris ritmSi iwyeb<strong>da</strong> moZraobas. mayureblis<br />
winaSe iSlebo<strong>da</strong> koSkebis kubistur-xazobrivi stilizaciiT agebuli<br />
TeTnuldis mwvervali, romelic finalur scenaze mkveTri wiTeli<br />
Suqis nakadiT iyo ganaTebuli. qmediTi scenografiis principebze<br />
Seqmnilma “TeTnuldis” dekoraciulma gaformebam SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong><br />
warmodgenis moqmedebis scenuri droisa <strong>da</strong> realuri drois<br />
erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>mTxveva. scenaze ganviTarebuli ambavi, romelic<br />
mxatvris mier Seqmnil samyaros konkretul scenografiul modelSi<br />
ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>, gaarRvia pirobiTi droiTi sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong> realur<br />
cxovrebaSi gaaerTiana Teatraluri realoba <strong>da</strong> cxovrebiseuli<br />
sinamdvile. speqtaklis finalSi koSkebis ritmuli moZraoba,<br />
azrobrivad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo dramaturgiasTan <strong>da</strong> reJisoris mier<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxul speqtaklis zeamocanasTan. mxatvarma <strong>qarTul</strong>i mxatvrul-<br />
stilisturi formebis ganzogadebiT Seqmnil dekoraciul sivrceSi,<br />
dekoraciuli xerxebiTa <strong>da</strong> scenis teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis<br />
gamoyenebiT, SeZlo speqtaklisgan cocxali organizmi Seeqmna.<br />
al.axmetelisTvis speqtakli dinamikuri procesi iyo, romlis Sedegi<br />
imdenad iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli procesze, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c Tavad process<br />
gaaCn<strong>da</strong> moqmedebaSi ritmis gansazRvris unari. rogori ritmuli iyo<br />
dekoraciebis forma al.axmetelis speqtaklSi, aseTive iyo<br />
speqtaklebis mizanscenebis ritmuli cvalebadoba. es formaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
87
plastikur naxazTa kontrastuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta mamoZravebeli muxti iyo<br />
speqtaklis procesisa, romelic i.gamrekelis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> ubadlod<br />
iyo Sesisxlxorcebuli.<br />
piesis Tanaxmad, scenaze Zveli svanuri dResaswauli lamproba<br />
imarTebo<strong>da</strong>. es mterze gamarjvebis dResaswaulia <strong>da</strong> saimprovizacio-<br />
sanaxaobrivi warmodgenebiT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. aman al.axmetels saSualeba<br />
misca speqtaklSi vrclad gaeTamaSebina Zveli <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri<br />
sanaxobrivi-saimprovizacio warmodgena, romelsac niRbosani berikebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> bapebi asruleben. am faqtiT reJisorma kidev ufro mkafiod<br />
gamoxata Tavisi gansakuTrebuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba Zveli <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
Teatris tradiciebisadmi, romlis axleburi gaazrebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
tradiciuli mxatvruli formebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmna axali<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> heroikul-revoluciuri Teatri. m.TevzaZes Tavis wignSi<br />
“scenuri sivrcis problema sandro axmetelisa <strong>da</strong> irakli gamrekelis<br />
SemioqmedebaSi” moyvanili aqvs k.marjaniSvilis citata, romelSic<br />
didi reJisori <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri Teatris Sesaxeb wer<strong>da</strong>- ”<strong>qarTul</strong>ma<br />
xalxurma sanaxaobebma SesaZloa migviyvanos iseT moulodnel<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnamde, romelic ara Tu <strong>da</strong>sdebs axal safuZvels, aramed<br />
ganagrZobs sicocxlis im Zafs romelic modis dRes <strong>da</strong>karguli, magram<br />
odesRac arsebuli namdvili erovnuli Teatrisgan”.(43)<br />
k.marjaniSvilis es gamonaTqvami yvelaze metad esa<strong>da</strong>geba al.axmetelis<br />
Teatralur azrovnebas.<br />
piesaSi xalxis mZlavri masa ar moqmedebs. aq ar iyo mezRvaurebis,<br />
an ajanyebuli <strong>da</strong>Restnelebis sabrZolo yiJina. S.<strong>da</strong>dianis piesaSi<br />
antikuri tragediis msgavsad, qoro moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. m.TevzaZes Tavis<br />
wignSi moyvanili aqvs S.<strong>da</strong>dianis amonaridi, romelSic piesis avtori<br />
aRniSnavs, rom “... Cemi qoro ufro sulieri ganwyobilebebis Semqmnelia<br />
piesaSi <strong>da</strong> ara bedis momaswavebeli an ganmmartebeli”...(44)<br />
“TeTnuldSi” erTmaneTs miTi <strong>da</strong> realoba upirispirdeba. “TeTnuldi”<br />
miTia, romelsac zneobriv safuZvlad mTeli svaneTis siwminde udevs.<br />
misi SebRalvis ufleba ki aravis aqvs. yvelas, vinc amas <strong>da</strong>apirebs,<br />
buneba STanTqavs. miTisa <strong>da</strong> realobis, warsulisa <strong>da</strong> awmyos<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebas erTmaneTTan, al.axmetelma speqtaklSi berikebis scenebiT<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
88
gansakuTrebiT sainteresod iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili berikebis scenebi II<br />
moqmedebaSi. ZiriTadi samoqmedo sivrce dekoraciuli <strong>da</strong>nadgaris<br />
centraluri moe<strong>da</strong>ni iyo. bapebis scenebSi mizanscenebi ise iyo<br />
agebuli, TiTqos berikebi qaoturad, uamocanod ga<strong>da</strong>adgildebodnen<br />
scenaze. sinamdvileSi maTi aseTi moqmedeba erTgvar plastikur<br />
improvizacias waagav<strong>da</strong>. yvelaze STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi lamprobis ritualuri<br />
cekva iyo, rasac gansakuTrebul gamomsaxvelobas bapebis kostiumi-<br />
niRbebis groteskuli saxviTi forma aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. i.gamrekelma<br />
specialurad “TeTnuldis” scenografiisTvis Seqmna berikebis<br />
kostiumebi <strong>da</strong> niRbebi. qmediT <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> personaJuli <strong>da</strong><br />
saTamaSo scenografiis amoqmedeba mTlianad pasuxob<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove<br />
scenografiis principebs. speqtaklis gaformebis samive forma erTian<br />
qmediT formaSi moeqca. aman kidev ufro gaamdidra speqtakli <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
mxatvrul mTlianobaSi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi saxviT-gamomsaxveli elementi<br />
Seitana. erT scenaze, erTi ambis garSemo, gaerTian<strong>da</strong> axali <strong>da</strong> Zveli<br />
Teatraluri esTetika <strong>da</strong> uZvelesi Teatris formebi, romelmac<br />
erTmaneTi Seavso <strong>da</strong> sabolood speqtaklis mTlian mxatvrul<br />
formaSi Sejer<strong>da</strong>.<br />
TeTnuldis legendis erovnuli suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli<br />
piesis <strong>da</strong>dgma, sabWoTa ideologiis kosmopolitizmis pirobebSi,<br />
sakmaod Tamami nabiji iyo. “optimisturi tragedia” “TeTnuldis”<br />
wyalobiT, SoTa rusTavelis Teatris scenaze sruli masStabiT<br />
warmoCin<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris warsuli <strong>da</strong> axali mxatvruli forma,<br />
axali esTetika. igi srulad pasuxob<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i saTeatro xelovnebis<br />
im epoqis moTxovnebs, romelSic igi <strong>da</strong>idga. es iyo Teatraluri<br />
konstruqtivizmi warmoqmnili Tanamedrove xelovnebis modernistul,<br />
klasikur, Teatralur <strong>da</strong> xalxur sanaxaobriv xelovnebaze.<br />
rom ara i.gamrekelis scenografia, al.axmetelis reJisoruli<br />
meTodi, romelic sanaxaobrivi Teatrisken iswrafvo<strong>da</strong>, speqtaklebi<br />
“anzor”, “lamara”, “TeTnuldi” srulyofil mxatvrul saxes ver<br />
SeiZen<strong>da</strong>. grandiozuli Tavisi masStabiTa <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli zemoqmedebiT,<br />
masobrivi scenebi, reJisors piesis mTavari ideis matarebeli gmiris<br />
gamosavlenad sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>. es is zneobrivi gmiri iyo, romelsac<br />
Tavisi magaliTiT SeeZlo Seecvala movlenaTa svla, aiyolia <strong>da</strong><br />
89
Tavad eqcia gmirad xalxi. aseTi zneobrivi gmiris ZiebaSi iyo al.<br />
axmeteli mTeli Semoqmedebis manZilze “bedro zmania<strong>da</strong>n” Tavis bolo<br />
warmodgenamde.<br />
“anzori”, “lamara” <strong>da</strong> ”TeTnuldi” rogorc tripriqi ise aRiqmeba.<br />
masSi erTmaneTs Seerwya al.axmetelis reJisoruli meTodi <strong>da</strong> SoTa<br />
rusTavelis Teatris esTetika, romelic <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris<br />
tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, axal Teatralur gamomsaxvelobiT enad<br />
iqca. i.gamrekelis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gamorCuli adgili ukavia am sami<br />
speqtaklis gaformebas. samive speqtaklSi mxatvarma gansxvavebuli<br />
ideis <strong>da</strong> suliskveTebis matarebeli samyaros modeli Seqmna. “anzorSi”<br />
iyo heroikul-revoluciuri, gar<strong>da</strong>texis zRvarze myofi samyaro;<br />
“lamaraSi” samyaros mTlianobis idea, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianisadmi<br />
siyvarulis <strong>da</strong> zneobis miTiur magaliTzea <strong>da</strong>myarebuli; <strong>da</strong><br />
“TeTnuldi”, romelic ganuyofelia sakuTari erovnuli<br />
TviTSegnebisgan <strong>da</strong> warsuli tradiciebisgan. amitom TemaSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli aqcenti al.axmetelisa <strong>da</strong> i.gamrekelis mier Seqmnil<br />
am sam speqtaklzea gakeTebuli, radgan maTSi mkafiod gamoikveTa<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i erovnuli forma <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsi.<br />
Tavi II. Tanamedrove <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografia<br />
qveTavi I. Tanamedrove scenografiis Teoriis sakiTxebi<br />
Tanamedrove TeatrSi scenografias speqtaklis mTliani<br />
mxatvruli saxis SeqnaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. scenografiam,<br />
rogorc Teatraluri <strong>da</strong>dgmis sivrcobrivi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis erTobliobam,<br />
Tavis TavSi gaaerTiana is mravalferovani gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
saSualebebi, romliTac iqmneba dramaturgiis materialuri forma <strong>da</strong><br />
speqtaklis samoqmedo plastikur-dekoraciuli garemo. scenografiia<br />
Semadgeneli elementebia, dekoraciuli formebiTa <strong>da</strong> sagnebiTa<br />
gansazRvruli scenuri garemo, ganaTeba, scenis teqnikuri mowyoba <strong>da</strong><br />
aRWurviloba, scenuri kostiumi <strong>da</strong> grimi. yvelaferi es Tavs iyris<br />
qmediT-saxovan sistemaSi, romelsac speqtaklis scenografiuli saxe<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
scenografiis ganviTareba TeatrSi reJisoris profesiis <strong>da</strong><br />
reJisuris, rogorc xelovnebis <strong>da</strong>rgis mniSvnelobis gazr<strong>da</strong>m<br />
90
ganapiroba. swored reJisuram yvelaze mkafiod gaiazra scenografiis<br />
mniSvneloba Teatraluri nawarmoebis SeqmnaSi. sruliad axleburad<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> Teatris mxatvris profesiis gaazrebac. scenografi aRar iyo<br />
ubralod speqtaklis mxatvar-gamnformebeli. igi gax<strong>da</strong> Teatris<br />
teqnologi, inJiner-konstruqtori, fermweri, arqiteqtori, dizaineri.<br />
sasceno sivrcis organizeba, speqtaklis samoqmedo garemos Seqmna,<br />
dekoraciis azrobrivi ganTavseba scenis sivrceSi <strong>da</strong> funqcionalurad<br />
gamarTuli scenografiuli garemos Seqmna mxatvar-scenografs evaleba.<br />
misi Semoqmedeba axal meTodologiazea <strong>da</strong>myarebuli. Tanamedrove<br />
TeatrSi qmediTi scenografiis arsi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, garTul<strong>da</strong><br />
scenografiis funqcionaluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvac.<br />
scenografiis, rogorc saxviTi xelovnebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong>rgis<br />
ganviTarebam saWiro gaxa<strong>da</strong> misi Teoriuli safuZvelis gansazRvrac.<br />
scenografiis Teoriuli safuZvlebi Teatris ganviTarebis<br />
aTaswleulebis manZilze <strong>da</strong>grovil gamocdilebas <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
qveynebis sanaxaobrivi kulturis tradiciebs emyareba. scenografiis<br />
Teoriis sakiTxebi, romlebic kompleqsurad moicavs scenuri<br />
nawarmoebis sivrcobrivi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis yvela struqturul<br />
Taviseburebebs, Cvens droSi <strong>da</strong> Cvens Tvalwin yalibdeba. Teatri,<br />
rogorc cocxali <strong>da</strong> mudmivad ganaxlebadi xelovneba, araerTgvarovan<br />
mxatvrul formebs badebs. Sesabamisad misi Teoriuli safuZvelic <strong>da</strong><br />
meTodologiuri formac araerTgvarovania. xelovnebaTmcodne <strong>da</strong><br />
scenografiis mkvlevari m.etkindi aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom - “xelovnebis es<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgi ver <strong>da</strong>ikvexnis, Tavis monaTesave saxelovnebo <strong>da</strong>rgebis msgavsad,<br />
met-naklebad SemuSavebuli TeoriiT... Teoria aq imdenia, ramdeni<br />
mxatvaric arsebobs” (45)<br />
Teatrmcodneebisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebaTmcodneebis interesi Tanamedrove<br />
scenografiis Teoriuli sakiTxebisadmi 1970-ian wlebSi aqtualuri<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>. mkvlevarTa naSromebSi dekoraciuli xelovneba ganixilebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rogorc Teatraluri xelovnebis Semadgeneli erTeuli. scenografia<br />
ki, rogorc speqtaklis <strong>da</strong>namati. mas saxviTi xelovnebis romelime<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgis pozicii<strong>da</strong>n ganixilaven, magaliTad ferweris. saukuneebis<br />
manZilze scenografiis ganviTareba yvelaze mWidrod ferweris<br />
ganviTarebasTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. igi gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> scenografiis<br />
91
ZiriTad mxatvrul formas <strong>da</strong> funqciur mxares. masSi aisaxa <strong>da</strong>zguri<br />
xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela mxatvruli mimdinareoba <strong>da</strong> stili. ase iyo<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> Teatralur mxatvrobaSic, romelic mTlianad <strong>da</strong>zguri<br />
xelovnebi<strong>da</strong>n amoizar<strong>da</strong>, SemdgomSi <strong>qarTul</strong>i sanaxaobrivi Teatris,<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i monumenturi mxatvrobis <strong>da</strong> wignis <strong>da</strong>suraTebis tradiciebis<br />
axleburi gaazreba mohyva.<br />
scenografiis kompoziciur agebulebas gansazRvravs Teatris<br />
specifikuri Taviseburebebi (arqiteqtura, scenis forma <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi), dramaturgiuli masalis forma <strong>da</strong><br />
Sinaarsi, romli<strong>da</strong>nac gamomdinareobs piesa, moqmedeba, misi<br />
dekoraciis CarTuloba speqtaklis moqmedebaSi. arqiteqtura, rogorc<br />
scenuri sivrcis forma gansazRvravs speqtaklis gaformebis saxes,<br />
moicavs ra scenis teqnikur parametrebsa <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebs. ferwera<br />
Tanamedrove Teatralur mxatvrobaSi dekoraciis koloritiT <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTebis palitriT ganisazRvreba. scenis dekoraciuli sivrcis<br />
plastikuri <strong>da</strong>muSaveba ki, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia gaformebis sagnobrivi<br />
detalebis msaxiob-personaJTan urTierTqmedebaze. msaxiobis moqmedeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> scenografiuli garemos urTierTqmedeba scenaze, <strong>da</strong>dgmis<br />
reJisorul koncefciazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis Teoria <strong>da</strong> Teatris mxatvris praqtikuli<br />
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis meTodologia Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad<br />
Seswavlili. CvenSi scenografiis saxviTi xelovnebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgad Camoyalibeba 1920-ian wlebSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. mas ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong><br />
erTiani Teoriuli safuZveli, xolo saTeatro mxatvrobis<br />
meTodologia mTlianad mxatvar-Semoqmedebis praqtikul codnasa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamocdilebas emyarebo<strong>da</strong>. scenografiis Teoriuli principebis<br />
gansazRvra, misi ganviTarebis adreul etapze, mravalricxovan<br />
sarepeticio CanawerebSi, <strong>da</strong> reJisorTa naSromebsa Tu werilebSi<br />
SeiZleba moviZioT. am TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvnelovania didi<br />
mxatvris, scenografis, mkvlevarisa <strong>da</strong> Teoretikosis d.kakabaZis<br />
werili “<strong>qarTul</strong>i dramatuli studia”, romelSic avtori sakuTari<br />
praqtikuli gamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n gansazRvravs scenografiis ZiriTad<br />
Teoriul sakiTxebs. maTSi mkafiod ikveTeba d.kakabaZis novatoruli<br />
92
SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba, romlis ZiriTadi Tezisebi Tanamedrove<br />
msoflio scenografiis Teoriul safuZvlebs Seadgens.<br />
d.kakabaZe Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> mxatvris rols <strong>da</strong><br />
funqcias TeatrSi. mxatvris gamonaTqvamebi<strong>da</strong>n aSkara xdeba, rom igi<br />
ar ganixilavs mxatvars, rogor ubralod speqtaklis gamformebels, <strong>da</strong><br />
mis saqmianobas saerTo Teatralur SemoqmedebasTan aigivebs. “mxatvari<br />
ilustratori ki ar aris reJisoris azrisa, aramed reJisorTan erTad<br />
Slis dramatul moqmedebas. es gamonaTqvami emTxveva 1920-30-ian wlebis<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis praqtikul miRwevebs, qmediTi scenografiis<br />
principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic mimarTuli iyo scenuri<br />
moqmedebis gaformebaze. mxatvris mier “dramatuli moqmedebis gaSlas”<br />
Teatrmcodne n.uruSaZe ganmartavs Semdegnairad: igi miiCnevs, rom am<br />
fraziT, mxatvari akonkretebs Tavis funqcias TeatrSi <strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />
CarTulobas speqtaklis <strong>da</strong> gmirTa cxovrebis dinebaSi. Semdeg<br />
d.kakabaZe vrclad saubrobs Teatris mxatvris SemoqmedebiT meTodze:<br />
“...mxatvari muSaobs saxviTi xelovnebis saSualebiT, magram marto<br />
feri, moculoba, sivrce ki ar un<strong>da</strong> ainteresebdes, aramed TviT<br />
moqmedeba- speqtaklis dinamika”. mxatvris roli metad mniSvnelovania<br />
speqtaklis ideuri Sinaarsis gamoxatulebaSi. mxatvari aucileblad<br />
gavlenas axdens speqtaklis formaze <strong>da</strong> ideur Sinaarsze. yovel<br />
mxatvrul nawarmoebs un<strong>da</strong> axasiaTebdes mTliani mxatvruli<br />
gamosaxuleba. un<strong>da</strong> moiZebnos erTi ideuri Sinaarsi speqtaklisa -<br />
amaze muSaobs reJisori, avtori, dramaturgi. speqtaklis mTlianobis<br />
momcemi aris umetes SemTxvevaSi mxatvari”.<br />
d.kakabaZe miiCnevs, rom mxatvari TeatrSi midis imisaTvis, rom<br />
amoxsnas piesis <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis de<strong>da</strong>azri <strong>da</strong> igi emociurad zemoqmedi<br />
gaxados. mayurebelze amgvar zemoqmedebas, ganapirobebs is<br />
Teatraluri metyveli saSualebebi, romlebsac mimarTaven scenis<br />
xelovanebi dramaturgis nawarmoebis amosaxsnelad. es saSualebani<br />
garkveulad un<strong>da</strong> ukavSirdebodnen erTmaneTs, qmnidnen garkveul<br />
sistemas. maSin aRmocendeba am speqtaklis gaTamaSebis konkretuli<br />
piroba”.(46)<br />
speqtaklis samoqmedo sivrce aris “mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi<br />
kategoria, romelic xsnis filosofiurad piesas <strong>da</strong> speqtakls”.<br />
93
imisaTvis rom mxatvarma scenaze samoqmedo scenografiuli garemo<br />
Seqmnas, saWiroa, pirvel yovlisa, “dramaturgma Camoayalibos<br />
kompoziciur-arqiteqturul formebSi piesa. speqtaklis mxatvruli<br />
saxis Seqmnisas xelovnebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebi erTian saxviT sistemaSi<br />
iyrian Tavs. speqtaklis mxatvruli mTlianobis misaRwevad saWiroa<br />
ganisazRvros speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformebis kompozicia, wyoba.<br />
igi speqtaklis siuJetur-dramaturgiuli safuZvliT iwyeba. d.kakabaZe<br />
dramaturgebisgan scenuri drois zust SegrZnebas moiTxovs, “raTa<br />
droSi gaSlili nawarmoebi erT mTlianobad Sekruliyo. warmodgenis<br />
dramaturgiuli safuZveli imgvari struqturis un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rom drois<br />
Segneba (ara epoxalurad), aramed sivrcis gagebiT (udroo<br />
scenacarielia) un<strong>da</strong> aigos”. (47) amas d.kakabaZe kompoziciis grZnobas<br />
uwodebs. Tanamedrove TeatrSi speqtaklis mxatvrul formas<br />
dramaturgiuli masalis reJisoruli wakiTxva gansazRvravs, romliTac<br />
ikveTeba <strong>da</strong>dgmis zeamocana.<br />
speqtaklis mxatvruli mTlianobisTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba uSualod scenografias eniWeba. <strong>da</strong>dgmis sivrcobrivi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta gansazRvravs speqtaklis vizualur mxares. igi moicavs ara<br />
marto mxatvris mier Seqmnil dekoracias, kostiumsa <strong>da</strong> ganaTebis<br />
struqturas, aramed yvelafers, rac scenis sivrceSi speqtaklis<br />
moqmedebis gaSlas emsaxureba. speqtaklis sivrcobriv ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi<br />
aseve mniSvnelovani funqcia msaxiobs <strong>da</strong> mis fizikur SesaZleblobebs<br />
eniWeba, aseve Teatraluri scenis arqiteturul wyobas <strong>da</strong> mis teqnikur<br />
aRWurvilobas.<br />
d.kakabaZis azriT, scenografiuli sivrce mTlianad un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaiSalos Teatris scenaze, moicvas misi yvela sivrculi monakveTi:<br />
avanscena, saxeldobr scena, kulisebi, mayurebelTa <strong>da</strong>rbazic ki.<br />
saWiroa sasceno sivrcis axleburi aTviseba. Tanamedrove Teatrs aRar<br />
akmayofilebs Zveli Teatris teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong> masze<br />
agebuli dramaturgiuli moqmedeba. “exla scenuri “kolofi” icvleba”.<br />
d.kakabaZe saubrobs aratradiciul sasceno sivrcis scenografiul<br />
aTvisebazec <strong>da</strong> scena-kolofis saTamaSo moedniT Secvlis ideas<br />
ganixilavs. es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia, radgan XX<br />
saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi mTels msoflioSi scenografiuli eqsperimentebi,<br />
94
ogorc tradiciul scena-kolofis sivrceSi, aseve alternatiuli,<br />
araTeatralur sivrceebSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. (magaliTisTvis 1907 wels<br />
miuxenSi agebuli samxatyvro Teatris axali Senoba, arqiteqtori<br />
m.litmani).<br />
klasikuri scenis sivrce, anu scena-kolofi (romelsac SoTa<br />
rusTavelis Teatris scena warmoadgens) gansazRvravs <strong>da</strong> ganapirobebs<br />
speqtaklis scenografiis plastikur-sivrcobriv formas. klasikuri<br />
Teatraluri sivrce sasceno sivrciTa <strong>da</strong> mayurebelTa <strong>da</strong>rbaziT,<br />
scenis portaliTaa gamijnuli. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva epoqebSi scenis portali<br />
gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis mxatvrul formas, magram is yovelTvis<br />
pirobiTi xasiaTis iyo. naturalizmSi igi uxilavi meoTxe kedliT,<br />
mTlianad gamijnav<strong>da</strong> mayurebels <strong>da</strong> msaxiobs. Tanamedrove TeatrSi<br />
zRvari mayurebelTa <strong>da</strong>rbazsa <strong>da</strong> scenas Soris, kidev ufro pirobiTi<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>, radgan igi Tavisufalia raime SezRudvebisgan. aratradiciul<br />
sasceno sivrcis gaformebisas scenografma un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvros<br />
plastikuri formis iseTi ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba scenaze, rom dekoracia scenis<br />
pirobiTi portalis farglebSi moeqces.<br />
sasceno sivrcis organizebisaTvis aucilebelia ganisazRvros<br />
scenis realuri <strong>da</strong> irealuri sivrce. scenis realuri sivrce misi<br />
arqiteqturuli formaa. igi saSualebas aZlevs mxatvars gansazRvros<br />
scenografiuli garemos forma, anu irealuri sivrce. igi scenis<br />
realuri formas, mis sivrceSi agebul irealuri sivrcis konkretuli<br />
formiseuli elementebis urTierTqmedebiT, moqmedebis specifikis,<br />
dramaturgiuli masalis Taviseburebis, Janris, Teatris esTetikis,<br />
epoqisa <strong>da</strong> gaformebis koncefciis Tanaxmad cvlis.<br />
“Teatraluri sivrce aris mTavari elementi, sa<strong>da</strong>c moZraobs<br />
msaxiobi. es aris mTavari elementi speqtaklisa - mxatvris<br />
SemoqmedebiTi kategoria, romelic xsnis filosofiurad piesas <strong>da</strong><br />
speqtakls”. (48) scenografiis vizualuri aRqmisaTvis saWiroa masebis<br />
urTierTqmedeba, anu speqtaklis mizanscenobrivi naxazi, romelic<br />
gansazRvravs scenis sivrcis plastikuri <strong>da</strong>muSavebas.<br />
d.kakabaZe aRniSnavs, rom “mxatvarma aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> gauwios<br />
angariSi dramaturgs, reJisors <strong>da</strong> mayurebels, magram upirveles<br />
yovlisa, un<strong>da</strong> gauwios angariSi aqtiors”. (49) msaxiobis<br />
95
SesaZleblobebis gamovlena <strong>da</strong> maTi gaTvaliswinebiT speqtaklis<br />
samoqmedo garemos Seqmna, Tanamedrove scenografiis Teoriis erT-erTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. msaxiobis moqmedeba scenaze viTardeba,<br />
Tanac scenur sivrcesa <strong>da</strong> dekoraciul garemosTan rTul sivrcobriv<br />
urTierTkavSirSi.<br />
scenis sivrceSi dekoraciis plastikuri formis siRrmiseuli<br />
gamovlena msaxiobisa <strong>da</strong> scenografiuli formebis urTierTqmedebis<br />
Sedegad xdeba. scenuri sivrcis plastika srulad speqtaklis<br />
mizanscenobriv naxazSi vlindeba. a.Tairovi wer<strong>da</strong>- “scenuri<br />
nawarmoebi garkveulwilad arqiteqturuli nawarmoebicaa, is kidev<br />
ufro rTuli ramaa, vidre arqiteqtura, radgan misi elementebi, misi<br />
masebi cocxalia, moZravia <strong>da</strong> am nagebobaSi sizustis miRweva, masaTa<br />
swori ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba erT-erT mTavari amocanaa”. (50)<br />
speqtaklis msvlelobisas msaxiobebi calkeul azrobriv jgufebs<br />
qmnian <strong>da</strong> rTul mizanscenobriv monaxazSi erTiandebian. am jgufebis<br />
xazobrivi wyoba, msaxiobTa raodenoba, dekoraciuli foni, romelzec<br />
maTi moqmedeba viTardeba, scenur sivrcesa <strong>da</strong> dekoraciul garemosTan<br />
rTul sivrcobriv urTierTkavSirSia. amitom saWiroa speqtaklSi<br />
scenaze msaxiobis organuli saTamaSo sivrcis Sesaqmnelad<br />
ganisazRvros, Tu rogor garemoSi iqmneba mizanscenebSi plastikuri<br />
jgufebi. mizanscenobrivi naxazis dinamikas dramaturgiul masalaSi<br />
arsebuli moqmedebis xarisxi ganapirobebs. msaxiobi ganuyofelia<br />
scenaze arsebuli sagnobrivi <strong>da</strong> dekoraciuli sivrcisgan. metic - mas,<br />
rogorc speqtaklis moZrav plastikur <strong>da</strong> qmediT elements, moqmedebaSi<br />
mohyavs scenur sivrceSi azrobrivad galagebuli dekoraciis<br />
detalebi. amitomac msaxiobis samoqmedo adgili scenaze <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
Serwyma dekoraciul sivrcesTan ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet funqcias asrulebs<br />
scenografiuli garemos SeqmnaSi.<br />
speqtaklis mizanscenobrivi naxazi <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis dinamizmi<br />
al.axmetelis speqtaklebSi msaxiob-statistTa didi masis<br />
qoreografiul-plastikur mizanscenobriv naxazSi vlindebo<strong>da</strong>. amas<br />
xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> dekoraciis qmediTi SesaZleblolebi. diferencirebuli<br />
saTamaSo moednebi, dekoraciis faqturuli <strong>da</strong>muSaveba, gaformebis<br />
calkeuli detalebi <strong>da</strong> TamaSSi CarTuli sagnebi, speqtaklis<br />
96
eJisoruli naazrevis gamovlenas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>. d.kakabaZe wers, rom<br />
“mxatvarma un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas sivrcis <strong>da</strong> moculobis forma Sefardebuli<br />
piesis ideur SinaarsTan-rom aqtioris TamaSi <strong>da</strong> piesis moqmedeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>ubrkolebliv gaSlili iqnes”. d.kakabaZe Tavis TezisebSi xazgasmiT<br />
aRniSnavs, rom mxatvarma speqtaklis gaformebaze muSaobisas mTeli<br />
Tavisi SemoqmewdebiTi Zalisxmeva <strong>da</strong> Canafiqri un<strong>da</strong> mimarTos<br />
“aqtioris TamaSisTvis” <strong>da</strong> “speqtaklis mTavari moqmedebisTvis”.<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> scenografiuli xerxebiT speqtaklis<br />
mxatvruli ideis gamosaxva sul ufro xSirad gaTamaSebuli sagan-<br />
dekoraciebiT xdeba.<br />
scenografia, rogorc Teatraluri nawarmoebis mxatvrul-<br />
vizualuri forma, iTvaliswinebs Teatris specifikas, SemoqmedebiT<br />
miswrafebebs, tradiciebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis<br />
axleburi gaazrebis kanonzomierebas. “Teatraluri warmodgena<br />
sinTetikur xasiaTs un<strong>da</strong> atarebdes”, - acxadebs d.kakabaZe. mxatvris am<br />
sityvebSi kodirebulia Teatris sinTezur-sinkretuli arsi, romelSic<br />
martivi saxviTi formebi<strong>da</strong>n warmoqmnili sinTezi speqtaklis mxatvrul<br />
mTlianobaSi ikvreba. Tanamedrove <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> Tanabari wiliT<br />
aris warmodgenili Teatraluri <strong>da</strong> saxviTi xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgi.<br />
Teatri sinkretul-sinTezuri xelovnebaa. pirveladi masSi aris<br />
sinTezuri sawyisi. igi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia pirvelyofili primitiuli<br />
formiseuli elementisaTvis, rogoricaa ritualuri wes-Cveulebebis<br />
cekva-TamaSobebi. sinTezuroba vlindeba scenuri nawarmoebis Seqmnis<br />
procesSi CarTul xelovnebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebis urTierTqmedebaSi<br />
(simRera, musika, cekva, mxatvroba) misgan warmoSobili xelovnebis<br />
martivi formebi ferwera, qan<strong>da</strong>keba, musika, literatura, Teatris<br />
Semadgenel calkeul elementebad <strong>da</strong>rCa. literatura TeatrSi<br />
dramaturgiad iqca, mxatvruli gaformeba-dekoraciul xelovnebad,<br />
musika-speqtaklis xmovan-musikaluri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetad, plastika-sasceno<br />
moZraobad <strong>da</strong> qoreografiad. pirvelyofili xelovnebis formiseuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>SliT warmoqmnili saxviTi xelovnebis martivi formebis<br />
urTierTqmedebiT, warmoiSva rTuli sinTezuri xelovnebis sistema -<br />
97
Teatri. igi mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli xelovnebaTa saerTo<br />
sistemasTan.<br />
speqtaklis Seqmnis procesSi sinTezuri elementebis Serwymas<br />
reJisura uzrunvelyofs. misi amocanebia: dramaturgiuli masalis<br />
wakiTxva, <strong>da</strong>dgmis zeamocanis gamovlena, mizansconebrivi naxazis ageba,<br />
msaxiobTa SesaZleblobebis gansazRvra, maTTvis samoqmedo amocanebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxva. samoqmedo sivrcis Seqmnas, scenis sivrcis plastikur<br />
<strong>da</strong>muSavebas, Teatraluri kostiumebis Seqmnas, speqtaklis samoqmedo<br />
sivrceSi sagnebis swor ganawilebas, scenografia uzrunvelyofs.<br />
speqtaklis mxatvrul-vizualuri saxis Sesaqmnelad dRes saxviTi<br />
xelovnebis yvela <strong>da</strong>rgi gamoiyeneba. scenografiis kompozicias<br />
gansazRvravs Teatris specifikuri Taviseburebebi, dramaturgiuli<br />
masalis forma <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsi, romli<strong>da</strong>nac gamomdinareobs piesa-<br />
moqmedeba, dekoraciis CarTuloba speqtaklis moqmedebaSi. ferwera<br />
Tanamedrove Teatralur mxatvrobaSi dekoraciis koloritiT <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTebis specifikiT ganisazRvreba. scenis plastikuri <strong>da</strong>muSavebaSi<br />
umTavresi funqcia, speqtaklis sagnobriv sivrces <strong>da</strong> mis msaxiob-<br />
personaJTan urTierTqmedebas eniWeba. rac Seexeba Teatris esTetikas,<br />
igi gansazRvravs dramaturgiuli masalis interpretacias, romelSic<br />
vlindeba reJisoruli koncefcia <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis dekoraciuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta.<br />
scenografiis, rogorc dinamikuri sistemis funqciur<br />
TanafardobaSi Sedis scenuri garemo, Tavisi sagnobrivi sivrciT,<br />
dekoraciis koloriti, sagnis feri, misi faqtura (qsovili, xe, tyavi,<br />
muSamba <strong>da</strong> sxv), ganaTeba, scenuri kostiumis kolorituli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta<br />
<strong>da</strong> grimi. speqtaklis kolorits gansazRvravs dekoraciis masalis<br />
bunebrivi feri <strong>da</strong> faqtura, romelic SesaZloa sufTa saxiT <strong>da</strong>rCes<br />
gaformebaSi, an moxdes, maTi Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT, masalis efeqtis<br />
gaZliereba, ramac SesaZloa Secvalos masalis pirvandeli forma. amis<br />
magaliTad m.SveliZis “lamaraSi” sabrZolo farebis metalis<br />
bzinvarebis efeqti xelovnuri tyavis masalis ze<strong>da</strong>piris ferweruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>muSavebiT iyo miRweuli.<br />
speqtaklis ganaTeba scenografiuli elementi maSinaa, roca igi<br />
moicavs scenis saerTo ganaTebasa <strong>da</strong> misi feriT <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas. igi<br />
98
avlens scenis sivrcobriv parametrebs <strong>da</strong> moculobas. misi saSualebiT<br />
miiRweva dekoraciuli elementebis mkafio an bundovani forma.<br />
ganaTebis simZlavre <strong>da</strong> misi ganawileba speqtaklSi mxatvruli<br />
gaformebis formazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. scenografiis koloriti srulad<br />
speqtaklis msvlelobisas ganaTebis sistemasa <strong>da</strong> Suq-weris<br />
palitrasTan erTad vlindeba. dekoraciis feri, faqtura <strong>da</strong> ganaTeba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad urTierTmoqmedeben speqtaklSi. feriT<br />
gamdidrebuli ganaTeba moqmedebaSi azrobriv <strong>da</strong> emociur maxvilebs<br />
akeTebs. dekoraciis plastikis gamovlenac ganaTebis xarisxzea<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. Tanamedrove <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> scenis teqnikur<br />
aRWurvilobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, xSirad ganaTeba iTavsebs speqtaklis<br />
feradovan-koloritul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas.<br />
scenografiis kompozicia scenis sivrceSi masebis ganawilebiT,<br />
maTi plastikuri <strong>da</strong>muSavebiT, koloritisa <strong>da</strong> Suqweris<br />
urTierTqmedebaSi iqmneba. isini moqmedebaSi mudmivad avseben erTmaneTs<br />
<strong>da</strong> xels uwyoben scenografiuli sivrcis formirebas. yvela am<br />
elementis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli aris msaxiobi, rogorc qmediTi <strong>da</strong> saxviT-<br />
plastikuri erTeuli. misi saSualebiT xelovnebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
formebis urTierTqmedebisas warmoqmnili dinamikiT speqtaklis<br />
temporitmi iqmneba. dinamika speqtaklSi ganisazRvreba msaxiobTa<br />
realuri ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiT scenis sivrceSi, maTi moZraobiT<br />
mizanscenebSi, masobrivi scenebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetiT, koloritiTa <strong>da</strong> xmovan-<br />
musikaluri formiT. masSi igulisxmeba msaxiobis intonacia,<br />
speqtaklis musikaluri fonebi, bunebrivi xmebi <strong>da</strong> sxva. <strong>da</strong>dgmis<br />
musikaluri gaformeba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli msaxiobis moqmedebasTan scenaze.<br />
speqtaklis dinamika <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia aseve piesis siuJetur-<br />
dramaturgiul wyobaze, romelic gansazRvravs moqmedebas scenaze.<br />
xolo piesis reJisorul interpretaciazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli speqtaklis<br />
samoqmedo sivrce. rogorc zemoT avRniSne d.kakabaZisTvis didi<br />
mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> ramdenad iyo dramaturgiul masalaSi<br />
gansazRvruli samoqmedo dro, Tanac ara istoriuli drois asaxvis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, aramed scenur sivrceSi moqmedebisa <strong>da</strong> moqmed<br />
aqtiorTa Soris warmoSobili scenuri drois.<br />
99
qveTavi II<br />
scenuri dro <strong>da</strong> sivrce<br />
Teatralur scenazeE moculobiani, samganzomilebiani dekoraciis<br />
Seqmna, XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis xelovnebaSi realobis siRrmiseulma<br />
gaazrebam ganapiroba. 1920-ian wlebSi TeatrSi konstruqtivizmis epoqa<br />
<strong>da</strong>dga. misi mniSvnelovani monapovari mxatvrebis mier masalis, rogorc<br />
scenografiis ZiriTadi gamomsaxveli saSualebis, sruliad axleburi<br />
gaazreba aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. masalasTan erTad faqturac, misi gamoyenebiTi<br />
mniSvnelobiTa <strong>da</strong> gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebiT. Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />
gamoikveTa, rom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva faqtura SeiZleba scenografiul formas<br />
<strong>da</strong>edos safuZvlad. mxatvrebi <strong>da</strong>interesdnen faqturis<br />
mravalferovnebiT. xe, metali, tyavi, jvalo, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qsovili,<br />
mxatvris xelSi scenaze Seqmnil warmosaxviT samyaros, realur <strong>da</strong><br />
xelSesaxeb formas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. Tanamedrove scenografiis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
procesis erT-erTi ganuyofeli nawilia sagnis faqturaze muSaoba.<br />
realobis siRrmiseulma gaazrebam, Teatralur mxatvrobaSi<br />
scenuri drois cneba warmoSva. igi mWidrod aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
scenuri sivrcis gansazRvrebis problemasTanac. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
scenografia Teatris kanonebs emorCileba, mas Tavisi Sinagani<br />
sicocxle gaaCnia. gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca scenografia moqmedebis<br />
gaformebas emsaxureba <strong>da</strong> ara siuJetis naxatebiT ilustrirebas<br />
axdens.<br />
naturalizmis TeatrSi dro scenaze obieqturi movlena iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
asaxav<strong>da</strong> im “cxovrebis nawils”, romelic TamaSdebo<strong>da</strong> scenaze. aseTi<br />
Caketili scenografiuli sivrce gamoricxav<strong>da</strong> realuri <strong>da</strong> scenuri<br />
drois erT droiT sivrceSi arsebobas <strong>da</strong> mTlianad emijnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
realur dros. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, igi mainc esTetikur kategoriad<br />
rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Teatralurma konstruqtivizmma <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> konkretulad <strong>da</strong><br />
Zalian mkafiod wamoayena scenuri <strong>da</strong> realuri drois problema<br />
Tanamedrove TeatrSi. scenuri dro pirobiTi <strong>da</strong> irealuria. igi<br />
SekumSulia scenis sivrceSi mocemul plastikur formaSi <strong>da</strong> mTlianad<br />
gamijnulia realur drosTan, romelsac speqtaklis qronometraJi<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
100
TiTqmis yvela konstruqciuli dekoraciis problema misi<br />
statikurobaa. igi zRu<strong>da</strong>vs scenuri drois svlas. am problemis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saZlevad, scenaze xSirad dekoraciebis mTlianad an nawilobriv<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas mimarTaven, rac scenaze drois svlas asaxavs.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom dekoraciis es garegnuli moZraoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo scenaze moqmedebis ganviTarebasTan, is ufro<br />
meqanikuri moZraoba iyo. mas ar SeeZlo scenis SigniT plastikuri<br />
droiT-sivrcobrivi garemos Seqmna.<br />
scenuri <strong>da</strong> realuri dro speqtaklSi sruliad gansxvavebul<br />
ganzomilebebs warmoadgens. piesaSi ganviTarebuli movlena SesaZloa<br />
asaxavdes wlebis manZilze mimdinare movlenebs, an piriqiT drois<br />
Zalian mokle periodSi momx<strong>da</strong>r ambavs mogviTxrobdes. maSin scenuri<br />
drois ageba Zalian rTul process warmoadgens. xdeba isec, rom<br />
speqtaklSi mimdinare ambavi metaforul droiT sivrceSi xdeba. igi<br />
mTlianad iracionalur safuZvli<strong>da</strong>n mimdinareobs <strong>da</strong> fantastikur an<br />
zRaprul sivrces qmnis scenaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze rTul<br />
viTarebaSi msaxiobia, radgan is TiTqos or droSi cxovrobs<br />
erTdroulad. misTvis saTamaSod gankuTvnil droSi, romelic realur<br />
dros warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> meore irealuri dro, romelic scenaze<br />
mxatvris mier agebuli samyaros dros warmoadgens. Tu dekoracia ar<br />
aris CarTuli scenur moqmedebaSi, maSin speqtaklis gaformebaSi<br />
saaTis svlis xmas, gongs <strong>da</strong> sxva drois msvlelobasTan asocirdebul<br />
xmovan an plastikur simboloebs mimarTaven. Tu dro aris moZraoba,<br />
maSin dekoraciis fizikuri moZraoba scenaze drois svlis simbolod<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiqmebodes. magram dekoraciis adgilis Senacvleba realur<br />
droSi xdeba. igi arRvevs scenuri drois svlas <strong>da</strong> imorCilebs<br />
msaxiobs, romelic scenur droSi cxovrobs. Tanamedrove TeatrSi<br />
xSiria, rodesac Tavad msaxiobi amoZravebs dekoracias. rogorc wesi,<br />
amgvar moqmedebas azrobrivi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs. es an speqtaklis<br />
plastikur-qoreografiuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisTvisaa ganpirobebuli, an<br />
speqtaklis mizanscenobriv qargaSia moqceuli. magram aqac mTliani<br />
scenuri dro irRveva.<br />
rogori dekoracia un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas mxatvrma, rom xelovnurad<br />
Seqmnil dramaturgiul <strong>da</strong> scenur dros scenografiuli dro<br />
101
<strong>da</strong>amTxvios? amis misaRwevad yvelaze martivia scena an <strong>da</strong>tvirTo an<br />
piriqiT maqsimalurad gantvirTo dekoraciisgan. gaformebis<br />
elementebad erTi <strong>da</strong> igive, an msgavsi sagnebis xSiri gamoyeneba<br />
ufro xelsayrelia, vidre sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />
sagnebis gamoyeneba. radgan, rac ufro meti mravalferovnebaa scenaze,<br />
miT ufro meti informacia moaqvs sagans mayureblamde. TiToeul<br />
sagans Tavisi istoria <strong>da</strong> droiTi simbolo aqvs. es sagnebi epoqas,<br />
stils, yofiT kulturas, maradiulobas an cvalebadobas aRniSnaven <strong>da</strong><br />
droiT erTeuls warmoadgenen. mxatvris mier scenaze Semotanil<br />
nebismier sagans dramaturgiuli <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs. yoveli axali sagani<br />
scenaze azrobriv aqcents akeTebs <strong>da</strong> drois svlas aRniSnavs.<br />
erTgvarovani sagnebis raodenobis gazr<strong>da</strong> an Semcireba scenaze maT<br />
azrobriv aqcentebs arbilebs <strong>da</strong> saSualebas aZlevs drois svlas<br />
orive mimarTulebiT (win an ukan) warimarTos. magram droiTi<br />
mravalferovnebis efeqtis miRweva, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios is,<br />
rom msaxiobis saTamaSo droiTi sivrce ar <strong>da</strong>emTxves dekoraciul<br />
sivrces. aseT sivrceSi mTeli sagnobrivi garemo scenaze<br />
scenografiul konfliqtSi erTveba. saganTa mravalferovneba, maTi<br />
dekoraciebis calkeul elementebad gaSla scenaze, mocemul sivrceSi<br />
drois <strong>da</strong>Slas gamoiwvevs.<br />
imisaTvis rom scenuri <strong>da</strong> realuri dro <strong>da</strong>emTxves erTmaneTs<br />
scenis sivrceSi, mxatvarma un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas iseTi scenografiuli garemo,<br />
romelSic Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve ki ar aris droiTi mocemuloba, aramed iseTi<br />
garemo, romelsac TviTorganizebis unari gaaCnia <strong>da</strong> igi moqmedebasTan<br />
erTad iwyebs droiTi sivrcis agebas. Teatri Sedgeba “procesisgan” <strong>da</strong><br />
midis “Sedegamde”. amitom scenis sivrceSi ibadeba cocxali dro.<br />
xelovnebaSi dro yvelaze rTuli kategoriaa. xelovnebis mTel rig<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgebSi dro SemoqmedebiT procesSi rCeba <strong>da</strong> Cven gamzadebul Sedegs<br />
vuyurebT. TeatrSi Cven moqmedebas, process vxe<strong>da</strong>vT. mxatvris mier<br />
winaswar Seqmnili eskiziT an makeTiT agebul dekoraciebSi mayurebeli<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve gansazRvrul scenur garemos xe<strong>da</strong>vs. winaswar organizebuli<br />
scenuri sivrce ar Seesatyviseba <strong>da</strong> ewinaaRmdegeba Teatris ritualur-<br />
sanaxaobriv sawyiss, romelSic movlenebi swori droiTi<br />
102
TanmimdevrobiT viTardebo<strong>da</strong>. amis magaliTia <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri<br />
saimprovizacio Teatric.<br />
speqtakli scenis fizikur sivrceSi (arqiteqturul) TamaSdeba. Tu<br />
rogor droiT sivrceSi ganviTardeba moqmedeba scenaze, speqtaklis<br />
siuJetze <strong>da</strong> scenografiis mxatvrul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. igi<br />
badebs iseT scenur dros, rogor plastikur garsSic viTardeba<br />
moqmedeba. swored aq iwyeba saubari scenografiis umniSvnelovanes<br />
funqciaze - Seqmnas am konkretul mocemulobaSi erTgvari<br />
mikrosamyaro, romelSic ibadeba <strong>da</strong> viTardeba dro. speqtaklis<br />
sivrcobriv sazRvrebs scenografia qmnis. sasceno sivrce nebismier<br />
sagans Tavisi Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili droisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcisagan erTgvar<br />
izolaciaSi aqcevs <strong>da</strong> sul sxva sivrcobriv garemoSi ga<strong>da</strong>hyavs. amiT<br />
es sagnebi axal droiT-sivrcobriv sicocxles iwyeben. icvleba maTi<br />
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebic. isini axal faqturas, fers, xSirad<br />
Sinaarsac iZenen. simboloebad iqcevian. rac ufro naklebad<br />
akonkretebs mxatvari scenaze sagans, miT ufro simboluria igi. amitom<br />
pirobiT dekoraciul garemoSi, romelic umetesad realuri<br />
formebisgan iqmneba, dros ufro mTlian mxatvrul <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas aZlevs.<br />
arsebobs mTeli rigi sagnebi, romelnic scenur sivrceSi moxvedrisas<br />
mraval asociaciebs badeben. gansakuTrebiT es sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva substanciis<br />
sagnebs emarTebaT. amorfuli <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva substanciis mqone sagnebi<br />
scenografias gasaocar mravalferovnebas aniWeben (wyali, qviSa,<br />
muSamba, qsovili <strong>da</strong> sxva.) magram maT arasasurveli literaturuli<br />
asociaciebis gamowveva SeuZliaT, rac drois <strong>da</strong>konkretebas iwvevas. es<br />
rom ar moxdes, saWiroa iseTi pirobiTi forma moiZebnos, rom<br />
dekoracia mTlianad asociaciuri gaxdes. amaSi gansakuTrebul rols<br />
sagnis faqtura asrulebs.<br />
faqtura, romelic sagnis Semadgeneli nawilia Tavis TavSi bevr<br />
informacias itevs <strong>da</strong> sagnis simbolosac ganasaxierebs. Tu faqtura<br />
konkretuli sagnis aRmniSvnel formad ar <strong>da</strong>rCa, maSin mas SeuZlia<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos dekoraciis mxatvruli saxis<br />
SeqmnaSi. aseve sruliad sxvagvar mniSvnelobas iZens gaformebis is<br />
elementebic, romlebic dekoraciis droiT-sivrcobrivi plastikuri<br />
kompoziciis Seqmnisken iswrafvis. aseT SemTxevaSi faqtura ara sagnis<br />
103
Tviseba, aramed substancia xdeba. igi pirvelad plastikur garemod<br />
iqceva, romlisganac Semdeg Cndeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeebi, formebi, sagnebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva. droiTi sivrcis Sesaqmnelad <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba dekoraciis fers eniWeba, romelic ganuyofelia<br />
ganaTebis saerTo sistemisgan <strong>da</strong> masTan jamSi aRiqmeba. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
SuqiT Seferil garemos SeuZlia gansxvavebuli sivrcis <strong>da</strong> drois<br />
iluzia Seqmnas. dekoraciis feri <strong>da</strong> ganaTeba speqtaklSi<br />
scenografiuli garemos faqturulobas avlens, xolo dekoracia,<br />
romelic faqturas substanciad <strong>da</strong> dekoraciis Tvisebad iyenebs,<br />
dekoraciuli garemos Seqmnas uwyobs xels <strong>da</strong> scenografiul sivrces<br />
faqturul sivrced aqcevs. rogori <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxec ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
hqondes faqturas, igi mainc sivrcis atributia. scenaze agebuli myari<br />
dekoraciuli konstruqcia gansazRvravs msaxiobis plastikas, mis<br />
moZraobas mizanscenebSi <strong>da</strong> a.S. Tavad konstruqcia ki, ucvleli rCeba.<br />
magram dekoracia, romelic mkacri formiT ar aris SezRuduli <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Tvisebebisa <strong>da</strong> substanciis (sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sirbilis, denadi,<br />
fxvieri) masalisganaa Seqmnili kidev ufro zemoqmedebs msaxiobze,<br />
radgan mas SeuZlia CaerTos masTan erTad TamaSSi. sagnebis<br />
formirebiT, scenaze droiT-sivrcobrivi garemo iqmneba. faqtura,<br />
romelsac mxatvari dekoraciuli garemos SeqmnisTvis iyenebs, sagan-<br />
simboloebs warmoqmnis scenaze, romlebsac konkretuli<br />
scenografiuli sivrci<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare Tavisi droiTi simbolo gaaCnia.<br />
aseT SemTqvevaSi faqturuli dekoracia moqmedebisas, msaxiobTan<br />
uSualo SexebiT, axal mxatvrul saxes iZens. igi iseTive droiT<br />
sivrceSi arsebobs, rogorSic msaxiobia.<br />
faqturas <strong>da</strong> sagnis Tvisebebs scenaze gaformebis mxatvruli<br />
koncefcia gansazRvravs. roca garemo faqturulia, magram ar gaaCnia<br />
myari forma, speqtaklis gaformebaSi igi mravalferovan mxatvrul<br />
formebs qmnis (m.SveliZis “makbetis” scenografia, romelSic amorfuli<br />
poloeTilenis naWeri sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formas <strong>da</strong> asociacias qmnis scenaze.<br />
speqtaklis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva suraTSi is garemos aRmniSvnel asociaciebs<br />
iwvevs <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis adgilis pirobiTi garemos miniSnebas<br />
warmoadgens). sagnis faqtura, rogori xelSesaxebi an warmosaxviTic<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, miT umetes Tu mas a<strong>da</strong>mianisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad arseboba<br />
104
SeuZlia, kidev ufro did zegavlenas axdens mayurebelze. amiT<br />
sivrcobriv garemoSi es sagani speqtaklis moqmedebis gaaqtiurebas<br />
uwyobs xels. moqmedebis dinamika speqtaklSi gansakuTrebul droiT<br />
sivrces warmoSobs. msaxiobs Tavisi qmedebiT SeuZlia Secvalos<br />
scenuri dro, raSic umeteswilad kostiumi, grimi <strong>da</strong> sagan- atributebi<br />
exmareba. scenuri kostiumi yvelaze metad asaxavs moqmedebis adgilisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> epoqis simbolos, radgan istorizmis elementebi yvelaze mkafiod<br />
msaxiobis kazmulobaSi vlindeba. magram kostiums aseve SeuZlia<br />
mTlianad simboluri <strong>da</strong> pirobiTi forma hqondes <strong>da</strong> maSin is sagan-<br />
simbolod <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxviT plasatikur elementad ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva<br />
scenografiul kompoziciaSi. misgan gamowveuli asociacia ki, scenis<br />
SigniT warmoqmnil droiT sivrcis azrobriv aqcentebs gamokveTavs.<br />
1920-30-iani wlebis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> didi mniSvneloba scenis<br />
planSetma SeiZina. scenis iataki sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva doneebad <strong>da</strong> sibrtyeebad<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa. mTlianad cvli<strong>da</strong> msaxiobis saTamaSo garemos. dekoraciis<br />
aseTi diferenciacia yvelaze myar konstruqciasac ki, dinamikas<br />
aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. rac xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> droiTi plastebis gamokveTas speqtaklis<br />
moqmedebisas. magram aseT dekoraciul sivrceSi Zalian rTulia myari<br />
dekoraciuli konstruqciis moZraobiT, scenaze realuri drois<br />
(romelSic formas cvlis dekoracia) scenur drosTan <strong>da</strong>mTxveva. myari<br />
dekoracia yovelTvis formiT gansazRvravs mxatvrul ideas <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
misi faqturiT, faqtura aaqtualura manam sanam dekoracia CaerTveba<br />
moqmedebaSi. amas kidev emateba msaxiobis fizikuri moqmedebac scenaze.<br />
1931 wels. i.gamrekelma speqtakl “TeTnuldSi”, romelic<br />
konstruqciuli dekoraciis moqnil <strong>da</strong> rTul plastikur formas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, SeZlo scenuri droisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcis problemis Zalian<br />
sainteresod ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta. speqtaklis finalSi svanuri koSkebi, svanuri<br />
zaris ritmSi, saaTis qanqarasaviT iwyebdnen moZraobas <strong>da</strong> eqspediciis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Rupvis ambavs auwyebdnen samyaros. dekoraciis moZraoba realur<br />
droSi xdebo<strong>da</strong>, romelic mTlianad erwymo<strong>da</strong> scenografiul garemoSi<br />
warmoqmnil drois Si<strong>da</strong> svlas. aseTive principiT gaimeora. m.SveliZem<br />
1987 wels <strong>da</strong>dgmul “mefe liris” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> mxatvruli scenuri<br />
droiTi sivrcisa <strong>da</strong> realuri drois <strong>da</strong>mTxveva, roca scenur<br />
moqmedebasa <strong>da</strong> realur cxovrebas Soris zRvari iSleba.<br />
105
scenaze droiTi sivrcis swor agebas xSirad xels uwyobs<br />
gaformebis sagnobrivi samyaro, romelic Tavad aris droiTi<br />
simboloebis matarebeli. maTi mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba speqtqklis<br />
moqmedebaSi Teatralur gaformebaSi arsebul scenografiis saTamaSo<br />
funqciiT aris warmodgenili. misi saSualebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros<br />
scenuri drois mimdinareobac, moqmedebis dinamikac <strong>da</strong> qmediTi<br />
konfliqti, romelic aris mTavari mamoZravebeli dramaturgiuli<br />
moqmedebis gasaviTareblad.<br />
qveTavi III.<br />
scenografiuli konfliqti<br />
scenografiis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze gamoikveTa<br />
ramdenime mniSvnelovani Teoriuli sakiTxi, romelic adreul<br />
periodSic arsebob<strong>da</strong>, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi qmediTi <strong>da</strong> Rrma<br />
azrobrivi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva SeiZina. speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformebis<br />
struqturul safuZvelSi Cadebuli scenografiis “qmediTi fenomenisa”<br />
<strong>da</strong> “saTamaSo meqanizmebis” aRsaniSnavad, scenografiis Teoriasa <strong>da</strong><br />
praqtikaSi 1960-iani wlebis bolos gaCn<strong>da</strong> scenografiuli<br />
konfliqtis cneba. misi arseboba ganapiroba amave periodis TeatrSi<br />
scenografiis qmediT-saTamaSo saSualebebiT plastikur-saxieri<br />
mxatvruli formis Seqmnisken swrafvam. Tumca scenografiuli<br />
konfliqtis elementebi speqtaklis gaformebis adreul etapebzec<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong>. magram maSin mas mxolod mxatvruli efeqtis an dinamikis<br />
gasaZliereblad iyenebdnen. es tradiciulad arsebuli elementebi<br />
Tanamedrove scenografiul enas gansakuTrebul moqnilobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
sisxartes aniWebs, romlis mxatvrul-plastikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta axlebur<br />
novatorul xerxebzea <strong>da</strong>myarebuli. Tanamedrove <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> ki<br />
scenografiuli konfliqti speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformebis<br />
plastikuri kompoziciis qmediT safuZvels warmoadgens, romelic<br />
scenuri suraTis kompoziciuri mTlianobisTvis saWiro msaxiobi-<br />
personaJisa <strong>da</strong> scenaze arsebuli sagnobrivi samyaros<br />
urTierTqmedebazea agebuli. scenografiuli konfliqti piesaSi<br />
arsebuli konfliqtis gamwvavebas <strong>da</strong> mis plastikur sivrceSi<br />
gamovlenas emsaxureba. Sesabamisad scenuri garemo kidev ufro did<br />
106
gavlenas axdens msaxiobze gmiri-personaJis saxis srulyofaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
mayureblis asociaciur zemoqmedebazea gaTvlili.<br />
scenografiuli konfliqti gansakuTrebul saxviT <strong>da</strong> esTetikur<br />
kategoria<strong>da</strong>a miCneuli. igi moiTxovs iseTi gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
saSualebebis mizanmimarTul SerCevas, romelic scenuri moqmedebis<br />
gasaaqtiureblad <strong>da</strong> dramaturgiuli konfliqtis gasamwvavebla<strong>da</strong>a<br />
aucilebeli. misi gamovlena <strong>da</strong> realizeba msaxiobebisa <strong>da</strong> mayureblis<br />
asociaciur aRqmazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. scenografiuli konfliqti<br />
ganisazRvreba dramaturgiuli masalis analiziT, piesis Tavisufali<br />
interpretaciiTa <strong>da</strong> mxatvris mier dramaturgiuli masali<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare Seqmnili saxieri elementebis saxviT-plastikur formebSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetiT. speqtaklis gaformebaSi scenografiuli konfliqtis<br />
Seqmna <strong>da</strong>dgmis Canafiqris zeamocanas emsaxureba. igi dramaturgiul<br />
konfliqtTan erTad Tanaarsebobs <strong>da</strong> maszea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
scenografiuli konfliqti speqtaklSi obieqturi movlena rom<br />
gaxdes, igi xelSesaxebi un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>srulebuli mxatvruli saxe<br />
gaaCndes. amitom <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
calkeulma sagnebma <strong>da</strong> faqturam SeiZina. gaTamaSebuli sagnebi scenis<br />
sivrceSi arsebul Sinaarsobrivad <strong>da</strong>tvirTul saxviT-plastikur<br />
elementebs akavSireben gmir-personaJTan. xSiria, rodesac realuri<br />
sagnebi simbolur <strong>da</strong> metaforul <strong>da</strong>tvirTavs iZens. maT aseve piesis,<br />
epoqis, moqmedebis adgilis pirobiTi an istoriul-faqtobrivi<br />
reproduqciis gansazRvra SeuZliaT.<br />
scenis sivrceSi dekoraciis ganTavsebisas mxatvari<br />
gansazRvravs, rogor gavlenas moaxdens dekoraciuli garemo msaxiob-<br />
personaJze. masze aqtiur zemoqmedebas axdens aseve scenis sagnobrivi<br />
samyaro, kostiumi, grimi, ganaTeba, gaformebisTvis gamoyenebuli<br />
teqnikuri saSualebebi. isini moqmedebisas cocxldeba <strong>da</strong><br />
dramaturgiuli konfliqtis gamovlenas uwyobs xels.<br />
xelovnebis nebismieri nawarmoebi avtoris fantaziis nayofia.<br />
gamogonilia aseve dramaturgiuli Tu scenografiuli konfliqtic.<br />
amitom realuri sagnebis gar<strong>da</strong>, mxatvars scenaze xSirad gamogonili<br />
sagnebic Semoaqvs, romlebsac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Tvisebasa <strong>da</strong> funqcionalur<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTvas aniWebs..<br />
107
scenografiuli konfliqtis agebisas realurica <strong>da</strong> gamogonili<br />
sagnebic imgvari un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rom isini erTi mxriv, azrobrivad<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyos dramaturgiul masalasTan, Seswevdes unari<br />
simbolod, metaforad an cnebad Camoyalibdes <strong>da</strong> qmedoba-TamaSobaSi<br />
iyos CarTuli. magaliTad moviyvan m.SveliZis scenografias<br />
speqtaklisaTvis “riCard III” (u.Seqspiri, reJ. r. sturua, 1979 w.)<br />
speqtaklSi arsebuli gaTamaSebuli sagnebi: gvirgvini, ruka, sabrZolo<br />
iaraRebi, invalidis etli, msaxiobebis kostiumebic ki, sagan-<br />
personaJebad iqcnen. isini gansakuTrebuli ideis matareblebi iyvnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis zeamocanis gamovlenas uwyobdnen xels. moqmedebisas<br />
isini TiTqos cocxldebodnen <strong>da</strong> sagan-personaJebad iqceodnen <strong>da</strong><br />
msaxiobis saSualebiT, scenografiuli konfliqtis “mTavari moqmedi<br />
gmirebi” xdebodnen.<br />
arCeuli sagnebisa Tu elementebis Tanafardoba gaformebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ara mxolod formaze, faqturasa <strong>da</strong> ferze, mis<br />
materialur substanciaze, gamWvirvalobasa Tu sxva maxasiaTeblebze,<br />
aramed, upirveles yovlisa, maT scenis plastikur sivrceSi<br />
ganTavsebaze. misTvis iseTi adgilis moZebnaze, rom moqmedebis dros<br />
mravalferovani transformaciis unari gaaCndeT.<br />
scenografiuli konfliqtis Seqmna xSirad ganapirobebs<br />
speqtaklis gaformebis kompoziciur <strong>da</strong> plastikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas,<br />
romelSic gamokveTilia speqtaklis calkeuli elementebis an<br />
sagnebis mxatvrul-azrobrivi <strong>da</strong> qmediT-funqcionaluri mniSvneloba.<br />
xelovnebis kanonebiT viTardeba, scenaze gaTamaSebuli, realuri<br />
cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n aRebuli ambavi. igi drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSia SekumSuli.<br />
imisaTvis, rom arsebiTi <strong>da</strong> arsebuli konfliqti speqtaklSi<br />
gaZlierdes, dro pirobiT kategoriad un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>iqces. realuri<br />
cxovrebisgan gansxvavebiT Teatri pirobiTia <strong>da</strong> Tavad gvTavazobs<br />
TamaSis pirobebs, romelic karnaxobs mxatvars scenografiuli<br />
modelis Seqmnas. mxatvari iTvaliswinebs piesaSi, avtoriseul<br />
remarkebSi, mocemul pirobiT niSnebs, romlebic exmareba mas<br />
speqtaklis sivrcis modelirebasa <strong>da</strong> scenografiuli konfliqtis<br />
SeqmnaSi. magaliTad, u.Seqspiri Tavis piesebSi TiTqmis ar akeTebs<br />
remarkebs, rac mxatvars saSualebas aZlevs mTlianad sakuTari<br />
108
mxatvruli koncefciiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos dekoraciaSi gamoyenebuli sagnis<br />
forma, feri, faqtura <strong>da</strong> a.S. aseT dros yuradReba scenur kostiumze,<br />
grimze, calkeuli aqsesuarebze ga<strong>da</strong>dis. magram am saerTo<br />
pirobiTobaSi, pirobiTi ar aris gmiris gancdebi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
fsiqologizmi, romlis “CarCoSic” moqmedebs artisti. isic erTgvari<br />
WurWelia, romelSic garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi viTardeba Si<strong>da</strong><br />
konfliqti <strong>da</strong> mas aseve konkretuli garegnuli forma gaaCnia.<br />
Teatris qmediTi-saTamaSo arsi asociaciur azrovnebas moiTxovs<br />
msaxiobisganac <strong>da</strong> mayureblisganac. amitom Teatris pirobiT-<br />
asociaciur TamaSSi mxatvris mier SerCeuli dekoraciis calkeuli<br />
elementebi asociaciur TamaSSi erTveba. Cndeba gaTamaSebuli sagani-<br />
dekoraciebi <strong>da</strong> sagan-personaJebi, romlis mravali magaliTi arsebobs<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>. sagnebiT TamaSi, gaformebis elementebis<br />
gacocxleba <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri Teatris mravalsaukunovani<br />
tradicii<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs.<br />
scenaze arsebuli sagnebi SesaZloa realur cxovrebaSi<br />
logikurad srulebiTac ar iyos erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
erTmaneTis gamomricxavic ki iyos. magram maT aucileblad aqvT Tavisi<br />
motivacia, Tu ratom arian aq, am konkretul mocemulobaSi. isini<br />
mxatvruli kanonebis meSveobiT axal scenur cxovrebaSi logikur<br />
arsebobas ganagrZoben.<br />
speqtaklis gaformebaSi mxatvar-scenografma iseTi sagnebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
airCios, romlis Tviseba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba moqmedebisas<br />
urTierTsapirispiro azrobriv <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas SeiZenen. sagnebi, romlebsac<br />
unari Seswevs mravalferovani transformacia ganicadon, realur<br />
cxovrebaSi Zalian konkretuli yofiTi funqciebiT xasiaTdebian.<br />
magaliTad, skami, romelic piesis Sinaarsi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCes skamad, iqces samefo taxtad, aseve gmiri-personaJis cxovrebaSi<br />
axal ierarqiul Tu xarisxobriv safexurze amaRlebas niSnavdes <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S. Tun<strong>da</strong>c kibe, romelic <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gansakuTrebul<br />
esTetikur kategoriad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, miT ufro, Tu mas<br />
scenografiuli konfliqtis WrilSi ganvixilavT. es sagnebi umravles<br />
SemTxvevaSi inarCuneben Tavis pirvandel formas <strong>da</strong> masalas, risganac<br />
arian <strong>da</strong>mzadebuli. speqtaklis msvlelobisas icvleba maTi<br />
109
funqciuri <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba <strong>da</strong> azrobrivi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva, ris gamoc mocemuli<br />
sagnebi winaaRmdegobaSi modian TavianT pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong>niSnulebasTan.<br />
Tu rogor funqciur <strong>da</strong> azrobriv <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas SeiZenen sagnebi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mxatvrisa <strong>da</strong> reJisoris <strong>da</strong>dgmis esTetikur amocanebze.<br />
Tu scenografiis ZiriTadi elementebi ganzogadebuli sagnis an<br />
movlenis mniSvnelobas badeben msaxiob-personaJisa <strong>da</strong> mayureblis<br />
warmosaxvaSi, aseTi sagnebi cnebebis mniSvnelobas iZenen <strong>da</strong><br />
kodirebul niSnebs warmoadgenen. isini martivi formis arian, magram<br />
amomwurav informacias Seicaven. aseTia m.SveliZis “riCard III” mefis<br />
gvirgvini, “hamletSi” kibe-orTvala <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
amrigad, konfliqti <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> un<strong>da</strong> warmovidginoT, rogorc<br />
calkeuli elementis mxatvruli funqciis sagnis ubralo funqciasTan<br />
Sefardebis Sedegi. scenografiuli konfliqtis struqtura<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia scenografiis ZiriTadi funqciebis programirebaze, anu<br />
ra winapirobas udevs speqtaklis mxatvrul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas <strong>da</strong> ra<br />
funqcionaluri mniSvneloba eniWeba im sagnobriv-dekoraciul<br />
samyaros, romelSic viTardeba moqmedeba. aqve gansasazRvria<br />
gamomsaxveli elementebic, forma, konstruqcia, arqiteqtonika, sagnis<br />
faqtura, formiseuli <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsobrivi analizis safuZvelze<br />
miRebuli konkretuli samyaros pirobiTi modeli, Tavisi sagnobrivi<br />
elementebiTa <strong>da</strong> maTi mxatvrul-funqcionaluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT.<br />
scenografiuli konfliqti SeiZleba warmoiSvas sagnis mxatvrul<br />
funqciasa <strong>da</strong> mis pir<strong>da</strong>pir funqciebs Soris. rogorc wesi,<br />
scenografiuli konfliqtis Seqmna mxatvrisTvis TviTmizani arasdros<br />
ar aris. es ubralod mSrali sagnebis ze<strong>da</strong>xora iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. zemoT ukve<br />
aRvniSneT, rom scenografiuli konfliqti dramaturgiuli<br />
konfliqti<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs, magram SeiZleba srulad ar iyos masze<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. scenografia Tavisi mravalfunqciurobiT,<br />
sinTezurobiTa <strong>da</strong> Teatris sinkretuli arsi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
emsaxureba im uSualo sagnebisgan Semdgari samyaros gacocxlebas,<br />
romelic msaxiobis meSveobiT, scenaze moqmedebs. sagnis gankaceba ki<br />
xSirad is mamoZravebeli meqanizmia, konfliqtis is zambaraa, romelsac<br />
moqmedebaSi mohyavs mTeli scenuri samyaro. misi saSualebiT ki<br />
myardeba kavSiri a<strong>da</strong>mian-msaxiobs, a<strong>da</strong>mian-mayurebelsa <strong>da</strong> im samyaros<br />
110
modelTan, romelSic cxovroben piesis gmirebi. jorjo streleri<br />
wer<strong>da</strong>, rom dekoraciis mTavari <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa –“... iyos mosaxerxebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> mravalferovani gamoyenebisas, magram umTavresi aris mainc is, rom<br />
dekoracias un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos “ukarnaxos” reJisors moqmedeba-moZraoba <strong>da</strong><br />
mizanscenebis ageba. scenas, sagans, sivrcesa <strong>da</strong> msaxiobs, sityvas,<br />
Jestsa <strong>da</strong> moZraobas Soris arsebobs mudmivi kavSiri. dekoracia<br />
raRacas sTavazobs msaxiobs, is ki, Tavis mxriv, acocxlebs<br />
dekoracias”. (51)<br />
scenografiul <strong>da</strong> dramaturgiul konfliqtebs gamomsaxvelobis<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli saSualebebi aqvT. scenografiuli konfliqtis<br />
miRweva xdeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sagnis urTierTqmedebiT, xolo<br />
dramaturgiuli konfliqti literaturis meSveobiT – sityvebiT.<br />
dramaturgiuli konfliqtis gaxsna personaJis mier sityviT <strong>da</strong><br />
moqmedebiT xdeba. scenografiuli konfliqti usulo sagnobrivi<br />
samyaros elementebis urTierTqmedebiT wydeba. saerTod ki,<br />
scenografiuli konfliqti Tanamedrove scenaze sagnobrivi samyaros<br />
vizualur-asociaciur aRqmazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. rogorc cnobilia<br />
xelovnebis TiToeul <strong>da</strong>rgSi Tavisi konfliqtia kodirebuli, romelic<br />
gansxvavebulad viTardeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia mxolod am konkretuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgisTvis. amitomac iseT sinTezur xelovnebaSi, rogoric Teatria,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis konfliqtis arseboba kanonzomieria. aq mTavari isaa,<br />
Tu rogor moxdeba am konfliqtebis erTi mTavari ideisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>morCileba <strong>da</strong> ra gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi iqneba moZiebuli<br />
maT mTlian mxatvrul saxeSi mosaqcevad. aqve isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom<br />
speqtaklis literaturuli wyaro, Tavisi sityvieri mravalferovnebiT<br />
mxatvars karnaxobs <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> sagnebis, maTi Tvisebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebisamebr arCevas.<br />
arsebobs kidev speqtaklis qmediTi konfliqti. Tanamedrove<br />
TeatrSi igi reJisoris mier dramaturgiuli masalis Tavisufali<br />
interpretacii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs. swored es ganapirobebs piesaSi<br />
mocemul konfliqtSi aqcentebis ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebas. Cndeba Seusabamoba<br />
piesis konfliqtsa <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis qmediT konfliqts Soris. aseT<br />
pirobebSi scenografiuli konfliqti speqtaklis qmediTi<br />
konfliqtis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba. magram scenografiuli<br />
111
konfliqti ar imeorebs piesis gmirebs Soris arsebul konfliqts. igi<br />
garkveul aqcents ukeTebs mas <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis mxatvruli koncefcii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare amwvavebs <strong>da</strong> asociaciur zemoqmedebas amZafrebs<br />
mayurebelSi. amrigad, scenografiuli konfliqti calkeul SemTxvevaSi<br />
Tavad scenografiis wiaRSive <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli funqciis matarebelic<br />
SeiZleba gaxdes.<br />
qveTavi IV.<br />
mirian SveliZis Semoqmedeba<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografia warmoudgenelia mirian<br />
SveliZis Semoqmedebis gareSe. 40 welia, m.SveliZe SoTa rusTavelis<br />
saxelobis TeatrSi moRvaweobs. am Teatris mxatvruli saxe <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
esTetika didwilad swored misma mxatvrobam gansazRvra.<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki im speqtaklebma, romelic mxatvarma reJisor r.<br />
sturuasTan erTad Seqmna. m.SveliZem 1971 w. <strong>da</strong>amTavra Tbilisis<br />
samxatvro akademia <strong>da</strong> 1972 wli<strong>da</strong>n SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis<br />
TeatrSi moRvaweobs. amave wels man gaaforma (u.imerliSvilTan erTad)<br />
r.sturuas mier <strong>da</strong>dgmuli musikaluri kompozicia “Cveni melodiebi”,<br />
magram m.SveliZis, rogorc scenografis pirveli mniSvnelovani<br />
namuSevari iyo speqtakli “yvaryvare” (p.kakabaZis), romelic r.sturua<br />
1974 wels <strong>da</strong>dga.<br />
m.SveliZis “yvaryvares” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gamoikveTa mxatvris<br />
ostatoba, misi xelwera, mxatvruli manera <strong>da</strong> scenografiuli stili.<br />
“yvaryvares” aRiarebam m.SveliZe qarTvel Teatralur mxatvarTa Soris,<br />
erT-erT yvelaze gamorCeul <strong>da</strong> saintereso Semoqme<strong>da</strong>d warmoaCina.<br />
speqtakli “yvaryvare” <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
reaJisoruli koncefciiT <strong>da</strong>idga. igi b.brextis epikuri dramisa <strong>da</strong><br />
misi piesis “artur uis karieris” mxatvruli principebiT <strong>da</strong>dga. amitom<br />
speqtaklis scenografia axlos iyo brextiseuli Teatris<br />
esTetikasTan, rac moqmedebis adgilis pirobiTobas, dekoraciuli<br />
sivrcis sagnobriv mravalferovnebas, gaTamaSebul sagnebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
dekoraciis detalebs moiTxovs. formaTa pirobiToba <strong>da</strong> ekleqtizmi,<br />
plakaturoba <strong>da</strong> kolaJuroba iyo <strong>da</strong>maxasiTebeli “yvaryvares”<br />
112
scenografiisTvis. kostiumebi speqtaklisTvis mxatvarma<br />
u.imerliSvilma Seqmna. isinic krebiTi <strong>da</strong> ganzogadebuli formis iyo.<br />
m.SveliZis Teatraluri samyaro yovelTvis gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
ganumeorebelia. TiToeuli speqtakli <strong>da</strong> masSi gacocxlebuli samyaro<br />
mxolod im konkretuli speqtaklisTvisaa Seqmnili. Tumca arsebobs<br />
erTi ram, rac saerToa mxatvris yvela scenografiuli namuSevrisTvis<br />
- moqmedebis ganzogadebuli adgili. mxatvris mier gamogonili<br />
samyaro, romelic formaTa mravalferovnebiTa <strong>da</strong> “sagangebo<br />
ekleqtizmiT” imdenad individualuria, rom Tavisi mxatvruli<br />
xerxebiTa <strong>da</strong> saerTo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis maneriT konceftualur xelovnebas<br />
uaxlovdeba. amave dros misi SemoqmedebiTi midgoma dramaturgiuli<br />
masalisadmi, misi SemoqmedebiTi urTierToba reJisorTan im Rrma<br />
tradiciebzea <strong>da</strong>myarebuli, romelsac jer kidev k.marjaniSvilma <strong>da</strong><br />
al.axmetelma Cauyares safuZveli.<br />
“mirian SveliZe - mxatvari Seqmna im Teatrma, romelSic is<br />
moRvaweobs, anu dRevandelma rusTavelis Teatrma. Teatri, romelic<br />
cxovrobs klasikiT... Teatri, romelic seriozul piesebs dgams <strong>da</strong><br />
Rrmad tragikul <strong>da</strong> komizmiT aRsavse gmirTa saxeebs qmnis. rusTavelis<br />
Teatri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> is samWedlo, romelmac Seqmna Tavisi mxatvari,<br />
mianiWa mas stili <strong>da</strong> Seuqmna amplua. odesRac SveliZis sadiplomo<br />
namuSevari moridebulad Teatraluri iyo (z.antonovis “mzis <strong>da</strong>bneleba<br />
saqarTveloSi”), magram ferTa SexamebaSi moCan<strong>da</strong> momavali mxatvris<br />
stili. Teatrisadmi siyvaruli <strong>da</strong> azarti scenis aTvisebasTan erTad<br />
modio<strong>da</strong>. pirveli eskizi “mzis <strong>da</strong>bnelebisa” frontaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
sibrtyobrivi iyo. piesis gmirebi TiTqos sagangebod SerCeul pozebSi<br />
iyvnen gamosaxulni. eskizis did nawilze caa. moSavo-momwvano-<br />
mowiTalo tonebSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili kamara, gangaSis ganc<strong>da</strong>s toveb<strong>da</strong>. am<br />
SegrZnebas amZafreb<strong>da</strong> gaSeSebuli figurebis gamosaxulebebi. meore<br />
eskizi, romelic iseTive koloritSia Sesrulebuli, rogorc pirveli,<br />
ufro metad Teatraluri, Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> sainteresoa. eskizebSi<br />
sivrce arqiteqturulad ar aris ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. yuradRebas ufro sxva<br />
ram ipyrobs, aq mkafiod gamoCn<strong>da</strong> mxatvris unari, rom TxrobisTvis<br />
Sesabamisi forma moeZebna, dramis moqmedebisTvis Sesabamisi<br />
113
kolorituli garemos Seeqmna <strong>da</strong> dramaturgiis sakuTari xedvis<br />
gadmocemiT, mayureblisganac sapasuxo reaqcia mieRo.<br />
mirian SveliZis yvela namuSevari martivi sasceno sivrci<strong>da</strong>n<br />
rTul scenur samyaromde aRmasvlaa. Teatri SveliZes mTeli vnebiT<br />
uyvars. scenis gamwvavebuli aRqma ki, misi SesaZleblobebs maTematikur<br />
formulamde ayvanaSi uwyobs xels. yovel axal namuSevarSi SveliZe<br />
Tamamad axdens scenis sivrcis tranformirebas”. (52)<br />
m.SveliZis Teatraluri mxatvroba xasiaTdeba formaTa<br />
ganzogadebiT, moqmedebis adgilis pirobiTi <strong>da</strong> krebiTi saxiT.<br />
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi amosavali wertili dramaturgiul masalaSi<br />
devs. magram samyaro, romelsac m.SveliZe scenaze qmnis, arasdros ar<br />
konkretdeba <strong>da</strong> ar wvrilmandeba. amitomac scenis sivrce maqsimalurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>carielebulia dekoraciebisgan <strong>da</strong> zedmeti detalebisgan. m.SveliZis<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> speqtaklis samoqmedo adgili TiTqos gareT, Ria<br />
moe<strong>da</strong>nze gamoaqvs. es arc sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis adgilia <strong>da</strong><br />
arc raime TavSeyris. is, rogorc wesi, ganmartoebul sivrces iyenebs.<br />
samoqmedo sivrce mis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> dekoraciebiT ise aris xolme<br />
SemosazRvruli, rogorc amas bavSvebi akeTeben TamaSis dros. magram<br />
mxatvris Seqmnili samyaros sazRvrebi meqanikuri sazRvari ar aris. am<br />
zRudis orive mxares qveyanaa <strong>da</strong> cxovreba grZeldeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad aseTi<br />
pirobiTobisa, scenaze yovelTvis aris TiTo-orola miniSneba,<br />
romelic naTlad gvaCvenebs, sad <strong>da</strong> vis samyaroSi SemovediT, risi<br />
gageba gvsurs. asea riCardis “bunkeri-sasaxle”, “mefe liris” samyaro,<br />
romelic cxovrebis anarekls warmoadgens, “makbetis” mitovebuli, civi<br />
sar<strong>da</strong>fi, mefis didi sasaxlis <strong>da</strong>usrulebeli galerea, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
cocxldebian “hamletis” gmirebi. Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gansxvavebuli sivrce aqvs<br />
Seqmnili m.SveliZes speqtakl “lamaras” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>. igi<br />
gansxvavdeba u.Seqspiris esTetikisgan <strong>da</strong> Seqspiriseuli samyarosgan.<br />
“lamara” <strong>qarTul</strong>i miTosia, misi samyaro gansxvavebuli specifikuri<br />
niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. masSi Zalian bevri zRapruli elementi <strong>da</strong><br />
misticizmia. amitom dekoraciisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis adgilis pirobiToba<br />
“lamaraSi” kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens.<br />
m.SveliZe scenografiuli sivrcis srulfasovnad gaazrebisTvis<br />
samuSaod maketSi muSaobas amjobinebs. mxatvari iSviaTad qmnis<br />
114
eskizebs. scenografiuli garemos Sesaqmnelad m.SveliZe mTlianad<br />
iyenebs scenis realuri sivrces, xolo scenografiul sivrcis formas<br />
dekoraciis wyobiT sazRvravs.<br />
m.SveliZis Seqmnili scenografiuli sivrce xels uwyobs msaxiobs,<br />
gamoavlinos Tavisi SesaZleblobebi. scenuri kostiumi, grimi,<br />
calkeuli sagan-aqsesuarebi sagangebo<strong>da</strong>a SerCeuli mxatvris mier<br />
gmiri-personaJis saxis Sesaqmnelad <strong>da</strong> msaxiobis gar<strong>da</strong>saxvisTvis.<br />
m.SveliZis scenuri kostiumis dramaturgia piesis fabuli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
speqtaklis zeamocani<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs. amitom misi forma <strong>da</strong> faqtura<br />
yovelTvis azrobrivad esa<strong>da</strong>geba piesis moqmedebas.<br />
1972 wli<strong>da</strong>n dRemde m.SveliZe SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis<br />
TeatrSi moRvaweobs. mas <strong>da</strong>dgmuli aqvs speqtaklebi qarTvel <strong>da</strong><br />
ucxoel reJisorebTan erTad Tbilisis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva TeatrSi, qveynis<br />
SigniT Tu sazRvargareT arsebul saxelganTqmul TeatrebSi.<br />
“profesionalizmisa <strong>da</strong> scenis Rrma codnis wyalobiT, SveliZe<br />
speqtaklis WeSmariti Tanaavtoria. zomieri <strong>da</strong> Zunwi xerxebis<br />
gamoyenebiT, mxatvari gamomsaxvelobis maqsimalur efeqts aRwevs.<br />
Teatris mxatvari Tavis TavSi itevs fermweris, dizaineris,<br />
arqiteqtoris <strong>da</strong> modelioris profesiebs, radgan is qmnis piesis<br />
gmirebisTvis saarsebo garemos. mxatvari SveliZe, yvela wvrilmanis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, srulad <strong>da</strong>eufla am profesiebs. igi brwyinvaled<br />
grZnobs momavali speqtaklis plastikur, dinamikur <strong>da</strong> ferwerul<br />
saxes. SveliZe piesaSi arsebuli atmosferos Seqmnis ubadlo ostatia.<br />
is zustad im formiT qmnis samyaros, rom masSi ganviTarebuli<br />
movlenis yvela Sre <strong>da</strong> yvela faruli mxare mTlianad<br />
gamomJRavndes”.(53)<br />
m.SveliZis scenografia siRrmiseulia, sagnebSi gansxeulebuli. es<br />
sagnebi-moculobebi ara marto sakuTari kompoziciis kanonebs, aramed<br />
”saganTa mizanscenirebasac” emorCilebian. mTeli es garemo naklebad<br />
emTxveva (an sulac ar emTxveva) piesis siuJets. Tavisi arsiT is aris<br />
reJisoris Canafiqris sivrcobrivi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta. “yvelaze meti r.<br />
sturuas speqtakli maqvs gaformebuli. muSaobis procesSi sruliad<br />
Tavisufali var. iSviaTad, roca Tavad reJisors aqvs raime<br />
gansakuTrebuli Canafiqri, moiTxovs dekoraciis an gaformebis sxva<br />
115
detalebis CarTvas <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>, es SeiZleba iyos kibe, dekoraciuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>nadgari. maTi gaTvaliswinebiT iwyeba speqtaklis dekoraciaze<br />
muSaoba. magram mniSvnelovani amaSi isaa, rom r. sturua arasdros<br />
akonkretebs rogor un<strong>da</strong> iyos mis mier SemoTavazebuli dekoraciis<br />
forma. misi moTxovna zogadi, ganzogadebuli xasiaTisaa, dekoraciis<br />
mxatvruli forma mTlianad gaformebis mxatvruli koncefcii<strong>da</strong>naa<br />
gamomdinare. arseboben reJisorebi, romlebmac winaswar ician ra un<strong>da</strong>T<br />
scenaze, rogori un<strong>da</strong>T iyos dekoracia. magram aseT viTarebaSic<br />
mxatvari mainc Tavis mxatvruli principebis Sesabamisad qmnis<br />
dekoracias, radgan dekoraciis agebac <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi sasceno sivrceSi<br />
gaSlac imden rTul teqnikur detalebs moicavs, romelic reJisorebma<br />
arc ki ician.<br />
r.sturuasTan yvelaze saintereso Teatralur kostiumze<br />
muSaobaa. xSirad igi personaJis kostiumis Tavis variants mTavazobs.<br />
es misi piesaze xangrZlivi muSaobis Sedegia. Tu erTi an ori<br />
personaJis saxe mainc mogixaza reJisorma, mere <strong>da</strong>narCeni personaJebis<br />
kostiumebis SeqmnisTvis konkretuli amocana gaqvs ga<strong>da</strong>sawyveti.<br />
kostiumi CemTvis mTlianad dekoraciis nawilia. aq mTavari marto is<br />
araa, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> Caeweros kostiumis silueti mizanscenebSi,<br />
mTlian ansamblSi. mTavaria kostiumi artists sakuTari<br />
SesaZleblobebis gamovlenaSi <strong>da</strong>exmaros, raTa man srulad<br />
warmoadginos Tavisi personaJi. raki kostiumi dekoraciis moZravi<br />
nawilia, is aucileblad erTian kompoziciaSi un<strong>da</strong> ewerebodes.<br />
“kostiumic zustad ise iqmneba, rogorc saerTod mTeli<br />
dekoracia”.(54)<br />
gansakuTrebuli saetapo mniSvnelobis iyo m.SveliZis scenografia<br />
e.w. r.sturuas “SeqspirianasTvis”. es iyo speqtaklebi “cxovreba <strong>da</strong><br />
sikvdili mefe riCard III“, “mefe liri”, “makbeti”, “hamleti”. am<br />
speqtaklebisTvis Seqmnil <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> ganisazRvra <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
Teatraluri mxatvrobis ganviTareba 1970-2000-ian wlebSi. mniSvnelovani<br />
ki isaa, rom yvela es <strong>da</strong>dgma erT TeatrSi, erT reJisorTan<br />
TanaSemoqmedebiT mox<strong>da</strong>. Tumca m.SveliZisa <strong>da</strong> r.sturuas<br />
TanamSromloba mxolod am speqtaklebiT ar Semoifargleba. SoTa<br />
rusTavelis Teatris scenaze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros <strong>da</strong>idga speqtaklebi:<br />
116
“lurji cxenebi wiTel balaxze”, “variaciebi Tanamedrove Temaze”,<br />
“mere ra, rom svelia, sveli iasamani” <strong>da</strong> sxva, romlis scenografia<br />
m.SveliZes ekuTvnis. aseve nayofieria sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros r.sturuasTan<br />
erTad ganxorcielebuli speqtaklebi. inglisis, israelis, ruseTis,<br />
saberZneTsa <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebis TeatrebSi.<br />
1996 wels m.SveliZem gaaforma gr.robaqiZis “lamara”. es uZvelesi<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i miTi zustad esa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong> 1990-ian wlebis istoriul<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>texebs, sazogadoebaSi momx<strong>da</strong>r cvlilebebs, romelic <strong>da</strong>karguli<br />
faseulobebis <strong>da</strong>brunebas zneobrivi gmirisa <strong>da</strong> siyvarulis Temis<br />
aRorZinebiT Seeca<strong>da</strong>. amrigad, “lamaram” sruliad axleburi JReradoba<br />
SeiZina <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze. m.SveliZis scenografia “lamarasTvis” Temis<br />
calke TavSia ganxiluli.<br />
gansxvavebuli mxatvruli stiliTa <strong>da</strong> Sesrulebis maneriT<br />
gamoirCeva m.SveliZis <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvroba. Tumca igi mcirericxovania,<br />
maTSi aseve Cans mxatvrisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ekleqtizmi <strong>da</strong><br />
kolaJuroba. kolaJis mxatvrul maneraSi qmnis m.SveliZe seriozul<br />
mxatvrul namuSevrebs <strong>da</strong> megobrul SarJebs.<br />
mirian SveliZis kolaJebi Tu mini pop-artebi Zalian lamazia,<br />
savsea moulodneli elementebiT. kompoziciebi sxartia,<br />
mravlismetyveli <strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad kolaJisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
ekleqtizmisa, Tavis TavSi <strong>da</strong>srulebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebebia.<br />
ucnauri rakursebi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sagnis paradoqsuloba, yvelaferi<br />
emsaxureba kolaJis centrSi mocemuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis xasiaTisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
fsiqologiuri portretis Seqmnas. aq bevria iumoric <strong>da</strong> sarkazmic.<br />
magram swored am saganTa mravalferovnebiT ikveTeba mxatvris mier<br />
kolaJis gmiris WeSmariti miswrafebebi. sagnebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sibrtyeSia<br />
gamosaxuli, <strong>da</strong>Slili <strong>da</strong> Semdeg erT kompoziciaSi gaerTianebuli.<br />
mxatvari aaSkaravebs am a<strong>da</strong>mianebis ocnebebsa <strong>da</strong> survilebs.<br />
mxatvris <strong>da</strong>zgur SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili Zvel<br />
Tbiliss ukavia. rogorc Tavad mxatvari ambobs, es misi monatrebaa,<br />
sadRac mogonebaTa burusSi Cafluli Zveli, misi bavSvobisdroindeli<br />
qalaqi, romelic ukve aRar arsebobs. rogorc mxatvari aRniSnavs,<br />
misTvis Tbilisi ”sadRac Sors, warsulSia <strong>da</strong>rCenili. amitom ferad<br />
Tbiliss me ver vxe<strong>da</strong>v”. (55) klasikuri <strong>da</strong>zguri kompoziciis koloriti<br />
117
monoqromulobamde Zunwia. mxatvris warmosaxvaSi Zveli fotoebis<br />
msgavsad gaxunebul-moyviTalo-oqrosfer tonSia ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili mtkvris<br />
cicabo napirebi, Zveli saxlebiTa <strong>da</strong> eklesiebiT garinduli udroo<br />
sivrcea warmodgenili.<br />
“mirian SveliZe aravis ar hgavs. mis Semoqmedebasa <strong>da</strong> tradiciul<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> scenografias Soris paralelis gavleba erTi SexedviT<br />
Znelia, mis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> Cven ver <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT ferTa siuxves, verc<br />
u<strong>da</strong>rdel ferwerulobasa <strong>da</strong> sisxartes ver amovikiTxavT. gegoneba es<br />
sulac ar aris qarTveli mxatvari, rom ara misi dekoraciebi<br />
speqtaklebisaTvis, ase xSirad rom ar iyos gamosaxuli patara<br />
mixveul-moxveuli quCebi, saxlebi, firniSebi <strong>da</strong> raRac kidev uxilavi<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaucnobierebeli, raSic ase mkafiod ikiTxeba mxatvris sayvareli<br />
Tbilisi. <strong>da</strong>zgur mxatvrobaSi is Zalian xSirad mimarTavs swored<br />
Tbilisis Temas <strong>da</strong> mis koloritul saxes warmoaCens. xan<strong>da</strong>xan Zneli<br />
warmosadgenelia, rogor axerxebs es mxatvari arafrisgan Seqmnas<br />
Tavisi samyaro, rogor aSenebs” am sruliad ubralo detalebisgan<br />
ganumeorebel sivrces. mirian SveliZe detalebis SeerTebiT scenaze<br />
cocxal asociaciebs qmnis. “mirian SveliZis eskizebs saocari<br />
<strong>da</strong>majereblobis unari aqvT, gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, roca maTSi<br />
araferia naturalizmisgan”. (56)<br />
qveTavi V.<br />
Seqspiris dramaturgia mirian SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
u.Seqspiris tragedia “cxovreba <strong>da</strong> sikvdili mefe riCard III-sa”<br />
iseT dramaturgiul nawarmoebTa rigs ganekuTvneba, romelSic mTavari<br />
gmiri piesis absolutur kompoziciur centrs warmoadgens. mTavari<br />
gmiris mxatvruli saxe “titanur masStabamde” gazrdili<br />
individualizmiTa <strong>da</strong> Rrma dramatizmiT xasiaTdeba <strong>da</strong> es mas gasaocar<br />
sicocxlisunarianobas aniWebs. xolo nawarmoebis mTavari idea,<br />
ZalauflebisTvis brZola, <strong>da</strong>mdgmeli reJisorebisTvis brwyinvale<br />
masalas warmoadgens piesis gansxvavebuli wakiTxvisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
Tavisufali interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT. 1979 wels r.sturuam<br />
<strong>da</strong>dga “cxovreba <strong>da</strong> sikvdili mefe riCard III-sa”. speqtaklis mxatvari<br />
m.SveliZe iyo. r.sturuas speqtakli “riCard III” <strong>da</strong>dgma reJisoruli <strong>da</strong><br />
118
mxatvruli gaformebis TvalsazrisiT sruliad axlebur <strong>da</strong><br />
novatorul formaSi iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatrisa <strong>da</strong><br />
scenografiis istoriaSi is erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli Teatraluri<br />
nawarmoebia, romlis mxatvruli mTlianoba speqtaklis mTavari ideisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi vizualuri formis ubadlo SerwymiT iyo miRweuli.<br />
reJisori r.sturua <strong>qarTul</strong>i reJisuris tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />
SemoqmedebiTi meTodis Sesabamisad gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ambavs<br />
– piesis fabulas aniWebs. xolo Txrobisa <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis moqmedebis<br />
gasaaqtiureblad piesaSi metad mniSvnelovan aqcentebs akeTebs. man<br />
montaJis principi gamoiyena <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>aadgila mTeli rigi scenebi<br />
speqtaklSi. erT-erTi moqmedi piri, riCmondi, romelic piesaSi<br />
mxolod bolo moqmedebaSi Cndebo<strong>da</strong>, r.sturuam pirvelive aqtSi<br />
gamoiyvana scenaze. amiT mox<strong>da</strong> am gmiris dramaturgiuli saxis<br />
sruliad axleburi gaazreba. amas speqtaklisTvis konceptualuri<br />
mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>. reJisoris mxri<strong>da</strong>n Tamami SemoTavazeba iyo<br />
speqtaklSi masxaras personaJis Semoyvanac, romelic Seqspirs ar hyavs<br />
piesaSi. masxaras saxiT scenaze riCardis tragikulma farsma sastiki<br />
groteskis saxe miiRo. xolo riCardis ganzogadebuli saxi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
r.sturuam wina planze misi yvelaze uaryofiTi, boroti tiranis<br />
veragi Tvisebebi wamowia. pirvelive scenaSi riCardi antigmirad iyo<br />
warmodgenili, romlis mamoZravebeli centri mis sikoWleSi, kuzian<br />
tansa <strong>da</strong> arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsSi ido. gmiris saxis aseT<br />
interpretaciaSi moiazrebo<strong>da</strong> winapiroba, Tu sazogadod rogor<br />
Cndebian tiranebi. scenuri movlenebisa <strong>da</strong> personaJTa xasiaTis<br />
reJisoruli agebis logika savsebiT amarTleb<strong>da</strong> piesis mTavari gmiris<br />
amgvar ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas. speqtaklSi ar iyo arc erTi met-naklebad <strong>da</strong>debiTi<br />
personaJi. aq Tavis TavSi yvela moicav<strong>da</strong> borotebas, mis erTgvar<br />
personificikacias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, mTeli Tavisi mravalferovani<br />
saxeebiTa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebiT.<br />
reJisoruli koncefciis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze sainteresod iyo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili riCmondis personaJi. misi scenuri sicocxle speqtaklis<br />
pirvelive wuTebi<strong>da</strong>n iwyebo<strong>da</strong>. u.Seqspiris riCmondi gmiria, tiranis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mamarcxebeli, mxsneli. r.sturuam ki igi riCardis oreulad<br />
warmoadgina. riCardisaTvis igi sulieri pirmSoa. riCmondi riCardis<br />
119
meSveobiT gzas ikafavs gvirgvinisaken. mas taxtis <strong>da</strong>uflebis ufro<br />
meti ambicia gaaCnia, Tanac igi fizikurad janmrTeli <strong>da</strong><br />
srulyofilia. speqtaklis boloSi igi Tavad gvevlineba kidev ufro<br />
sisxlian <strong>da</strong> borot tiranad. r.sturua am gmiris saxis axali<br />
konceftualuri niSnebis SemotaniT TiTqos afrTxileb<strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebas samyaros mosalodnel <strong>da</strong>Rupvaze, Tu “riCardebis”<br />
marjve winsvlas ar moeReba bolo”. (57) swored am momentSi Cans<br />
dramaturgiuli masalisgan mkveTri ga<strong>da</strong>xveva, rac Zalian mkafiod<br />
gamoikveTa m.SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>. mxatvarma riCmondis saxeSi<br />
scenografiuli konfliqti Cado <strong>da</strong> amiT gaamTliana gmiris<br />
personaJuli saxe.<br />
mxatvruli saxis mkafio transformacia ganica<strong>da</strong> dedofal<br />
margaretis personaJmac. igi winaswarmetyveli, bneleTis grZneuli<br />
Zalebis gansaxierebad amodis scenaze saorkestro ormo<strong>da</strong>n. mas xelSi<br />
gaSlili wigni uWiravs. am sagans <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> didi mxatvruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva mieniWa. bedisweris wigni dedofal margaretis xelSi sagan-<br />
dekoraciad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca.<br />
mZafri groteski ikiTxebo<strong>da</strong> riCardis dedis saxeSi. usicocxlo,<br />
umimiko Tojinis grimiT igi saTamaSo iyo sakuTari Svilis xelSi.<br />
“riCard III-is” personaJebi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze groteskuli mefe eduard<br />
IV-a. igi mmarTveli-momxmareblis gansaxiereba iyo. mis saxeSi bevri<br />
ramaa karikaturuli. “diad mefes” arc janmrTeloba uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels <strong>da</strong><br />
arc metyveleba uvargo<strong>da</strong>. mxatvarma igi sabavSvo WoWinaSi Casva. mefe<br />
eduardis, kenterberis arqiepiskoposisa <strong>da</strong> masxaras rolebs<br />
speqtaklSi erTi msaiobi ansaxiereb<strong>da</strong> (a. maxaraZe). r.sturuas mier<br />
warmodgenaSi axali gmiri masxara-klounis Semoiyvana mTlianad<br />
cvli<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis ideur <strong>da</strong> mxatvrul esTetikas, xolo samsaxiobo<br />
TamaSis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebul formas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. amitom<br />
speqtaklis sxva personaJebisgan gansxvavebiT maTi scenografiuli<br />
saxec gansxvavebul mxatvrul formaSi iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. saerTod<br />
speqtakl “riCard III–is” yvela moqmedi gmiri mkafiod gamokveTili<br />
personaJuli saxiTa <strong>da</strong> konkretuli samoqmedo funqciiT iyo<br />
warmodgenili scenaze.<br />
120
tragediis Temis ganzogadeba, romelic pativmoyvareTa<br />
ZalauflebisaTvis brZolas ganasaxierebs, scildeba garkveuli epoqisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qveynis sazRvrebs, amitom speqtaklis moqmedebis adgili<br />
pirobiTobiT xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong>. es “aravis miwa” de<strong>da</strong>miwis ganusazRvrel<br />
monakveTs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romelsac <strong>da</strong>Ri <strong>da</strong>asva warsulma <strong>da</strong><br />
axlandelma drom, <strong>da</strong> raoden ucnauric ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos momavalmac.<br />
momavali dro Zalze naTlad ikiTxeba im garemoSi, romelic mxatvarma<br />
Seqmna scenaze.<br />
“...scena mogvagonebs saSineli katastrofis Semdeg raRac<br />
saswauliT ga<strong>da</strong>rCenil bunkers”. (58) aluminis kedlebi TiTqos<br />
<strong>da</strong>Wmuli iyo cecxlisgan. alag-alag piri<strong>da</strong>Rebuli farTo xvrelebis<br />
miRma wyvdiadi<strong>da</strong>n aCrdilebi amodiodnen. es “pir<strong>da</strong>Rebuli monstri”<br />
STanTqav<strong>da</strong> riCardis msxverplT.<br />
sasceno sivrce maqsimalurad ganitvirTa dekoraciisgan, magram<br />
masSi ar iyo sicariele. iq moTamaSe sagnebi-miniSnebebSi iyo mxolod.<br />
mxatvarma dekoraciisa <strong>da</strong> sagnebis nawils funqcionaluri mniSvneloba<br />
<strong>da</strong>akisra. TamaSSi CarTulni, isini ideur sabrtyeSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgildebodnen, iwyebdnen “laparaks” <strong>da</strong> “moqmedebas”. mxatvarma<br />
mTeli yuradReba ukana <strong>da</strong> gverdiTa dekoraciaze ga<strong>da</strong>itana.<br />
vidre speqtaklis monawileebi scenaze gamodiodnen, mayurebelTa<br />
winaSe “TeTri dumili” iyo gamefebuli. garegnuli sterilurobis<br />
(saavadmyofos SeTeTrebul palatis msgavsad) <strong>da</strong> mowesrigebulobis<br />
miRma mosCan<strong>da</strong> ngrevisa <strong>da</strong> rRvevis kvali. bolomomwvari moTeTro<br />
tilos far<strong>da</strong> TiTqos CamoRvenTili iyo aluminis kedlebze. centrSi<br />
Camongreuli Weri<strong>da</strong>n CamoZonZili qsovilis boloebi mosCan<strong>da</strong>. scenaze<br />
aqa-iq mimobneuli sagnebi (aqsesuarebi) ganamtkicebdnen azrs drois<br />
warmavlobis Sesaxeb. amitomac avanscenaze dro<strong>da</strong>dro moZraobas<br />
iwyeb<strong>da</strong> wylis wisqvilis borbali. dekoraciuli sivrcis garSemo<br />
aRmarTuli iyo celebi, namglebi, Subebi - omisa <strong>da</strong> sisxlis fasad<br />
mopovebuli Zalauflebis simboloebi. Subebze, rogorc mudmiv<br />
saguSagoze, ori yorani iyo Camomj<strong>da</strong>ri. es omis Citebi yovelTvis<br />
mzad iyvnen, <strong>da</strong>ekortnaT morigi msxverpli.<br />
scena samive mxri<strong>da</strong>n far<strong>da</strong>-drapirebiT iyo SemosazRvruli. ukana<br />
dekoraciis far<strong>da</strong> sacirko kulisebiviT ixsnebo<strong>da</strong>. Weric aseve<br />
121
drapirebis iyo. mis centrSi amoglejili Riobi<strong>da</strong>n cis fragmenti<br />
moCan<strong>da</strong>. II moqmedebaSi Werze sisxliani laqebi Cndebo<strong>da</strong>. aseTive<br />
wiTeli feriT mxatvarma Weri<strong>da</strong>n kedelze ga<strong>da</strong>svlis adgili SeReba.<br />
avanscenas saorkestro ormo warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. igi gaxsnili iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
mxatvarma masSi Casasvleli kibe gaakeTa. am qveskneli<strong>da</strong>n scenaze<br />
amodio<strong>da</strong> dedofali margareti, ufliswulebis aCrdilebi, de<strong>da</strong>... es<br />
iyo kibe-gza “arsaiT <strong>da</strong> arsai<strong>da</strong>n”.<br />
sasceno sivrcis SuagulSi m.SveliZem aluminis firfitiT<br />
Semokruli Wa moaTavsa. legendis Tanaxmad, am WaSi CaaxrCves riCardis<br />
Zma klarensi.<br />
scenis siRrmeSi “aluminis” kedelze mimagrebuli iyo rkinis<br />
Zelebisagan agebuli xaraCoebi. es rkinis xaraCo meore moqmedebaSi<br />
scenis centrSi gamodio<strong>da</strong>. xaraCoebi erTgvar gzajvaredins<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romelzec riCardi <strong>da</strong> axalgazr<strong>da</strong> eduardi idgnen.<br />
bolo moqmedebaSi xaraCoebi m.SveliZem avanscenisken gamowia, riTic<br />
<strong>da</strong>akonkreta samoqmedo sivrce. am rkinis svetebs Soris iwyeb<strong>da</strong><br />
borgvas riCardi aCrdilebis gamocxadebisas. epilogSi xaraCoebi<br />
amaRlebul cariel taxtad ga<strong>da</strong>iqceo<strong>da</strong>, romelzec gvirgviniT xelSi,<br />
gamarjvebuli riCmondi adio<strong>da</strong>. es rkinis konstruqcia aseve masxarasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> uxilavi xalxis tribunac iyo.<br />
simboluri mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zga-oTxTvalas, romelzec<br />
dedofali elisabedi <strong>da</strong> grafi riversi isxdnen. maTi erTad Semosvla<br />
scenaze maTive bedis ganuyrelobaze metyveleb<strong>da</strong>. magram samefo etlis<br />
magier mxatvarma glexuri urmis msgavsi oTxTvala <strong>da</strong>dga. dedofal<br />
elisabedisa <strong>da</strong> graf riversis moZrav <strong>da</strong>zgaze dgoma, maTi<br />
personaJebis aramyar poziciaze metyveleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aRsaniSnavia gorgolaWebiani kubos dekoracia. mas Tokze<br />
gamobmuls bavSvis saTamaSosaviT <strong>da</strong>aTrev<strong>da</strong> riCardi. masSi rigrigobiT<br />
esvena misi mokluli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi. igi mravaljeradi gamoyenebis sagnad<br />
iyo qceuli, radgan riCardSi arc cocxlebi <strong>da</strong> miT umetes, mkvdrebi<br />
araviTar pativiscemas <strong>da</strong> sibraluls ar iwvevdnen.<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso mxatvruli metafora, moqmedi sagani<br />
gvirgvini iyo. Zalauflebis simbolo, riCardis usasrulo swrafvis<br />
sagani. igi mas xan Sublze Camofxatuli hqon<strong>da</strong>, xan ukan ga<strong>da</strong>gdebuli<br />
122
<strong>da</strong> am dros gvirgvini rqebiviT adgas “mefistofel” riCards Tavze,<br />
masSi gmiris orsaxovaneba ikiTxebo<strong>da</strong>. gvirgvini piesaSi mTavari<br />
sagani-personaJia. igi is sakvanZo elementia, romlis garSemo<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ikvrebo<strong>da</strong> piesis fabula. amitomac mxatvarma gvirgvini maqsimalurad<br />
stilizebuli <strong>da</strong> martivi formiT Seqmna. igi brinjaosferi gvirgvinis<br />
aRsaniSnavi kbilana-sartyeli iyo. es sagani – simbolo sazogadod<br />
gvirgvinis ganmarteba iyo. igi arc imperatoris <strong>da</strong>fnis gvirgvini, arc<br />
inglisis Tu rusi monarqis mdidruli samefo Tavsaburavi iyo.<br />
meore mniSvnelovani gaTamaSebuli sagani dedofal margaretis<br />
xelSi gaSlili wigni - bedisweris wigni iyo. masSia moTxrobili,<br />
cxovreba <strong>da</strong> sikvdili mefe riCard mesamisa <strong>da</strong> mTeli kacobriobis<br />
istoria. yoveli gmiri masSi Tavis bedisweras aRmoaCen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mravlismetyveli iyo gamoxunebuli, Rirseba<strong>da</strong>karguli uvargis<br />
WuWyian Cvrad qceuli inglisis droSa, romelic gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili<br />
CviliviT xelebze <strong>da</strong>svenebuli lord hestingss Semohqon<strong>da</strong> scenaze.<br />
aqtiurad moqmedi scenografiuli personaJis saxiT mxatvarma tiloze<br />
<strong>da</strong>xatuli inglisis ruka warmoadgina. finalSi am rukaSi riCardisa <strong>da</strong><br />
riCmondis ukanaskneli orTabrZola imarTebo<strong>da</strong>. msaxiobis samoqmedo<br />
plastikas <strong>da</strong>morCilebuli es gaTamaSebuli dekoracia, mayurebelze<br />
iseT STabeWdilebas axden<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos mTeli samyaro Sezanzar<strong>da</strong><br />
riCardis borotebiTa <strong>da</strong> riCmondis aRzevebiT.<br />
speqtaklis gaformebis koloritul-plastikuri sivrce ar<br />
gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> scenuri drois <strong>da</strong>konkretebas. m.SveliZem pirobiTi<br />
dekoraciuli samyaro Seqmna. mayureblis warmosaxvaSi, analiziTa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganWvretiT, mas misTvis misaReb droiT sivrceSi ga<strong>da</strong>hyav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
speqtaklis mizanscenuri plastikuri forma <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli<br />
kompozicia imgvari iyo, rom yvela gmiri fasSi an anfasSi moZraob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
moqmedeba TiTqos Wadrakis <strong>da</strong>faze viTardebo<strong>da</strong>. piesis yvela gmirs<br />
Tavisi gansazRvruli samoZrao sivrce hqon<strong>da</strong>. kompozicia frizebad<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong>yofili. moZravi <strong>da</strong>zgac <strong>da</strong> rkinis <strong>da</strong>nadgaric, avanscenis<br />
paralelurad moZraob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rbazis mimarT srul fasSi idga.<br />
speqtaklis moqmedeba sasceno sivrcis pirvel <strong>da</strong> meore planze<br />
viTardebo<strong>da</strong>. aq ar xdebo<strong>da</strong> siRrmeSi SeWra. am “bunkerSi” mTeli<br />
samyaro iyo SemWidrovebuli. msaxiobTa plastikas mizanscenebSi<br />
123
amZafreb<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis musikalur-xmovani gaformebac. kompozitor<br />
g.yanCelis mier Seqmnili rektaimi gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis<br />
plastikur tempo-ritms, romelsac zustad Seesatyvisebo<strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis<br />
mier Seqmnili scenuri kostiumebi. speqtakl “riCard III”-is kostiumTa<br />
dramaturgia, gansazRvravs speqtaklis mxatvrul-vizualur <strong>da</strong><br />
sivrcobrivi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas. saerTo pirobiTobasa <strong>da</strong> ekleqcizmSi,<br />
kostiumebs udidesi ideuri <strong>da</strong> emociuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvaA hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mxatvari ixseneb<strong>da</strong> msaxiobebis kostiumebze muSaobis pirvel etaps.<br />
kostiumebi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli eskizebis mixedviT aRar Seiqmna. stilizebul<br />
kostiumebze gadmotanili iyo TeTri tilo-safaris elementebi. grZeli<br />
labadebi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan tilos faqturaSi ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>, magram dekoraciis<br />
scenaze montirebisas kostiumisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCeni gaformebis mxatvruli<br />
mTlianoba <strong>da</strong>irRva. is sinTezi speqtaklis dekoraciul gaformebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kostiumebis dramaturgias Soris, romelic ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols<br />
asrulebs speqtaklis mTliani mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi, mogvianebiT<br />
iqna miRweuli.<br />
dekoraciisTvis TeTri safaris axdisTanave kostiumma Tavisi<br />
azrobrivi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva <strong>da</strong>karga, gaCn<strong>da</strong> sruli disharmonia. tilos<br />
faqtura aRar miesa<strong>da</strong>ga kedlebis metalisebr bzinvarebas. kostiumebi,<br />
romlebSic piesisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli epoqaluri istorizmi un<strong>da</strong><br />
yofiliyo gansazRvruli, srul butaforiebad iqcnen.<br />
riCard III-is kostiumma Tavisi saxviT-plastikuri <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli<br />
formiT gansakuTrebuli saTamaSo funqcia SeiZina, riTac SesaZlebeli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> riCardis dramatuli saxis gaxsna. m.SveliZem msaxiob r.CxikvaZes<br />
sagangebod patara zomis grZeli, nacrisferi, Savi ga<strong>da</strong>sakeci<br />
manJetebiT gawyobili Sineli Caacva. kostiumis patara zomam SezRu<strong>da</strong><br />
msaxiobis Tavisufali moZraoba <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli odnav uxerxuli<br />
plastika SesZina personaJs. riCardi mxrebSi moixara <strong>da</strong> kuziani<br />
tirani generlis SinelSi mogvevlina. m.SveliZis mier Seqmnili<br />
kostiumis wyalobiT, ganisazRvra msaxiobis scenaze samoZrao<br />
plastikur-qoreografiuli saxe, gamovlin<strong>da</strong> gmiris fsiqologizmi,<br />
misi Sinagani buneba <strong>da</strong> zraxvebi. nacrisfeli labadis Signi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mosCan<strong>da</strong> kostiumis Savi triko <strong>da</strong> perangi. riCardis mdidruli<br />
samxreebi, maRali rangis moxeles Seesatyvisebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
124
kostiumze muSaobis Sesaxeb m.SveliZe aRniSnavs, rom<br />
mniSvnelovania CaiWiro mTavari saxasiaTo elementi. erTi xazi an<br />
umniSvnelo detalic ki sakmarisia, imisTvis, rom kostiumi moargo<br />
artists, ga<strong>da</strong>itano scenis sivrceSi <strong>da</strong> aamoZrao moqmedebaSi. ase<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> riCard III-is kostiumis moZebna. rogorc ki iqna mignebuli<br />
riCardis forma, umal gaCn<strong>da</strong> scenaze erTgvari “Cinovnikebis<br />
sammarTvelo”.<br />
gaCn<strong>da</strong> hestingsis, lord-kancleris, didi Cinovnikis nacrisferi<br />
Sineli. igi riCardis ZiriTadi metoqe iyo. mxatvarma hestinsgis<br />
kostiumi <strong>da</strong> garegnuli forma ise ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, rom maqsimalurad<br />
gamoevlina riCardsa <strong>da</strong> mas Soris axlo “naTesavuri” kavSiri.<br />
mxatvari amas aRwev<strong>da</strong> napoleoniseuli grimis saSualebiT. kostiumi<br />
xels uwyob<strong>da</strong>, yovelTvis mowesrigebuli ukompromiso hestinsgis saxis<br />
gaxsnas. aseve saintereso iyo bakingemis kostiumi-rbil, Wermisfer<br />
tonSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili, igi gmiris, eSmak <strong>da</strong> moqnil xasiaTs esa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
klarensis kostiumi grZeli bewviT gawyobili laba<strong>da</strong>, gmiris<br />
`vaJkacur-rainduli~ saxes usvam<strong>da</strong> xazs.<br />
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia riCmondis scenuri kostiumi, romelic<br />
scenografiuli konfliqtis esTetikuri kategoriis matarebelia.<br />
m.SveliZem riCmondis garegnuli forma piesis saerTo dekoraciul<br />
sivrcesTan <strong>da</strong> personaJTa saxeebTan srul kontrastSi warmoadgina.<br />
momxiblavi Wabuki riCmondi, mdidrul samosSia gamowyobili. mas<br />
spilos Zvlisferi TeTri, grZeli komzoli acvia, TeTri mdidruli<br />
maqmanebiT gawyobili abreSumis perangiT, romelic Tavisi Tavisufali<br />
TargiT, kamzolis mkacr siluets erTgvar eskizurobas <strong>da</strong> simsubuqes<br />
aniWebs. speqtaklis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi riCmondi <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelia, magram<br />
tragediis moqmedebis ganviTarebisas riCmondi icvlis samoss <strong>da</strong><br />
riCardis msgavsad mkacr laba<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> Sav trikoSi gamowyobili<br />
Cndeba scenaze.<br />
speqtaklSi moqmedi oTxi qalis kostiumi Sav ferSi iyo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. isini grZneuli, mankieri arsebebi iyvnen. dedofali<br />
margareti farTo wamosasxamiT TiTqos abneleb<strong>da</strong> naTels. mxatvarma<br />
gmiris grimSi ZiriTadi aqcenti Tvalebze ga<strong>da</strong>tana. aman ganapiroba<br />
msaxiobis TamaSis formac, romelSic Tvalebi ufro metyveli iyo,<br />
125
vidre sityvebi. aseve metyveli iyo riCard glosteris dedis saxe.<br />
mxatvarma mas Tojinis grimi gaukeTa. misi saxe sruliad usicocxlo,<br />
uemocio, TiTqos cvilisgan iyo Seqmnili. amiT mxatvarma mis<br />
ususurobas gausva xazi. masac Savi kaba ecva.<br />
sruliad gansxvavebul esTetikaSi hqon<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili m.SveliZes<br />
speqtaklSi masxaras kostiumi. r.sturuam piesis ideuri <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli<br />
koncefcii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, speqtaklSi masxaras gmiri <strong>da</strong>amata <strong>da</strong> mas<br />
“riCardis” warmodgenaSi konferansies roli miuCina. am klouni-<br />
konferansies kostiums, (msaxiobi a. maxaraZe) brwyinvaled SerCeuli<br />
aqsesuarebi ematebo<strong>da</strong>. misi saxe <strong>da</strong> TamaSis esTetikac mTlianad<br />
ekleqturi iyo. am “klouna<strong>da</strong>Si” CarTuli iyo, konferansies Jileti,<br />
generlis epoletebi, napoleonis samkuTxa qudi, sagangebo grimi <strong>da</strong><br />
gaTamaSebuli sagan-dekoraciebi, trosti, saaTi <strong>da</strong> sxv. masxaras saxe,<br />
misi kostiumis personaJuli <strong>da</strong> saTamaSo funqciiT mTlianad<br />
cenografiuli konfliqtis saxviT-plastikur principebze iyo agebuli.<br />
aseTive principiT Seqmna m.SveliZem mefe eduard IV-is <strong>da</strong><br />
kenterberieli arqiespiskoposis kostiumebi. Tavisi CacmulobiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
grimiT isini gaTamaSebuli klounadis monawileni iyvnen. maT<br />
mxatvrul saxeSi mox<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis reJisoruli koncefciis<br />
materializacia. sworad SerCeuli detalebiTa <strong>da</strong> sagan-aqsesuarebiT<br />
eduardis, arqiepiskoposisa <strong>da</strong> masxaras saxeebs m.SveliZem erTiani<br />
mxatvruli kolaJuri forma misca. maTSi bevri iyo karikaturuli.<br />
mefis sabavSvo WoWinaSi, SiSvel sxeulze mocmuli samefo mantia <strong>da</strong><br />
SiSveli fexebi, samefoSi arsebul kriziss ganasaxiebs. mxiaruli<br />
mocekvave masxara aq ufro bedis ironiaa, vidre simarTlis mTqmeli.<br />
misi Sav-TeTri kostiumi gaferadebulia wiTeli JiletiT <strong>da</strong> grimiT.<br />
mxolod am erTi gmiris saxeSi Cndeba wiTeli, mxolod masxara<br />
migvaniSnebs sazarel sisxlisRvraze. masxaras qudiT pirobiTad<br />
erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>akavSira TeTri <strong>da</strong> alisferi vardebis omi <strong>da</strong> napoleonis<br />
imperiis epoqa <strong>da</strong> amis saSualebiT mTeli kacobriobis istorias.<br />
masxaras kostiumSi Cadebuli istorizmis elementebi xels uwyobs<br />
tragediis mTavari ideis zogadsakacobrio masStabiT warmoaCinos.<br />
simbolur niSnebze, emociur-riTmikaze agebuli mxatvruli ideis<br />
materializacias, mxatvari garemo-samyaros pirobiT formaSi axden<strong>da</strong>.<br />
126
speqtakl “riCard III” scenografiuli mikrosamyaro, romlis<br />
Riobebi<strong>da</strong>n usasrulo wyvdiads hqon<strong>da</strong> gawvdili xelebi, yvela<br />
ganzomilebasa <strong>da</strong> Sreebs Seicav<strong>da</strong>. igi Tavisi sagnobrivi garemoTi <strong>da</strong><br />
dekoraciuli detalebiT, konkretuli gmirebis sacxovrebels<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. masSi yvelaferi mTavari gmiris miswrafebebis logikas<br />
emorCilebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
m.SveliZis scenografia “riCard III”-is monoqromulia. mxatvari<br />
iyenebs TeTri feris mraval tonalobas, <strong>da</strong>matebiT Savs <strong>da</strong><br />
nacrisfers. TeTri abreSumis <strong>da</strong> Savi mZime faqturis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />
emociur kontrasts qmnis. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad koloritis asketuroba <strong>da</strong><br />
TavSekavebuloba speqtaklis finalSi mravali ferebiT mdidrdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
m.SveliZesTan arc erTi feri ar iyo SemTxveviTi, xolo metalisa <strong>da</strong><br />
tilos faqturebis kontrasti, priala <strong>da</strong> gluvi ze<strong>da</strong>piris<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispireba dekoraciul formaTa dinamikuri urTierTqmedebiT<br />
mTels <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> formaTa dinamikas gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
m.SveliZis “riCard III”-is gaformeba Tanamedrove <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> axlebur xedvas <strong>da</strong> novatoruli ideebis axal<br />
gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs sTavazob<strong>da</strong>. amave dros igi mTlianad<br />
emorCilebo<strong>da</strong> r.sturuas reJisorul koncefcias. amitomac speqtaklis<br />
mTliani mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi m.SveliZe mniSvnelovnad<br />
speqtaklis reJisoris <strong>da</strong> mxatvris TanaSemoqmedebas miiCnevs.<br />
spontanurad erT amosunTqvaze warmoSobili mxatvruli efeqti,<br />
“riCard III”-es magaliTze, metyvelebs imaze, rom <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
Teatraluri mxatvrobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i reJisuris ZiriTadi mxatvruli<br />
principebi sicocxlisunariani aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis formaTa<br />
sinTezi axal-axali gamomsaxvelobiTi detalebiT gamdidr<strong>da</strong>. yovelive<br />
zemoaRniSnuli TvalsaCinod gamovlin<strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
u.Seqspiris tragediisTvis “mefe liri”.<br />
r.sturuas “mefe lirs” Teatrmcodneebma speqtakli-ganaCeni<br />
uwodes. Tu speqtaklebiT “riCard III” <strong>da</strong> “yvaryvare” reJisori<br />
gvafrTxileb<strong>da</strong> samyaros mosalodneli <strong>da</strong>Rupvis Sesaxeb, “liris”<br />
tragedia apokalifsuri iyo. “... samyaro usiyvarulod, sibralulis,<br />
samarTlianobis gareSe, urTierTgagebasa <strong>da</strong> sinazis gareSe,<br />
urTierTTanagrZnobis gareSe, sul erTia axalgazr<strong>da</strong>a igi Tu xnieri,<br />
127
ganwirulia sibinZuresa <strong>da</strong> sisxlSi saTrevad, sisastikesa <strong>da</strong> sikvdils<br />
Soris. SesaZloa mTeli Cveni planetis masStabebSi “mefe liri“ aris<br />
piesa TaobaTa bedze, planetis bedze.” (59) es sityvebi ekuTvnis<br />
Tanamedroveobis udides reJisors jorjo strelers.<br />
r.sturuam u.Seqspiris piesis tragikuli Sinaarsi gamoiyena<br />
imisaTvis, rom eCvenebina samyaros warsuli, awmyo <strong>da</strong> is momavali, rac<br />
mosalodnelia Tu qveyanaze “araraica” gamef<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> siyvarulis<br />
magivrad Zalauflebis pativmoyvareobam <strong>da</strong>imkvidra.<br />
r.sturuam speqtaklSi ara liris piradi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri tragedia,<br />
aramed mTeli samyaros ngreva warmoadgina. “...odesme mTeli samyaro<br />
ase <strong>da</strong>ingreva”- ambob<strong>da</strong> gonebaSeSlili liris Sesaxeb glosteri.<br />
piesis gmiris es winaswarmetyveleba r.sturuaseuli <strong>da</strong>dgmis mTavar<br />
fabulas warmoadgens, radgan reJisorma ganazoga<strong>da</strong> liris saxeSi<br />
moxuci <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uZlurebeli tirani mefis mier <strong>da</strong>Tesili borotebis,<br />
uxvad amozardili sisxliani monstrebi. “axalgazrdoba-ASurisZiebaa”-<br />
h.ibsenis es sityvebi r.sturuas speqtaklis epigrafad gamodgeba.<br />
speqtaklSi mTavari gmiris mxatvruli saxis gansxvavebuli<br />
interpretacia mTlianad cvli<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis finals. SeqspiriTan lirs<br />
“SiSveli bedkruloba” a<strong>da</strong>mianad aqcev<strong>da</strong>, masSi sibraluli <strong>da</strong><br />
TanagrZnoba iRviZeb<strong>da</strong>. r.sturuas liri bolomde Tavisi Tavis<br />
erTguli iyo, agrZeleb<strong>da</strong> qveSeverdomebiT TamaSs, klav<strong>da</strong> masxaras.<br />
reJisoris koncefcia masxaras sikvdilis uxmo scenaSi gasaocari<br />
qmediTi metaforiT gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. WeSmariteba, simamace <strong>da</strong> mzrunveloba,<br />
romelsac masxara ganasaxiereb<strong>da</strong> Seewira egoizmsa <strong>da</strong> axirebas.<br />
r.sturuas liri TviTon angrev<strong>da</strong> Tavis samyaros.<br />
u.Seqspiris liri kvdeba, r.sturuasi ara. “yvelasgan mitovebuli”<br />
liri ngrevasa <strong>da</strong> wyvdiadSi gamodio<strong>da</strong> scenaze. moxuci xeliT<br />
moaTrev<strong>da</strong> CamoxrCobil kordilias, mis mierve <strong>da</strong>Rupul samyaro-<br />
sicocxles. mas aRaraferi <strong>da</strong>rCeno<strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong> sikvdilisa, magram bedis<br />
ukuRmarTobam igi samu<strong>da</strong>mo xetialisTvis gawira.<br />
r.sturuas “mefe liris” tragediis amgvari wakiTxva mxatvarma<br />
m.SveliZem uCveulo <strong>da</strong> Rrmad simbolur <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> asaxa.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom “mefe liri” swored is tragediaa, romelic<br />
ganzogadebisa <strong>da</strong> abstragirebuli qcevebisagan Sedgeba, igi<br />
128
tradiciuli realisturi logikiT ar iyo wakiTxuli <strong>da</strong> amitom<br />
universalur kategoriebs Seicav<strong>da</strong>. piesis universaluroba, misi<br />
apokalifsurobiT, mkafiod gamoisaxa speqtaklis mxatvrul<br />
gaformebaSi<br />
mxatvarma scenaze SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatris<br />
mayurebelTa <strong>da</strong>rbazi gaagrZela. scenis sivrceSi TiTqos airekla<br />
mayurebelTa loJebi, beletaJi, aivnebi. `me SevTavaze sturuas<br />
gagvegrZelebina <strong>da</strong>rbazi scenaze. Teatric xom igive saxelmwifoa. am<br />
samyaroSic arian lirebi, igive xdeba am qveyanaSic. SeiZleba, Cvenc<br />
igive gvelis~. am sityvebiT m. SveliZem mkafiod Camoayaliba speqtaklis<br />
mxatvruli gaformebis sakuTari koncefcia.<br />
gaxsnili usaxo sofitebis win scenaze <strong>da</strong>kidebuli lian<strong>da</strong>gis<br />
Zelakebi, qanqarebiviT ganuwyvetliv moZraob<strong>da</strong>. mxolod isini amxel<strong>da</strong>,<br />
am erTi ci<strong>da</strong> miwis monakveTze, a<strong>da</strong>mianze amxedrebul bunebis<br />
arsebobas. isini dro<strong>da</strong>dro metalis zarebs gamoscem<strong>da</strong>, dros iTvli<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qariSxlis scenaSi swored maTSi iyo koncentrirebuli stiqiis mTeli<br />
mrisxaneba, maT nel <strong>da</strong> mZime rokvaSi.<br />
scena TiTqmis Tavisufali iyo dekoraciisgan. moqmedeba<br />
mTelasivrceSi iSlebo<strong>da</strong>. ukana dekoraciad neitraluri Savi far<strong>da</strong><br />
iyo gakeTebuli. scenaze agebuli mayurebelTa <strong>da</strong>rbazi siRrmeSi<br />
centrisken uxvev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> scenografiul sivrces wriul moxazulobaSi<br />
aqcev<strong>da</strong>. dekoraciis kompozicias aguris kedeli asruleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
m.SveliZes scenografiuli kompozicia wriul moZrav formaSi iyo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. dekoraciis ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>nadgaris naxevarwriuli<br />
moxazuloba, sagan-dekoraciebis ganlageba scenaze wres qmni<strong>da</strong>. wre ki,<br />
samyaros mudmivi moZraobis simbolos warmoadgen. es metafora mu<strong>da</strong>m<br />
Tanmdevia xolme aseTi tragediisaTvis, rogoric u.Seqspiris “mefe<br />
liria”.<br />
mxatvarma aaSena samyaro, am samyaros Tavisi idea gaaCnia, xolo am<br />
ideis gaxsnas emsaxureba speqtaklis mTliani mxatvrul-plastikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
sagnobriv-sivrculi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta. mayurebelTa <strong>da</strong>rbazis formis<br />
dekoracia, e.w. direqtoris loJis gar<strong>da</strong>, ganZarcvulia yovelgvari<br />
gaformebis detalebisgan <strong>da</strong> toveb<strong>da</strong> mitovebuli <strong>da</strong>samTavrebeli<br />
saremonto nagebobis STabeWdilebas. aguris kedeli, romelic sofitebs<br />
129
agrZeleb<strong>da</strong> aseve gaSiSvlebuli iyo. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom mas ukve aRarasodes Seexeba mSeneblis xeli. qveyana, romelmac<br />
ganica<strong>da</strong> ayvaveba `mzis Casvla~ <strong>da</strong> -<strong>da</strong>Rupva elis.<br />
scenis planSets kveT<strong>da</strong> rkinis gza-lian<strong>da</strong>gi. arsai<strong>da</strong>n momavali<br />
<strong>da</strong> arsaiT mimavali gza-`moxetiale martoobis~ simbolo. masze<br />
kibiti iyo gamarTuli. masiuri konstruqcia xan mefis asul gonerilis<br />
muzas emsaxureba, rodesac igi funjiTa <strong>da</strong> palitriT “xelovnebas”<br />
earSiyebo<strong>da</strong>. Semdeg igi im mZime xvedrs ganasaxiereb<strong>da</strong>, romelic moxuc<br />
lirs mxrebze <strong>da</strong>awva. am fardulSi aseve Tavs afareb<strong>da</strong> sabralo tomi.<br />
es misi qoxi iyo. m.SveliZem formaTa <strong>da</strong>usruleblobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
pirobiTobaSi scenografiis krebiTi saxe Cado. igi metad uwyob<strong>da</strong><br />
xels speqtaklis ZiriTadi fabulis ganzogadebul masStabSi<br />
gamosaxvas. formaTa universalizmi <strong>da</strong> ekleqtika kidev ufro<br />
globalurs xdi<strong>da</strong>, liris tragediis konkretul magaliTze,<br />
Zaladobaze agebuli samyaros zneobriv <strong>da</strong> fizikur <strong>da</strong>cemas. mxatvari<br />
TiTqos Segnebulad ar asruleb<strong>da</strong> dekoracias, mayurebeli aRiqvam<strong>da</strong><br />
mas im epoqis <strong>da</strong> stilis prizmaSi, romelic misTvis ufro axlo <strong>da</strong><br />
gasagebi iyo. igi gaTvlili iyo mayureblis inteleqtualur<br />
ganWvretaze <strong>da</strong> piesaSi wamoWrili problemis globalur, msoflio<br />
masStabSi aRqmaze.<br />
scenuri dekoracia-anarekli ufro metad SegrZnebebs gamosaxav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
vidre plastikur erTeuls. es mTlianad faqturuli sivrce<br />
dekoraciis ze<strong>da</strong>piriT axden<strong>da</strong> mayurebelze zegavlenas. igi, rogorc<br />
pirobiTi mocemuloba, Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan, moqmedebis ganviTarebasTan erTad<br />
iZen<strong>da</strong> jer formas, bolos ki saxes. ingreo<strong>da</strong> ara dekoracia, aramed<br />
“myifed naSeni samyaro“. Zalian mniSvnelovania Tu rogor<br />
ganaxorciela mxatvarma es procesi speqtaklSi - anu rogor SeiZina<br />
dekoraciam samyaros saxieri forma. amas mxatvarma ganaTebis<br />
partituriT, Suqis feris simboloTi <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT miaRweia.<br />
speqtaklSi pirveli scena mTlianad nislisfer, ufro sworad<br />
mtvrisfer burusSi iyo gaxveuli. moqmedebis ganviTarebasTan erTad<br />
TiToeuli scena <strong>da</strong> mizanscena sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fers iZen<strong>da</strong>. civi<br />
oqrosferi, mewamuli, iisferi, mwvane feri-ganaTebis palitras<br />
fsiqologiur <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas aZlev<strong>da</strong> moqmedebaSi gaSlil scenebs <strong>da</strong><br />
130
Zlier emociur zegavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> mayurebelze. masxaras sikvdili<br />
bneliT iyo moculi. Weqa-quxili oqrosfer, liris SeSlili goneba<br />
wiTel ferSi iyo gadmocemuli, omis scena mwvane SuqiT. xolo finali<br />
mTlianad bnelsa <strong>da</strong> nislSi eqceo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> ferTa simbolikisa m.SveliZem uxvad gamoiyena gaformebaSi<br />
sagani-simboloebi. scenaze idga saxrCobela, samefo taxti, galia<br />
CitiT <strong>da</strong> sxva. saxrCobelaze maimuni, Tu qimeta iyo Semomj<strong>da</strong>ri –<br />
koSmaruli moCveneba, romelsac `gonebis Zili~ warmoSobs. igi TiTqos<br />
<strong>da</strong>scino<strong>da</strong> piesis gmirTa cxovelur pativmoyvareobas.<br />
amgvari metaforebiTa <strong>da</strong> simboloebiT <strong>da</strong>tvirTul ~sicarieleSi~,<br />
gamTangveli samwuTiani pauzis Semdeg, Semodio<strong>da</strong> mefe liri. mas<br />
xelSi kanaris Citiani galia <strong>da</strong> peplebis saWeri bade ekava.<br />
scenografiuli formebis saerTo pirobiTobaSi mxatvarma gabedulad<br />
Semoitana naturalisturi detali, rac formaTa ekleqtizmSi<br />
gansxvavebul stilur elements warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mxatvrobas zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />
kolaJur xasiaTs aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. speqtaklSi moqmedebis ganviTarebasTan<br />
erTad mxatvrobis stilTa urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispireba, mTavari gmiris<br />
saxis gaxsnas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>. es cocxali naturalisturi formiT<br />
warmodgenili sagnebi TviTnebobisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis avbediT<br />
simbolod gar<strong>da</strong>isaxebodnen.<br />
gansakuTrebuli <strong>da</strong>tvirTva mxatvarma scenur kostiumebze gaakeTa.<br />
maTi dramaturgia piesis fabuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare gasaocari<br />
mravalferovnebiT icvlebo<strong>da</strong> scenaze. m.SveliZis kostiumebs mkveTrad<br />
gamoxatuli personaJuli <strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqon<strong>da</strong>. maTi saTamaSo funqcia<br />
msaxiobebs xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> piesis gmirebis fsiqologiuri portretebis<br />
SeqmnaSi. TiToeulv scenur kostiumSi Tavmoyrili iyo personaJebis<br />
krebiTi saxeebi. isini ubralod gmirebs ki ar ganasaxierebdnen, aramed<br />
garkveuli fsiqotips warmoadgendnen <strong>da</strong> cnebebis matareblebi iyvnen.<br />
mefe liris kostiumi mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi ucvleli<br />
iyo. ar icvlebo<strong>da</strong> liris saxec. metamorfozebi liris gonebaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
grZnobad samyaroSi xdebo<strong>da</strong>. isini imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom<br />
Tavad badebdnen formas. ubralo a<strong>da</strong>mianis gancdis gagebas sruliad<br />
ar esaWiroebo<strong>da</strong> mdidruli forma, samoseli.<br />
131
igive principiT Seqmna m.SveliZem masxaras kostiumis saxviT-<br />
plastikuri forma. misi kostiumi krebiTi kolaJuri xasiaTis iyo.<br />
sakoncerto hasltuxi-pepela bavSvur miamitobas, <strong>da</strong> mis ukan<br />
simarTlis umweobas aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>. masxaras saxe WeSmaritebis simbolo<br />
iyo, amitomac yoveli misi detali namdvils <strong>da</strong> gamougonebels hgav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gansakuTrebiT sainteresod iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili liris qaliSvilebis<br />
kostiumebi. maT Soris gansaxvavebuli stilis kordilias kostiumi<br />
iyo, Savi mokle SarvliT, mozardi gogonas kikiniT. pirvel scenaSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c yvelaferi nacrisfer tonSi iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili, kordilias Savi<br />
samosi koloritul aqcents qmni<strong>da</strong>. ~aseTi norCi <strong>da</strong> aseTi marTali~<br />
kordilia sruliad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> garegnulad Tavisi debisa <strong>da</strong><br />
siZeebisgan, romlebic ostaturad niRbavdnen TavianT verag zraxvebs,<br />
nacrisfer balaqonebSi. sakmarisi iyo liri Zalauflebas gandgomo<strong>da</strong><br />
es nacrisferi manekenebi plastikur saxes iZendnen. maTSi Zalauflebis<br />
pativmoyvareobis ambicia iRviZeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saocari gar<strong>da</strong>saxva xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
pirveli gar<strong>da</strong>isaxebo<strong>da</strong> edmundi. ubralo `klerki~ axal<br />
kostiumSi demonuri plastikiT mefistofelad evlinebo<strong>da</strong><br />
mayurebels. Sav, koWebamde CamoSvebuli kalTebiani fraki<strong>da</strong>n TeTri<br />
perangi mosCan<strong>da</strong>. edmundis plastikuri gar<strong>da</strong>saxva <strong>da</strong> kostiumis<br />
personaJuloba xazs usvam<strong>da</strong> gmiris filosofiul kredos, `Tu RmerTi<br />
ar arsebobs, yvelaferi neba<strong>da</strong>rTulia~, ambob<strong>da</strong> igi.<br />
liris qaliSvilebis aRviraxsniloba mxatvarma maT<br />
mravalferovan garegnul formaSi gamoxata. isini xan esTetebi iyvnen,<br />
xan ZalauflebiT <strong>da</strong>uZlurebulni, xan ki <strong>da</strong>mcinavi `mavne bavSvebi,~<br />
romlebic <strong>da</strong>xuWobanas eTamaSebodnen moxuc mamas.<br />
gonerili oqrosfer mdidrulad moqargul kimonoSi, mSvenier<br />
haerovan sakoncerto kabaSi verag mtacebels waagav<strong>da</strong>. mxatvarma mas<br />
sagangebod mdidruli kostiumebi Seuqmna, maqmanebiT, abreSumis<br />
qsovilis <strong>da</strong>naoWebul drapirebiT, samkauliTa <strong>da</strong> fantastikuri<br />
grimiT, romelic Zvirfasi niRabiviT hqon<strong>da</strong> gakeTebuli saxeze.<br />
rigani aRmosavleli mbrZaneblis umowyalo qalbatoniviT,<br />
ucnauri bumbulebiani mosasxamiT egzotikul frinvels hgav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erTdroulad mSveniersa <strong>da</strong> sazarel frinvels, romelic mzad iyo<br />
yovel wams Tvali amokortna mtrisaTvis, rasac akeTeb<strong>da</strong> kidec moxuci<br />
132
glosteris mimarT. riganis kostiumi cecxlovan tonebSi iyo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. samosis mravalferovani faqtura ki xels uwyob<strong>da</strong><br />
msaxiobs plastikaSi gmiris fsiqologiuri portreti mravali<br />
emociuri niuansiT gaemdidrebina.<br />
speqtaklis finalSi yvela Sav samoselSi iyo gamowyobili.<br />
katastrofis momaswavebeli mZime Savi ca, romelic samyaros<br />
ganadgurebiT emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>, metyvel <strong>da</strong> plastikur metaforul formas<br />
iZen<strong>da</strong>. am scenaSi, Sav samosSi gaxveuli piesis gmirebi scenaze<br />
moxoxavdnen, rogorc sazareli xoWoebi an virTxebi <strong>da</strong> abnelebdnen<br />
samyaros.<br />
<strong>da</strong> isev gansaxvavebuli iyo kordilias kostiumi. speqtaklis bolo<br />
moqmedebaSi igi ukve safrangeTis dedofali iyo, romelic mamis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxsnelad <strong>da</strong> qveynis ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad mouZRvo<strong>da</strong> jars. amorZal<br />
kordilias scenografma Sesabamisi samxedro aRkazmulobis detalebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>umata. mis stilizebul Sav-TeTr kaba-frakze generlis oqrosferi<br />
epoletebi mkveTr kontrasts qmni<strong>da</strong> scenaze gafantul “Sav<br />
siluetebTan”.<br />
m.SveliZem “mefe liris” scenur kostiumebSi Tamamad gamoiyena<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva epoqebisa <strong>da</strong> stilTa elementebi. gmirTa kostiumebSi<br />
Tanaarsebobdnen aRmosavluri, sparsuli, Cinuri, iaponuri elementebi,<br />
aRorZinebisa <strong>da</strong> barokos Strixebi. maTSi mxatvarma liris tragediis<br />
mTavari idea Cado, romelic speqtaklis reJisoruli <strong>da</strong> piesis<br />
avtoriseuli remarkis Sesabamisad, gamoricxav<strong>da</strong> formaTa istorizms<br />
<strong>da</strong> moqmedebis adgilisa <strong>da</strong> drois konkretulobas. u.Seqspirma “mefe<br />
liris” moqmedeba Zv.w IX saukunis britaneTSi ga<strong>da</strong>itana. istoriulad<br />
am epoqaSi ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> britaneTis samefo. amiT Tavad avtorma<br />
“liris” tragedias globaluri mniSvneloba mianiWa.<br />
m.SveliZem Tavis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> sagan-miniSnebebiT TiTqos<br />
<strong>da</strong>akavSira speqtaklis miTosuri dro realobasTan. ~mefe liris~<br />
tragediis Tanamedroveoba, dRevandelobasTan nivTieri<br />
kavSiriolbanisa <strong>da</strong> glosteris saTvaleSi, edgaris saCogburTo<br />
kostiumSi, kentisa <strong>da</strong> edmundis sigaretSi gamoavlina.<br />
“mefe liris” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> pirvelad gamoikveTa m.SveliZis<br />
<strong>da</strong>zguri Semoqmedebis principebi. kolaJis didostati m.SveliZe,<br />
133
formaTa <strong>da</strong> gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebiT<br />
aRwev<strong>da</strong> mTliani mxatvruli ideis Seqmnas scenur tiloSi. gaformebis<br />
TiToeuli detali im samyaros Tvisebebis matarebeli iyo, romelic<br />
universaluri <strong>da</strong> maradiuli iyo Tavisi ZalauflebisTvis brZoliT,<br />
sikeTisa <strong>da</strong> borotebis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebiT.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, speqtaklis mTliani mizanscenuri forma <strong>da</strong><br />
calkeuli ritmuli pasaJebi. edmundisa <strong>da</strong> edgaris gamosvla,<br />
gonerilis sceni<strong>da</strong>n graciozuli gacileba, omis scena, msaxiobebis<br />
saerTo dekoraciul garemosTan srul Serwymaze metyveleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
scenuri dekoracia, romelic mTel moqmedebaSi ucvlelad<br />
statikurad idga scenaze finalSi wreze brunvas iwyeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mTlianad<br />
ingreo<strong>da</strong>. “samyaros” ngrevis scenas scenis planSetis wris dinamikuri<br />
triali, <strong>da</strong> mkveTri musikalur-xmovani aqcenti globaluri<br />
kataklizmis STabeWdiolebas toveb<strong>da</strong> mayurebelze. gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovani iyo speqtaklis pirobiTi scenuri drois svlis <strong>da</strong><br />
realuri dros <strong>da</strong>mTxveva, romelic dekoraciis formaTa <strong>da</strong>SlaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
mis realur qmedobaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. rogorc ukve aRiniSna <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
scenoigrafiaSi scenuri <strong>da</strong> realuri drois aseTi zusti <strong>da</strong>mTxveva<br />
pirvelad i.gamrekelma speqtakl “TeTnuldSi” dekoraciis mkveTri<br />
ritmuli moZraobiT gaakeTa. iqac dekoraciis konstruqciis moqmedeba<br />
speqtaklis kulminacias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romelSic aseve samyaros<br />
ngrevis idea iyo Cadebuli.<br />
am magaliTiT kidev erTxel ikveTeba tradiciisa <strong>da</strong> novatorobis<br />
xazi <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>, romelic speqtaklis gaformebis qmediT<br />
xasiaTSi <strong>da</strong> mTliani mxatvruli ideis plastikur- sivrcobriv formaSi<br />
gamovlin<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1995 wels r.sturuas mier <strong>da</strong>dgmuli u.Seqspiris tragedia<br />
“makbeti”, Teatrmcodneebma sturuaseuli “Seqspirianis trilogiis”<br />
bolo nawilad ganixiles. marTlac, speqtaklis saerTo mxatvruli<br />
esTetika, reJisoruli koncefcia <strong>da</strong> scenografia axlos idga “riCard<br />
III”-sa <strong>da</strong> “mefe liris” <strong>da</strong>dgmebTan. speqtakli mxatvrulad m.SveliZem<br />
gaaforma. sturua-SveliZis es namuSevari, tradiciulad avlens<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi reJisorisa <strong>da</strong> mxatvris Tanaavtorobas speqtaklis<br />
mTliani mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi. speqtaklSi gaformeba srulad<br />
134
Seesatyviseba Tanamedrove scenografiis moTxovnebs, piesis<br />
dramaturgiuli konfliqtis qmediT sivrcobriv-plastikur formaSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetiT.<br />
r.sturuas interpretaciiT, makbeti <strong>da</strong> ledi makbeti erTmaneTSi<br />
uaRresad Seyvarebuli vnebiani col-qmaria. amitomac ledi makbeti<br />
ubiZgebs qmars Caidinos sazareli <strong>da</strong>naSauli <strong>da</strong> rogorc erTaderTi<br />
mefobis Rirsi <strong>da</strong>euflos gvirgvins. igi speqtaklSi avi Zalebis nebis<br />
gamtarebelia, romlis qmedeba CixSi aqcevs makbetis yvela nabijs.<br />
swored aseT Cixs warmoadgens scenografiuli garemo scenaze. udroo,<br />
umoZravo, yru sivrce.<br />
speqtakl “makbetis” moqmedebis adgili bolomde gaugebaria.<br />
scenuri sivrce migdebuli sawyobis sar<strong>da</strong>fs, Tu romeliRac qarxnis<br />
saTavsos mogvagoneb<strong>da</strong>. scenis sivrce pirobiTad Semofargluli iyo<br />
betonis kedlebiT. ukana dekoracia gorgolaWebian ferwerul<br />
Tejirebs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. dekoraciuli panoebi ganaTebis saSualebiT<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Seferilobas iRebdnen; laJvardisferi, mwvane, yviTeli. es<br />
is ferebia, romlebic “makbetis” bunkerSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c arasdros aRwevs<br />
mzis Suqi, erTgvar cisa <strong>da</strong> haeris moZraobis iluzias qmnidnen. mkveTri<br />
<strong>da</strong> rbili Suqis nakadi, ukana dekoracias, yovel jerze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
intonacias aZlev<strong>da</strong>. amiT mxatvari dekoraciis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis saerTo<br />
sixistes koloritul mdi<strong>da</strong>r partituras upirispireb<strong>da</strong>, magram igi<br />
mainc xelovnurad motanilis STabeWdilebas toveb<strong>da</strong>. m.SveliZe am<br />
scenografiuli xerxiT amZafreb<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis moqmedebas.<br />
“hiperrealisturi sizustiT aRdgenili iatakqveSeTi Tavisi<br />
sakomunikacio sistemebiTa <strong>da</strong> milebiT, arafriT gansxvavdeba didi<br />
qalaqis aseTive civi <strong>da</strong> nestiani sar<strong>da</strong>f-TavSesafrebisagan, Tu ara<br />
alag-alag mkrTali sisxlisferi laqebi mis kedlebze. am samyaroSi<br />
sxvis sicocxles igive fasi adevs, rac avanscenaze ormoSi Cayril<br />
gacveTil <strong>da</strong> funqcia<strong>da</strong>kargul Zvelmanebs. “lirisa” <strong>da</strong> “riCardis”<br />
ganZarcvul samefoebSi mainc igrZnobo<strong>da</strong> warsulis odesRac mwyobri<br />
<strong>da</strong> harmoniuli saxe. “makbetis” scena-sar<strong>da</strong>fs mexsiereba ar gaaCnia...<br />
samomavlod arafers gviqadis... (60) sulierebis yovelgvar<br />
niSansmoklebuli Zalze cnobadi <strong>da</strong> konkretuli igi amasTanave<br />
135
TiTqos<strong>da</strong> realobasTan momijnave, misgan uxilavi kedlebiT<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>culi samTavroa. (61)<br />
gverdiTi dekoraciebi, denisa <strong>da</strong> sxva sakomunikacio sadenebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>Rarul betonis kedlebs warmoadgens. ga<strong>da</strong>Wrili milebi,<br />
komunikaciis Sewyvetili xazebiT udroo sivrceze miuTiTeben,<br />
romelSic mxolod gamayruebelma siCumem <strong>da</strong>isadgura.<br />
scena mTlianad carieli iyo dekoraciisgan. mxatvruli<br />
gaformebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sagnebi moqmedebisas scenaze Cndebo<strong>da</strong>: urika,<br />
kasri, avzi, romelSic grZneulebi sazarel kuprs xarSavdnen,<br />
savarZeli-taxti <strong>da</strong> sxva. yvela am elements mxatvari moqmedebis<br />
gasaaqtiureblad <strong>da</strong> dramaturgiuli konfliqtis gasaxsnelad<br />
gamoiyeneb<strong>da</strong>. arc erTi am sagnebi<strong>da</strong>n ar iyo sagangebod <strong>da</strong>muSavebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis saerTo koloritSi an stilistur formaSi moqceuli.<br />
magram isini azrobrivad ise ebmodnen erTmaneTs, rom <strong>da</strong>matebiT<br />
metyvel sagnobriv sivrces qmnidnen.<br />
Tanamedrove scenografiis mniSvnelovan esTetikur kategorias <strong>da</strong><br />
scenografiuli konfliqtis matarebel dekoraciul formad<br />
speqtaklSi uzarmazari polieTilenis “marioneti” iyo warmodgenili.<br />
mas uxilavi Zala marTav<strong>da</strong>, romelic <strong>da</strong>hyureb<strong>da</strong> “makbetis” borotebas.<br />
aqtiurad moqmedi es scenografiuli personaJi speqtaklSi qmediTi<br />
dekoraciis saxviT-plastikur obieqts warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. igi aqtiurad iyo<br />
CarTuli warmodgenis moqmedebaSi <strong>da</strong> gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> scenografiuli<br />
formebis dinamikas. haerSi gamokidebuli ”muSamba”, romelic<br />
sacecebiani rvafexas, sazareli meduzas, mTis mwvervalebis, saukunovan<br />
obobis qselis gasaocar formaTa <strong>da</strong> ferTa mravalferovnebas qmni<strong>da</strong><br />
scenaze. igi uamrav asociacias badeb<strong>da</strong> mayurebelSi: xan fantastikur<br />
cxovels, xan nagavsayreli<strong>da</strong>n amosul oxSivars, xan mTian landSafts,<br />
xan karvebgaSlil samxedro banaks hgav<strong>da</strong>. rac ufro paradoqsaluri<br />
iyo misgan gamowveuli asociacia, miT ufro uwyob<strong>da</strong> igi xels<br />
scenografiis erT mTlian mxatvrul formaSi moqcevas.<br />
dekoraciis es detali moklebuli iyo yovelgvar prozaulobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> yofiTobas. igi yvelasgan gancalkevebulad moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> speqtaklSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> gasulierebul scenografiul obieqts <strong>da</strong> mxatvrul metaforas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. usubstancio, an piriqiT mravalsubstanciani masala,<br />
136
sruliad amorfuli <strong>da</strong> formis warmomqmneli mTlianad aqcev<strong>da</strong><br />
scenografiul garemos uhaero vakuumSi. yvelaferi imaze iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli ga<strong>da</strong>efarebo<strong>da</strong> es safari-garsi scenas bolomde Tu ara.<br />
scenaze Camowolili muSambis amorfuli masa irealobis SerZnebas<br />
kidev ufro amZafreb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ra iyo igi?- “...solarisi? a<strong>da</strong>mianze<br />
zemoqmedi kosmiuri goneba? birTvuli Rrubeli? an SeiZleba Sxamiani<br />
anaorTqli, ”ozonis xvreli” rom gaaCina atmosferoSi? mniSvnelovania<br />
igi ara masSi Cadebuli qveteqstiT, ara asociaciaTa uxvi kaskadiT,<br />
romelsac Tavis droze badeb<strong>da</strong> ”riCardisa” <strong>da</strong> “liris” scenografiis<br />
yvela detali, aramed im uneblie sulieri RelviT, saidumloebasTan<br />
Sexebisas, rom <strong>da</strong>geufleba. is mxolod alRoTia nakarnaxevi,<br />
romelsac badebs CvenSi misi yoveli gar<strong>da</strong>saxva <strong>da</strong> feriscvaleba, misi<br />
sasceno sivrceSi arsebobis idumali arsi, misi uxilavi kavSiri<br />
sasceno qmedebis yvelaze mZafr <strong>da</strong> sabediswero koliziebTan. robert<br />
sturuas speqtaklSi bedi makbetis winaSe warsdgeba ara grZneuli<br />
bedis zRapruli saxiT, aramed swored a<strong>da</strong>mianuri <strong>da</strong>kninebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>gvarebis gansaxierebiT”.(62)<br />
speqtakl ‘makbetis” scenografia iseve xasiaTdeba ekleqtizmiT,<br />
rogorc m.SveliZis namuSevrebi “riCard III” –sa <strong>da</strong> “mefe lirSi”.<br />
m.SveliZem speqtaklis saerTo polistilurobaSi naturalisturi<br />
gaTamaSebuli scenografiuli xerxic ki gamoiyena. dunsinanis<br />
borcvisken <strong>da</strong>Zruli birnamis tye, xis gafoTlili totebiT iyo<br />
gakeTebuli, romelsac statistebi aTamaSebdnen. es plastikur-<br />
qoreografiuli dinamikuri mizanscena scenis xelovnur samyaroSi,<br />
TiTqos bunebis Zalebis SemoWris simbolod aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sainteresod iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili piesis erT-erTi gmiris, makdufis<br />
Svilis saxe, romelic wigniT xelSi TiTqmis mTeli speqtaklis<br />
ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> scenaze. m.SveliZem gaimeora aq Tavisive<br />
SemoTavazebuli mxatvruli metafora _ “bedisweris wignis”<br />
gaTamaSebuli sagan-dekoracia. iseve rogorc dedofal margaretis<br />
xelSi, aqac bedisweris wigni axseneb<strong>da</strong> piesis gmirebs<br />
ZalauflebisTvis brZolis ukve momx<strong>da</strong>ri tragediis sabediswero<br />
Sedegebs. magram “makbetis” sagnobriv sivrceSi am wigns ufro meti<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqon<strong>da</strong>. is xan bibliaa, xan kanonTa krebuli, xan sabavSvo<br />
137
zRaprebis krebuli. SeiZleba masSi ukve ewera makbetis tragediis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
speqtaklis saerTo koloritul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas ganaTebis palitra <strong>da</strong><br />
misi emociuri partitura ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>. erTi SexedviT speqtakli<br />
saocrad feradi iyo. mxatvari TiTqos gatacebuli iyo speqtaklis<br />
SuqweriTi formis ZiebiT. feradi ganaTebiT igi TiToeul scenas<br />
axal CarCo-fons ukeTeb<strong>da</strong>. yovel axal scenaSi ikveTebo<strong>da</strong> piesis<br />
gmirTa sulieri ganwyoba <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis dinamika. mxatvarma Suqis<br />
monacvleobiT, muSambis xmovani moZraobiT, speqtaklSi scenografiul<br />
formaTa tempo-ritmi gansazRvra.<br />
TiTqos “arafrisgan” Seqmnil scenur samyaros, m.SveliZem<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli, fizikuri <strong>da</strong> emociuri plastikur-moculobiani forma<br />
Seuqmna. speqtakl “makbetis” scenografia reJisoruli koncefciis<br />
safuZvelze kidev ufro gamokveTilad konceptualur mxatvrul-<br />
dekoraciul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. scenografiis gansakuTrebuli<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi formis wyalobiT. <strong>da</strong>dgmis SigniT arsebuli<br />
xarvezebic ki, ga<strong>da</strong>ifara. Teatrmcodneebi msaxiobTa <strong>da</strong>sis araTanabar<br />
TamaSs <strong>da</strong> personaJTa saxeebis Seqmnis problemebs xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen.<br />
m.SveliZis “makbetisTvis” Seqmnili scenuri kostiumebi kvlav<br />
ekleqturi iyo. aqac mxatvarma grZeli labadebi gamoiyena. sainteresod<br />
iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili makbetis TeTri, koWebamde CamoSvebuli laba<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kostiumis es plastikuri forma m.SveliZis Seqspiris personaJebis<br />
stilad iqca. maTi dramaturgia msaxiobTa plastikasa <strong>da</strong><br />
scenografiulad saTamaSo funqcias avlen<strong>da</strong> speqtaklSi. aseve<br />
moxdenili, lakonuri <strong>da</strong> eleganturi iyo qalTa kostiumebic.<br />
disonans qmni<strong>da</strong> mxolod grZneulebis samosi. isini mTlianad<br />
simbolur xasiaTs atarebdnen. r. sturuam, grZneuli qalebi sagangebod<br />
mamakac msaxiobebs aTamaSa. isini sadRac Soreuli warsuli<strong>da</strong>n mosul<br />
beber de<strong>da</strong>kacebs hgavdnen. <strong>da</strong>xeuli, gamoxunebuli maqmanebiT,<br />
gaquculi bewvis sayeloebiT, <strong>da</strong>kuWuli SlapebiT, romelic aSkarad<br />
kacebs axuravT. isini qaluri sikekluciT gamoirCevian <strong>da</strong> bolo asi<br />
weli garderobi ar ganeaxlebinaT. bneleTis mociqulebi,<br />
“naftalini<strong>da</strong>n” amoRebuli <strong>da</strong>kuWuli arsebebi, imqveyniuri avi sulebi<br />
iyvnen. bediswerasTan SeTamaSebulebi isini cinikurad warmarTavdnen<br />
138
makbetis tragikul qmedebas scenaze. grZneulebis kostiumis mxatvrul-<br />
plastikuri forma mware ironiasac ganasaxiereb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kostiumebi speqtakl “makbetSi” scenografiis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
plastikur-kompoziciuri erTeulebi iyo. iseve rogorc “riCard III”-Si<br />
<strong>da</strong> “mefe lirSi” m. SveliZis kostiumebi “makbetSic” xels uwyobdnen<br />
msaxiobebs gmiri-personaJis saxisa <strong>da</strong> maTi fsiqologizmis<br />
gansazRvraSi.<br />
sivrceSi<br />
Tavi III. ori piesis scenografiuli interpretaciebi erT scenur<br />
qveTavi I. u.Seqspiris “hamleti” i.gamrekelisa <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
1925 wlis 12 noembers SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrma<br />
sezoni gaxsna u.Seqspiris tragediiT “hamleti”. msoflio dramaturgiis<br />
Sedevris <strong>da</strong>dgma nebismieri Teatris istoriaSi movlenaa. miT umetes<br />
iseTi TeatrisaTvis, romelmac mxolod sami sezonis ganmavlobaSi<br />
SeZlo axali profesiuli Teatris Seqmna. speqtakli “hamleti”<br />
saetapo aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis ganviTarebaSic. igi<br />
mxatvrulad i.gamrekelma gaaforma. speqtaklma gamoavlina reJisoruli<br />
koncefciis mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong>dgmis mxatvrul-vizualuri saxis<br />
gansazRvraSi, sityvier, xmovan <strong>da</strong> plastikur elementTa Tanasworoba,<br />
reJisorisa <strong>da</strong> mxatvris Tanaavtoroba speqtaklis mTliani mxatvruli<br />
saxis SeqmnaSi. i.gamrekelis “hamletisTvis” Seqmnil mxatvrobaSi<br />
pirvelad gamoikveTa <strong>da</strong> safuZveli Caeyara monumentur stils <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong>. speqtakls araerTgvarovani Sefasebebi mohyva<br />
sazogadoebaSi. erTni kategoriulad ar iRebdnen mas, sxvebisTvis<br />
“hamleti” <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris gamarjveba iyo. “hamleti” garkveulwilad<br />
iyo im SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sejameba, romelic Teatrma gasuli<br />
sami sezonis ganmavlobaSi ganaxorciela. am periodSi naTlad<br />
gamoikveTa <strong>qarTul</strong>i saTeatro, sareJisoro, mxatvrul-dekoraciuli<br />
xelovnebis ZiriTadi principebi, romlis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli iyo<br />
gacilebiT seriozul, namdvilad msoflio masStabis dramaturgiul<br />
masalasTan SeWideba. gansakuTrebiT imasac avRniSnav, rom<br />
k.marjaniSvili erTxel ukve muSaob<strong>da</strong> “hamletze” inglisel<br />
139
eJisorTan <strong>da</strong> Teatris reformatorTan g.kregTan erTad. XIX-XX ss.<br />
mijnaze Teatris reformatorebi, TiTqmis yovelTvis, TavianT<br />
novatorul Tamam eqsperimentebs Seqspiris piesebis <strong>da</strong>dgmisas<br />
axorcielebdnen. radgan Seqspiris dramaturgia iZleva<br />
mravalricxovani Teatraluri cdebis Catarebis saSualebas.<br />
struqturulad Seqspiris piesebi universaluria. maTSi ar aris bevri<br />
konkretuli avtoriseuli remarka, romelic reJisors TamaSisa <strong>da</strong><br />
moqmedebis agebis konkretul pirobebSi aqcevs. masSi aris idea,<br />
moqmedebis koncefcia, xolo formis TvalsazrisiT, rogor iqneba<br />
wakiTxuli dramaturgiuli masala, mTlianad reJisoris <strong>da</strong> mxatvris<br />
naazrevTa fantaziasaa mindobili.<br />
“hamletis” marjaniSviliseul interpretaciaSi iyo bevri axali.<br />
piesa xuTi aqtisa <strong>da</strong> 20 suraTisgan Sedgeba. k.marjaniSvilma montaJis<br />
principi gamoiyena <strong>da</strong> 11 suraTi <strong>da</strong>tova. maTSic ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli iyo<br />
moqmedebis Tanmimdevroba. hamleti speqtaklis pirvelive suraTSi<br />
Cndebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> warmoTqvam<strong>da</strong> Tavis pirvel monologs. am xerxiT<br />
k.marjaniSvilma SeZlo speqtaklis moqmedeba ufro dinamiuri gaexa<strong>da</strong>.<br />
speqtaklis eqspozicia moqmedebiTa <strong>da</strong> movlenebiT imdenad iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli, rom gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> mTeli speqtaklis qmediT tempo-ritms.<br />
saerTod k.marjaniSvilis speqtaklebs yovelTvis axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong><br />
dinamikuroba. (63) amisTvis “... marjaniSvili winaswar awarmoeb<strong>da</strong><br />
warmosadgeni piesis teqstis <strong>da</strong>xvewas <strong>da</strong> TviT teqstis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas.<br />
amas zemoxsenebuli garemoeba moiTxov<strong>da</strong>”- wer<strong>da</strong> akaki faRava. (64)<br />
reJisoruli koncefciiT <strong>da</strong>smulma dramaturgiulma aqcentebma<br />
ganapirobes “hamletis” moqmedebis dinamikuri ganviTareba, aseve<br />
gansazRvres speqtaklis mxatvrul-dekoraciuli sivrcis forma,<br />
romlis yovel detalSi ikiTxebo<strong>da</strong> tragediis arsi <strong>da</strong> gaformebis<br />
yvela Semadgeneli komponenti speqtakls organul mTlianobaSi krav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
dekoraciuli konstruqciebis monumenturi, lakonuri <strong>da</strong><br />
mravalfunqciuri forma, uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> speqtaklSi moqmedebis<br />
adgilis ganzogadebul-krebiT saxis Seqmnas. “maketze muSaobis dros<br />
naTlad Can<strong>da</strong>, TuU ras moiTxov<strong>da</strong> am speqtaklSi reJisori. umTavresad<br />
<strong>da</strong> ZiriTadSi <strong>da</strong>zgas, scenur <strong>da</strong>zgas msaxiobisTvis. (msaxiobebis<br />
samoqmedo sivrces- x.k.) sxva gamomsaxveli saSualebani mimaniSnebeli<br />
140
un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo ama Tu im epizodis adgilmdebareobisa: sasaxlis<br />
interieri, samlocvelo, cixe-simagris terasa, sasaxlis <strong>da</strong>rbazi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>xuruli saasparezo moe<strong>da</strong>ni Tu sasaflao”. (65) klavdiusis rolis<br />
Semsruleblis msaxiob a.vasaZis am mogonebebi<strong>da</strong>n gasagebi xdeba, TuU<br />
rogori swrafi TanmimdevrobiT icvlebo<strong>da</strong> scenaze dekoraciuli<br />
garemo. imisaTvis rom speqtakli teqnikurad gamarTuli yofiliyo <strong>da</strong><br />
moqmedebis adgilebis simravlis gamo, speqtaklSi suraTebis<br />
monacvleobisas warmodgenis saerTo msvleloba ar <strong>da</strong>rRveuliyo, i.<br />
gamrekelma Seqmna erTiani uzarmazari <strong>da</strong>zga-dekoracia <strong>da</strong> scenis<br />
moZrav wreze moaTavsa. moqmedebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad, moZravi<br />
wre brundebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mayureblis winaSe axal-axali samoqmedo sivrce<br />
Cndebo<strong>da</strong>. “moZravi, dinamikuri un<strong>da</strong> iyos dekoraciebi ara imitom, rom<br />
axali sasceno saSualebebis gamomgoneblobiT Tavi moviwonoT, aramed<br />
imisTvis, rom yovelmxriv xeli SevuwyoT speqtaklis moqmedebis<br />
cocxal ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> yoveli moqmedebis ganwyobis TvalnaTliv<br />
gamoxatvas.... amitom mxatvarma yvela axali teqnikuri miRweva un<strong>da</strong><br />
gamoiyenos TeatrSi. dekoraciuli garemos swor Seqmnas ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs speqtaklisTvis”, aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> k.marjaniSvili. (66)<br />
amitom misTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> Tu vin iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
misi speqtaklebis mxatvari, radgan speqtaklis warmatebis erT-erT<br />
pirobad, didi reJisori, <strong>da</strong>dgmis mxatvrul-vizualuri saxis Seqmnas<br />
miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. mas yovelTvis mWidro SemoqmedebiTi kavSiri hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
scenografebTan. ase iyo i. gamrekelTan speqtakl “hamletze” muSaobis<br />
drosac. “dekoratiuli mxriv, <strong>da</strong>dgma ar aris rTuli, xolo sasceno<br />
teqnikis mxriv is urTulesi <strong>da</strong>dgmaa. iseTi mizanSewonilobiT misdevs<br />
erTmaneTs suraTebi, iseTi Sexamebaa ferebisa <strong>da</strong> sinaTlis efeqtebis,<br />
rom yoveli aqti Tavis Sinagan gamoxatulebas hpovebs, rogorc<br />
musikaSi, ise dekoraciul scenebSi sruli harmonia myardeba aqtis<br />
Sinaarssa <strong>da</strong> mis dekoratiul mocemulobaSi. rodesac ham leti musikis<br />
ritmTan moZraobis SewyobiT eSveba uzarmazari kibiT naxevrad mkrTal<br />
scenaze, an rodesac mefe acxadebs Tavisi <strong>da</strong>qorwinebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong><br />
farebiTa <strong>da</strong> bairaRebiT ifareba scenis nawili, romli<strong>da</strong>nac keTdeba<br />
mTeli dekoracia axali moqmedebisTvis. es ukve saukeTeso Sezavebaa<br />
piesis fsiko-emociuri mxarisa mis dekoraciul mxaresTan”. (67)<br />
141
i.gamrekelma scenaze erTiani uzarmazari dekoraciuli <strong>da</strong>zga-<br />
konstruqcia aago. speqtaklis I Mmoqmedebis I suraTSi scenaze<br />
Tormetsafexuriani kibe, ori moedniTa <strong>da</strong> ori safexuriT amaRlebuli<br />
dekoracia iyo warmodgenili. igi mefis uzarmazari sasaxlis sazeimo<br />
<strong>da</strong>rbazs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. kibis mTel gayolebaze msaxiobi-statistebi<br />
sabrZolo farebisgan erTian dekoratiul kedels qmnidnen. farebi or<br />
metramde simaRlis iyo <strong>da</strong> wagrZelebuli ovaluri forma hqon<strong>da</strong>. isini<br />
Sua saukuneebis rainduli heraldikis stilizebuli gamosaxulebebiT<br />
iyo moxatuli. dekoraciis kolorits sazeimo ganwyoba hqon<strong>da</strong>. ukana<br />
dekoracia erTiani oqrosferi zolebiT <strong>da</strong>farul panos warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
igi harmoniulad erwymo<strong>da</strong> farebis siWreles <strong>da</strong> mTlianobaSi<br />
dekoracias medidur elfers aniWeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mis ritmulobasac usvam<strong>da</strong><br />
xazs. kibis <strong>da</strong>nadgaris fasadis sibrtye moxatuli iyo <strong>da</strong> masze<br />
sasaxlis galerea-amfiladis perspeqtiuli gamosaxuleba iyo<br />
gakeTebuli. speqtaklis <strong>da</strong>wyebisTanave scenaze Cndebo<strong>da</strong> hamleti<br />
(piesis mixedviT is mxolod II suraTSi Cndeba), romelic eSvebo<strong>da</strong><br />
kibeze, ris merec is saxel<strong>da</strong>xelo kedliT scenis sivrces orad yof<strong>da</strong>.<br />
es kedeli gamijnav<strong>da</strong> hamlets <strong>da</strong>narCeni samyarosgan <strong>da</strong> arsebul<br />
konfliqts warmoaCen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
i.gamrekelis mier “hamletisTvis” Seqmnil mraval eskizSi kargad<br />
Cans, Tu rogor icvlebo<strong>da</strong> speqtaklSi dekoraciis forma. TiToeul<br />
eskizze dekoraciis saxecvlileba moqmedebis etapebis mixedviTaa<br />
mocemuli. kibiani konstruqciis Semobrunebisas scenaze Cndebo<strong>da</strong><br />
kubistur-konstruqtivistul stilSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili saxis geometriuli<br />
stilizaciiT agebuli mTis ferdobi. es klde-kibe grZeldebo<strong>da</strong><br />
elsinoris sasaxlis goTur samkuTxa koSkeraSi. “hamletis” am<br />
dekoraciis saerTo stiluri forma axlos dgas i.gamrekelis<br />
scenografiasTan speqtaklisaTvis “lon<strong>da</strong>”, im gansxvavebiT, rom<br />
“hamletSi” dekoraciis forma ufro mTliania <strong>da</strong> iswrafvis<br />
monumenturobisken. “lon<strong>da</strong>Si” scenis dekoraciul-plastikuri forma<br />
erwymo<strong>da</strong> ferwerul ukana dekoracias. masSi jer kidev igrZnobo<strong>da</strong><br />
i.gamrekelis <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobis kubo-futuristuli periodis manera,<br />
romelic mTlianad <strong>da</strong>Zleulia “hamletis” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> i.gamrekelis<br />
“hamleti” moklebulia yovelgvar detalizacias <strong>da</strong> formis<br />
142
dekoratiulobas. ukana dekoracia, romelic muq lurj tonSi iyo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili dekoraciis saerTo skulpturulobas <strong>da</strong> moculobiT<br />
formas gamokveT<strong>da</strong>. dekoraciis qmedoba gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis<br />
saerTo dinamikasa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis tempo-ritms.<br />
dekoraciis plastikuri formis dinamizmi i.gamrekelma kibis<br />
konstruqciaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. ra aris kibe <strong>da</strong> ratom iyenebs mxatvari<br />
dekoraciis ZiriTad plastikur erTeulad kibes? <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> kibes<br />
yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli <strong>da</strong> mravalferovani ideuri, Tu simboluri<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqon<strong>da</strong>: bibliuri kibe, sulieri aRmasvla, gza, usasruloba<br />
sazogadoebis safexurebiani ierarqia <strong>da</strong> sxva. kibe dinamikuri<br />
dekoraciuli formaa <strong>da</strong> scenis sivrces met plastikurobas aniWebs.<br />
kibis dekoracia mbrunavi wris <strong>da</strong>trialebisas, <strong>da</strong>niis mefis<br />
sasaxlis cixe-<strong>da</strong>rbazis saguSagod ga<strong>da</strong>iqceo<strong>da</strong>, xan gzas xazav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aCrdilis epizodSi, scenaze safexurebiani kldis ferdobi iyo<br />
warmodgenili, romelic speqtaklis ganaTebis koloritiT muqi<br />
mewamuli feris siluetad ikiTxebo<strong>da</strong>. ukana dekoraciis lurji foni<br />
<strong>da</strong> masze TeTri blikebi idumal <strong>da</strong> pirquS atmosferos qmnidnen<br />
scenaze.<br />
warmodgenis II aqtSi scenis sivrce samlocvelos ekava.<br />
uzarmazari xati – triptiqi TejirebiT iyo gakeTebuli. Sua nawilSi<br />
vedrebis pozaSi (RvTismSobeli “oranta”) mdgom i RvTismSoblis xati<br />
iyo gakeTebuli. goTuri eqspresiiTa <strong>da</strong> Zlieri stilizaciiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili es tilo vitraJs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. triptiqis marjvena <strong>da</strong><br />
marcxena frTebze, aseTive eqspresiul pozaSi, wmin<strong>da</strong>nebi iyo<br />
gamosaxuli. scenis marjvena mxares uzarmazari xis jvarcma idga. mis<br />
win kaTedra idga. Tejiri-dekoraciis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiT mayureblis<br />
winaSe samkiTxvelo oTaxi Cndebo<strong>da</strong>- kaTedriT, sasanTleebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
savarZliT. aqac ukana dekoracia ganyenebuli lurji foni iyo.<br />
scenaze mxatvris mier Tavisuflad ganlagebuli sagnebi, erTi-SexedviT<br />
TiTqos ar arian erTmaneTTan kavSirSi, magram moqmedebis<br />
ganviTarebasTan erTad, isini azrobriv <strong>da</strong> simbolur <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas iZenen<br />
<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis saerTo dekoraciul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetasa <strong>da</strong> aqtiorTa<br />
urTierTqmedebiT amZafreben speqtaklis dinamikas. (savarZeli, kaTedra,<br />
jvarcma, kari...). moqmedebis adgilis saerTo pirobiTobaSi calkeuli<br />
143
nivTebi sagan-simboloebs warmoadgendnen. isini “yoveli moqmedebis<br />
ganwyobis TvalnaTliv gamoxatvas” emsaxurebodnen. (68) scenuri droisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sivrcis problema i.gamrekelma dekoraciis moZraobaSi gamosaxa,<br />
romelic Caketil pirobiT dros warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. masSi aseve Cadebuli<br />
iyo “saTaguris” cnobili idea. igi krav<strong>da</strong> movlenaTa ganviTarebis<br />
jaWvs scenaze, romlis merec iwyebo<strong>da</strong> dinamikuri svla speqtaklis<br />
finalisken.<br />
speqtaklSi II moqmedebis II suraTSi TamaSdebo<strong>da</strong> e.w. saTaguris<br />
scena. i.gamrekelma scenaze <strong>da</strong>dga mravalsafexuriani scena-arena<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. mis centrSi <strong>da</strong> scenis orive gverdi<strong>da</strong>n wyvilad iyo<br />
aRmarTuli uzarmazari svetebi. maT Soris gaWimuli iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
feris far<strong>da</strong>- drapirebebi, romliTac uzarmazari karavi ikvrebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
misi forma uneblied Sapiros asociacias qmni<strong>da</strong>. es erTgvari Teatri<br />
TeatrSi dinamikuri samoqmedo sivrce iyo hamletis <strong>da</strong>dgmul<br />
“saTaguris” scenisaTvis. es scena Sinagani dinamikiTa <strong>da</strong> Zlieri tempo-<br />
ritmiT xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong>. kulminaciaSi, rodesac mefe klavdiusi<br />
warmodgeniT SeSfoTebuli cdilob<strong>da</strong> gaqcevas moqmedebis adgili<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
scenis wre iwyeb<strong>da</strong> brunvas. am Caketili jadocnuri wri<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
“saTagurSi” moqculi mefe Tavis <strong>da</strong>xsnas cdilob<strong>da</strong>. msaxiobi a.vasaZe<br />
ixseneb<strong>da</strong>, rom warmodgenam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina klavdiusze<br />
<strong>da</strong> igi cdilobs “Tavi <strong>da</strong>aRwios situacias <strong>da</strong> gasvlas apirebs... magram<br />
mis win hamleti aRimarTa. axla is meore kuTxes miawydeba, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
horacio uTvalTvaleb<strong>da</strong>. aiSala mTeli sasaxle, mefe gaiqca ukve<br />
amoZravebul mbrunav wreze.... mefe <strong>da</strong> misi amala garbis wreze<br />
SeuCerebliv”. (69) am scenisTvis i.gamrekelma maTematikuri sizustiT<br />
gaTvlili dekoraciis kompozicia <strong>da</strong> misi qmediTi forma Seqmna. ukana<br />
dekoracia aqac ganyenebuli lurji feris drapirebiT iyo Seqmnili.<br />
xolo sam ferSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili iatakis gaformeba, aseve dekoraciis<br />
plastikis gamokveTas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>. mTeli III moqmedeba am karavi-<br />
Sapitos win viTardebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
k.marjaniSvilisTvis u.Seqspiris “hamleti” im umniSvnelovanes<br />
dramaturgiul masalas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romlis axleburi wakiTxva <strong>da</strong><br />
misi mxatvruli interpretacia kidev ufro gausvam<strong>da</strong> xazs Temis<br />
maradiulobas <strong>da</strong> zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobas. am TvalsazrisiT<br />
144
gansakuTrebiT sainteresod speqtaklSi mesaflaveebis scena iyo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. speqtaklis scenografiis saerTo formaTa<br />
ganzogadebasa <strong>da</strong> pirobiTobasTan kontrasts qmni<strong>da</strong> mxatvruli<br />
formiT yvelaze realisturad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili mesaflaveebis scena. misi<br />
moqmedebac “namdvili” sasaflaos zRude-galavanis miRma, samsafexurian<br />
baqanze viTardebo<strong>da</strong>. speqtaklis mTavari ideis gadmocemisas, arc<br />
reJisori <strong>da</strong> arc mxatvari ar moeridnen, novatoruli <strong>da</strong> uaRresad<br />
Tamami xerxis gamoyenebas, rogoric iyo mesaflaveebisTvis guruli<br />
glexis kostiumis Cacma. amiT k.marjaniSvilma mayurebels mianiSna,rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>niis samefo karze <strong>da</strong>trialebuli tragedia, brZola<br />
ZalauflebisaTvis, romelsac ewireba zneobrivi gmiri<br />
zogadsakacobrio, sayovelTao mniSvnelobisaa, rom Zalauflebisken<br />
swrafvis surviliT Sepyrobili a<strong>da</strong>mianebis qmedeba scildeba<br />
erovnul, eTnikur <strong>da</strong> socialur farglebs <strong>da</strong> yvelgan erTnair mankier<br />
formas iRebs. amitom <strong>da</strong>niis ufliswuls mesaflaveebad ubralo<br />
qarTveli glexkacebi xvdebian. “hamletis” aseTi gabeduli<br />
interpretacia sazogadoebis didma nawilma ubralod ar miiRo.<br />
k.marjaniSvilis mesaflaveebis scenis axleburi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta gax<strong>da</strong><br />
momaswavebeli Tanamedrove <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>, Teatraluri mxatvrobis<br />
Teoriis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs, romelic scenis sivrcis<br />
plastikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi saxviT-plastikuri formiT warmodgenil<br />
mniSvnelovan azrobriv aqcentebs aaSkaravebs. es aris scenografiuli<br />
konfliqti, romlis brwyinvale <strong>da</strong> srulyofil nimuSs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
zemoaRniSnuli scena k.marjaniSvilis “hamletSi”. “hamletis”<br />
scenografiam gansakuTrebuli <strong>da</strong> axleburi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva misca scenur<br />
kostiums, misi dramaturgia ganuyofeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rogorc speqtaklis<br />
reJisorul, ase mxatvrul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi. scenografiuli konfliqtis<br />
esTetikuri kategoriis Seqmnis xelsayrel pirobebs iZleva u.Seqspiri,<br />
rodesac piesaSi minimalurad iZleva avtoriseul remarkebs. avtori ar<br />
zRu<strong>da</strong>vs arc reJisors <strong>da</strong> arc mxatvars, moqmedebis adgilis, epoqis an<br />
romelime sxva konkretuli mocemulobis gansazRvrisas. i.gamrekelma<br />
speqtaklis gaformebaSi calkeuli sagan- detalebiT SeZlo<br />
ganesazRvra moqmedebis adgili. u.Seqspirma gansazRvra “hamletis”<br />
moqmedebis adgili qveynisa <strong>da</strong> mefis sasaxlis saxelwodebiT- <strong>da</strong>nia<br />
145
mefis sasaxle elsinori. magram rogori un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo sasaxle, ra<br />
formis, an romel epoqaSi xdeba moqmedeba “hamletSi”, amgvar<br />
<strong>da</strong>konkretebas avtori ar akeTebs. Sesabamisad, u.Seqspiris piesebis<br />
scenuri gaformebisas mxatvari Tavisufalia gaformebis mxatvruli<br />
formis arCevisas. igi umetesad gamomdinarea piesis reJisoruli<br />
interpretacii<strong>da</strong>n, Teatris esTetiki<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> scenografiis mxatvruli<br />
sakoncefcii<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
k.marjaniSvili gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas qmedebiT <strong>da</strong> emociur<br />
dinamikaSi ganaTebas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. reJisoris mier Seqmnili “hamletis”<br />
ganaTebis partitura misi SuqiTa <strong>da</strong> koloritiT <strong>da</strong>tvirTva speqtaklSi<br />
azrobriv aqcentebs amaxvileb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> scenografiuli garemos<br />
moculobiT-plastikuri formebis gamovlenas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>. Zalian<br />
sainteresod hqon<strong>da</strong> i.gamrekels ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili hamletis mamis aCrdilis<br />
gamoCenis scena. “hamletis mama pirvel aqtSi gvevlinebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
Suqi. figura sul ar Can<strong>da</strong>. Semdeg, rodesac sceni<strong>da</strong>n Suqi qrebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
meore Suqi horacios anaTebs Tavze. iseTi STabeWdilebaa TiTqos<br />
horacio gaxveulia aCrdilSi, Semdeg roca aCrdili esaubreba hamlets<br />
igi Zalian realuria. aqac irRveva Crdilis fantazia”. (70) mamis<br />
aCrdilis aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta gamomdinarea k.marjaniSvilis piesis<br />
arsisadmi sakuTari xedviT, romliTac igi miiCnevs, rom “hamleti”,<br />
upirveles yovlisa a<strong>da</strong>mianis tragedia iyo. amitom masSi “a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
in<strong>da</strong> uyos yvelaferi, aCrdili<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli hamletamde yvelani<br />
cocxali a<strong>da</strong>mianebi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen”. (71)<br />
rogorc avRniSne “hamletSi” scenur kostiums gansakuTrebuli<br />
dramaturgiuli <strong>da</strong> simboluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqon<strong>da</strong>. Sua saukuneebis<br />
stiluri elementebiTa <strong>da</strong> saerTo mxatvruli stilizaciiT xasiaTdeba<br />
i.gamrekelis mier Seqmnili kostiumebi “hamletis” personaJebisTvis.<br />
ferTa gama aqac sakmaod mravalferovania <strong>da</strong> dekoraciis saerTo<br />
sazeimo-mowiTalo-oqrosfer <strong>da</strong> lurj tonebs esa<strong>da</strong>geba. kostiumis<br />
gaformebis detalebi, samkauli <strong>da</strong> aqsesuarebi sagangebod iyo<br />
gakeTebuli, raTa msaxiobs saSualeba hqono<strong>da</strong> ukeT warmoeCina gmiri-<br />
personaJis saxe.<br />
hamletis kostiumis Sesaxeb Tavad avtorma izruna, rodesac<br />
miniSnebis saxiT, igi lilisfer wamosasxamSi gamoawyo. i. gamrekelma<br />
146
avtoriseuli remarkis gaTvaliswinebiT, hamlets TeTrsarCuliani muqi<br />
lurji mosasxami Caacva. ferTa amgvari kontrasti met emociur <strong>da</strong><br />
plastikur <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas aZlev<strong>da</strong> kostiums <strong>da</strong> rogorc moZravi<br />
dekoracia, kostiumi kargad ewerebo<strong>da</strong> dekoraciis saerTo<br />
koloritul palitraSi. hamlets ecva muxlsqvemoT CamoSlili kaba<br />
TeTri maqmanebiani saxeloebiTa <strong>da</strong> sayeloTi morTuli. TeTri<br />
sayelo ufro mkveTrad usvam<strong>da</strong> xazs saxes, romelzec mxatvarma<br />
msaxiobs axla<strong>da</strong>mosuli wveri gaukeTa. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad TiTqos garegnuli<br />
mouwesrigeblobisa, hamletis figura scenaze mxatvrul mTlianobaSi<br />
aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ofelias kostiumi momwvano-moTeTro ferebSi iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili.<br />
naqargebiTa <strong>da</strong> maqmanebiT Semkuli xelebgaWrili kaba, romlis<br />
saxeloebi majasTan ikvrebo<strong>da</strong>, nazi <strong>da</strong> moxdenili siluetiT<br />
gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> msaxiobs TiTqos plastikur sazRvrebSi aqcev<strong>da</strong>. aseT<br />
kostiums un<strong>da</strong> Seesatyvisebodes msaxiobis moZraobaca <strong>da</strong> Jestic.<br />
sigiJis scenaSi mxatvari ofelias balaxebiTa <strong>da</strong> yvavilebisagan<br />
gakeTebuli gvirgviniT amkob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mkveTrad saxasiaTo iyo poloniusis kostiumi. gaiZvera <strong>da</strong> eSmaki<br />
moxucisTvis i. gamrekelma ganier saxeloebiani <strong>da</strong> farTokalTebiani<br />
mewamuli feris kaba Seqmna. kabis TeTr sayelos mayureblis yuradReba<br />
poloniusis saxeze <strong>da</strong> mis mimikaze ga<strong>da</strong>aqvs. Tavze mas wiTeli feris<br />
bereti exura. aRsaniSnavia aseve poloniusis xelSi, kverTxis msgavsi,<br />
bunikiani joxi, romelic erTgvari <strong>da</strong>matebaa misi personaJis<br />
xasiaTisaTvis. rogorc maRali rangis karis kaci igi am joxiT iZleva<br />
gankargulebebs. is misi plastikis ganuyofeli nawilia.<br />
klavdiusis kostiumis eskizi ar SemorCenila, samagierod arsebobs<br />
a.vasaZis mogoneba, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad warmatebuli rolisa wers<br />
rom, ukmayofiloa, radgan ver moirgo gmiris kostiumi. “amis mizezi<br />
kostiumi iyo, romelic rolis Canafiqrs ar eguebo<strong>da</strong>. klavdiusi<br />
<strong>da</strong>visaxe loTobisgan gasiebuli saxiT, gaberili mucliT, metyveli<br />
xelebiTa <strong>da</strong> iseTi wvrili fexebiT, rom maTi sigamxdre klavdiusis<br />
mier Cadenili borotebis simZimes ver zi<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. mxatvarma ki mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
masalisgan Sekerili grZelkalTebiani kaba Camacva, ramac fexebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mifara. xelebis metyvelebas ki grZelive saxeloebi uSli<strong>da</strong>.<br />
147
Cacmulobis feric ar mijdebo<strong>da</strong> WkuaSi: mwvane <strong>da</strong> yviTeli ferebi<br />
mxatvruli saxis Sinagan arss ar eguebo<strong>da</strong>. harmoniis nacvlad<br />
disonansi Sehqon<strong>da</strong>.” (72)<br />
eskizebis saxiT SemorCenilia kidev ori msaxiobis kostiumis<br />
eskizi <strong>da</strong> jariskacis kostiumi. es ukanaskneli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilia lurj<br />
<strong>da</strong> nacrisfer tonebSi, grZeli wamosasxamiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>SniT. <strong>da</strong><br />
Suasaukuneebis raindis javSnian samoss mogvagonebs fariTa <strong>da</strong> SubiT.<br />
aqtiorebis kostiumebi moxetiale msaxiobebis Sesabamisi iyo. maTi<br />
kostiumebi kontrastul <strong>da</strong> mkveTr ferebSia ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili, romlis<br />
ferTa gama imeorebs sabrZolo farebis sazeimo ganwyobas. msaxiobebs<br />
Tavze ganierfarfliani qudebi exuraT.<br />
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, <strong>da</strong> amaze zemoT ukve iTqva,<br />
mesaflaveebis kostiumebi, romlebic sruliad gansxvavebul<br />
esTetikaSia ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili, radgan maT gansakuTrebuli azrobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva gaaCniaT speqtaklSi. i. gamrekelma mesaflaveebs ubralo<br />
guruli glexis kostiumebi Caacva, riTac <strong>da</strong>dgmis zeamocanis<br />
Sesabamisad, tragediis zogadsakacobrio mniSvneloba warmoaCina.<br />
speqtakl “hamletis” saerTo warmatebam cxadyo rusTavelis<br />
Teatris maRalprofesiuli done. <strong>da</strong>dgmaSi Tanabari simZlavriT<br />
warsdga scenografia, mizanscenuri qarga, Suqwera <strong>da</strong> ganaTeba,<br />
musikaluri gaformeba <strong>da</strong> qoreografiul-plastikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta.<br />
speqtaklis scenografiam gamoavlina misi avtoris, i.gamrekelis<br />
SemoqmedebiTi potenciali. mxatvarma “hamletis” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> Seqmna<br />
iseTi scenuri samyaro, romelic konkretulad am speqtaklisTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d scenografiis Teoriisa <strong>da</strong> Teatris esTetikisaTvis<br />
gansakuTrebul mxatvrul mniSvnelobas iZen<strong>da</strong>. i.gamrekelis<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> naTlad gamoikveTa speqtaklis reJisoruli koncefcia.<br />
mis mier Seqmnil dekoraciul-plastikur sivrceSi samyaros<br />
mravalSreebiani modeli iyo Cadebuli, romlis ganzogadebuli forma<br />
ufro TvalsaCinos <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovans xdi<strong>da</strong> piesis arss. es konkretuli<br />
dramaturgiuli masala saSualebas aZlev<strong>da</strong> mxatvars gamoeyenebina<br />
mravalferovani mxatvruli, Tu teqnikuri xerxebi speqtaklis<br />
mxatvruli <strong>da</strong> saTamaSo sivrcis Sesaqmnelad. “hamletis” dekoraciuli<br />
gaformebis Seqmnisas, i.gamrekelma pirvelad gamoavlina Tavi<br />
148
xuroTmoZRvrad, fermwerad, ilustratorad, romlisTvisac “feri,<br />
sinaTle, tansacmeli, musika, nivTi, ilustracias ki ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
warmoadgendes ama Tu im scenisaTvis, aramed situaciis Sinagani arsis<br />
gamomsaxveli un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rogorc mayurebelze zemoqmedebis<br />
“gamamdidrebeli” saSualebani. amitom mxatvarma yvela axali teqnikuri<br />
miRweva un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyenos TeatrSi. dekoraciuli garemos swor Seqmnas<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs speqtaklisTvis”. (73) k.marjaniSvilis am<br />
sityvebis xorcSesxma i.gamrekelma “hamletis” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> SeZlo.<br />
i.gamrekeli, dekoraciis moculobiani formebiT naZerwi<br />
speqtaklis moqmedebis adgili, kostiumi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi nivTebi<br />
speqtaklSi mTliani mxatvruli ansamblis ganuyofeli nawili iyo, rac<br />
yvelaze naTlad mizanscenebis agebisas gamoikveTa <strong>da</strong> saSualeba misca<br />
reJisors TiToeul mizanscenaSi misTvis sasurveli plastikuri<br />
monaxazi aego. k.marjaniSvilis mizanscenebi “...uSualod muSaobis<br />
procesSi iyo Seqmnili, amitom isini yoveltvis gamoirCeodnen Tavisi<br />
bunebrivobiT <strong>da</strong> xels uwyobdnen aqtiors mxatvruli saxisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
xasiaTis sworad gaxsnaSi”, wer<strong>da</strong> hamletis rolis Semsrulebeli<br />
msaxiobi u.CxeiZe (74)<br />
rac Seexeba Tavad Seqspiris “hamletis” k.marjaniSviliseul<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmas- cxadia, rom speqtaklze muSaobisas k.marjaniSvilma<br />
i.gamrekels <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT uambo misi g.kregTan muSaobis Sesaxeb, gaacno<br />
mas Tavisi <strong>da</strong> ingliseli reJisoris mosazrebebi. k.marjaniSvils hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
speqtaklis vizualuri masalac, romlis i.gamrekelma Tavis<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> calkeuli detalebi gamoiyena. magaliTad, uzarmazari<br />
heraldikuri ornamentebiT moxatuli almebi speqtaklis finalSi. isini<br />
mxatvrul-ferwerul efeqts qmnidnen <strong>da</strong> scenografiis saerTo<br />
koloritul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi dekoraciis siRmiseul plastikas<br />
amZafrebdnen. rogorc ukve aRiniSna 1911 wels moskovis samxatvro<br />
TeatrSi mox<strong>da</strong> k.marjaniSvilis <strong>da</strong> g.kregis Sexvedra, romelmac<br />
garkveuli mniSvneloba iqonia k.marjaniSvilis reJisoruli meTodis<br />
Camoyalibebaze.<br />
scenografiis mkvlevari v.beriozkini Tavis ortomeul naSromSi<br />
“msoflio Teatris scenografiis istoria”, scenaze speqtaklis<br />
moqmedebis adgilis ganzogadebuli saxis Seqmnaze saubrisas aRniSnavs,<br />
149
om Seqspiris dramaturgiis poetika am TvalsazrisiT universaluria.<br />
igi saSualebas iZleva gansxvavebuli, urTierTsawinaaRmdego formisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> stilis mqone esTetikuri koncefciebis saxviT formaSi<br />
ganxorcielebas. dekoraciul xelovnebaSi axali formebis Zieba<br />
scenaze moqmedebis adgilis SeqmniT <strong>da</strong>iwyo. ase iyo a.apiasa <strong>da</strong> g.kregis<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi. Teatris reformatorebma TavianTi<br />
novatoruli eqsperimentebis Casatareblad u.Seqspiris dramaturgia<br />
airCies. SeqspiriT STagonebulma g.kregma Tavis reJisorul<br />
eqsperimentebSi SeimuSava moqmedebis adgilis iseTi ganzogadebuli<br />
plastikur-dekoraciuli forma, romlis abstragirebuli arqiteqtura<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianisgan maqsimalurad ganyenebuli iyo. dekoraciis didi<br />
moculobis paralelepipedebi, monoliTuri kedlebi, koSkebi, pilonebi,<br />
Tu svetebi, avsebdnen scenis mTel sivrces, scildebodnen scenis<br />
portals <strong>da</strong> TiTqos usasrulobaSi grZeldebodnen. maTi <strong>da</strong>mTrgunveli<br />
sidiade a<strong>da</strong>mians Seqspiris tragediebis samyaros erT patara ususur<br />
nawilad aCen<strong>da</strong>. es metad mtruli garemo ar utoveb<strong>da</strong> saSualebas Tavi<br />
<strong>da</strong>eRwia bediswerisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebasTan gaucxovebis CixSi moqceul<br />
gmirs.<br />
k.gregi Seeca<strong>da</strong> Seqspiris dramaturgiis gamoyenebiT iseTi<br />
universaluri pirobiT-ganzogadebuli samoqmedo sivrce Seeqmna<br />
scenaze, romelic saerTo ideis matarebelia “mTeli samyaro -<br />
sapyrobilea”. hamletis am sityvebma ganapirobes g.kregis yvela<br />
scenografiuli kompoziciis stilisturi forma. erTi SexedviT, is<br />
mayurebelze subieqtur STabeWdilebas toveb<strong>da</strong>. Tumca moqmedebis<br />
ganviTarebisas naTeli xdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom piesis gmiris <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />
sazogadoebasTan obieqturi mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli. g.kregma<br />
u.Seqspiris tragediebisTvis Seqmnil <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> srulad<br />
gamoavlina Tavisi reJisoruli meTodi <strong>da</strong> novatoruli ideebi.<br />
g.kregis scenuri samyaro maradiulobis niSnebis matarebeli iyo.<br />
TiTqos aq yovelTvis cxovrobdnen a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, sanam aq “hamletis”,<br />
“makbetis”, “mefe liris” gmirebi <strong>da</strong>saxldebodnen. es samyaro iqneba<br />
mu<strong>da</strong>m maSinac ki, roca u.Seqspiris didi tragediis gmirebi <strong>da</strong>toveben<br />
mas. g.kregis muSaobis Sesaxeb mis saxelosno-laboratoriaSi<br />
k.marjaniSvili wer<strong>da</strong>: “gordon kregi maketze gluvi Tejirebis<br />
150
moqmedebis adgils SemosazRvrav<strong>da</strong>. igi inglisurad kiTxulob<strong>da</strong><br />
“hamletis” teqsts, aanalizeb<strong>da</strong> moqmed pirTa fsiqologias. Semdeg ki,<br />
mis mierve gamoWrili xis <strong>da</strong>xvavebuli figurebisgan, romelime scenas<br />
gaiTamaSeb<strong>da</strong>. isini WeSmaritad araCveulebriv <strong>da</strong> idealur speqtaklebs<br />
warmoadgendnen, romelic odesme minaxavs.” (75) g.kregis “hamletma”<br />
raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, gavlena moaxdina k.marjaniSvilis “hamletze”. am<br />
speqtaklis mxatvrul <strong>da</strong> ideur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi Cans k.marjaniSvilis<br />
Camoyalibebuli reJisoruli meTodi <strong>da</strong> SemoqmedebiTi gamocdileba.<br />
speqtakli “hamleti”, reJisoruli <strong>da</strong> saTeatro mxatvrobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, uamravi axali <strong>da</strong> novatoruli ideebis Canasaxs<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. “hamleti” yovelmxriv mxatvruli miRwevebis nimuSia,<br />
scenis konstruqcia, mizanscenebi, eleqtroni <strong>da</strong> musika, msaxiobis<br />
saukeTeso Semadgenlobebis demonstrirebasTan erTad srul mxatvrul<br />
STabeWdilebas tovebs mayurebelze”. (76) i.gamrekeli (“hamletis”<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong>- x.k.) vlindeba rogorc ueWveli gemovnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mixvedris Teatraluri mxatvari. misi butaforia <strong>da</strong> dekoracia<br />
savsebiT Seefereba <strong>da</strong>dgmis mTlianobas <strong>da</strong> mxatvrul amocanebs, Tan<br />
Segnebul <strong>da</strong> gagebiT mosvlas amJRavnebs”. wer<strong>da</strong> imdroideli presa<br />
k.marjaniSvilis speqtakl “hamletze” <strong>da</strong> i.gamrekelis<br />
scenografiaze.(77)<br />
2001 wels reJisorma r.sturuam, mxatvar m.SveliZesTan erTad<br />
SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatris scenaze ganaxorciela<br />
u.Seqspiris “hamleti”. reJisorma speqtaklis mxatvrul koncefciaSi<br />
gansxvavebuli azrobrivi amocanebi <strong>da</strong>saxa - ras niSnavs epoqisa <strong>da</strong><br />
faseulobaTa cvla “hamletSi” wamoWrili problemisaTvis? Tu es<br />
mxolod problemaa - araferia, magram Tu es didi gakveTilia<br />
kacobriobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> di<strong>da</strong>qtikuri nawarmoebia, maSin saqme sul sxva<br />
ramesTan gvaqvs, acxadebs speqtaklis reJisori.<br />
r.sturua Seqspiris paradoqsaluri interpretatoria. misi<br />
“hamleti” tragifarsia. Seqspiris tragediis reJisoruli wakiTxva<br />
savsea SeuTavsebelis SeTavsebiT. “hamletis” sisxlian tragediaSi<br />
reJisori iumoris elements eZebs. amitom wina planze wamoweulia<br />
groteski <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri drama, klouna<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> tragedia, melodrama<br />
<strong>da</strong> farsi, ramac sruliad gaaTavisufla tragedia “hamletiseuli”<br />
151
paTosisgan. r.sturuas reJisoruli koncefciiT yvelasaTvis kargad<br />
nacnobi “hamleti” sruliad axal amba<strong>da</strong>a warmodgenili. “hamletis”<br />
yvelaze cnobili monologic ki, reJisorma moZvelebulad,<br />
gacveTilad <strong>da</strong> dromoWmulad miiCnia. amitom monologis bolos,<br />
hamleti sakuTari xeliT wvavs qaRaldze <strong>da</strong>weril “yofna-aryofnis”<br />
monologs. r.sturuas hamleti Cveulebrivi cocxali <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miania, odnavi “postmodernistuli aqcentebiT”, rasac xazs usvams<br />
speqtaklis scenografia. speqtaklis gaformeba ukve kargad nacnob<br />
mxatvrul principebzea Seqmnili - moqmedebis adgilis pirobiTi,<br />
ganyenebuli garemo. masSi moqmedebis <strong>da</strong>wyebisTanave gansakuTrebuli<br />
droiTi sivrce Cndeba, romelSic “Cayrilia” droiTi simboloebi,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva epoqebis, a<strong>da</strong>mianebis yofis, calkeuli, realuri sagnebi,<br />
qolgis metafizikiT, hamletis fantaziasa <strong>da</strong> warmosaxvaSi gaCenili<br />
“<strong>da</strong>niis samyaros” gamogonili atributebiT. mayurebeli Tavisufalia<br />
moqmedebis aRqmaSi. r.sturuas koncefciiT “hamletSi” a<strong>da</strong>mianebma<br />
sakuTari Tavi un<strong>da</strong> amoikiTxon.<br />
scenis sivrce maqsimalurad Tavisufalia gaformebis sagnebisgan.<br />
masze, TiTqmis simetriulad ganlagebulia kibeebi - ori maTgani kibe-<br />
skams warmoadgens. erTi maRali kibis sazurgiT, meore - Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
patara, erTi vertikalurad mdgari kibe <strong>da</strong> bolos orTvalaze<br />
Seyenebuli kibe. ukana dekoraciis centrSi mocemuli kibe-skami mefis<br />
taxtia. es saxviTi metafora avlens mefe klavdiusis zraxvebs,<br />
romelsac aRar akmayofilebs mopovebuli samefo taxtis sidiade <strong>da</strong><br />
ufro maRla asvlas lamobs... kibiani dekoraciebi aqtiurad aris<br />
CarTulni moqmedebaSi <strong>da</strong> gaformebis moZrav sagan-detalebs<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
scenis Tavze lurji, yviTeli <strong>da</strong> wiTeli feris plastikatebia<br />
Camokidebuli. isini hamletis “yofna-aryofnis” monologis dros<br />
eSveba scenaze. hamleti am feradi “linzebiT” cdilobs<br />
gansxvavebulad <strong>da</strong>inaxos mis garSemo momx<strong>da</strong>ri movlenebi. Tumca<br />
misTvis samyaro mxolod misi sulieri tkivilis fera<strong>da</strong>a SeRebili <strong>da</strong><br />
rogori feris “linzaSic” ar un<strong>da</strong> gaixedos, hamleti mainc Tavis<br />
<strong>da</strong>msxvreul samyaros awydeba, romlis fragmentebi “gafantulia” mTel<br />
scenaze. saerTod m.SveliZis “hamletis” scenografia, “misi kompozicia<br />
152
<strong>da</strong> struqtura ganmsWvalulia mTelisa <strong>da</strong> nawilis, fragmentisa <strong>da</strong><br />
erTiani figuris urTierTmimarTebis TemiT”. (78) speqtakl “hamletSi”,<br />
iseve rogorc r.sturuas “SeqspirianaSi” m.SveliZem gansxvavebuli<br />
scenografiuli sivrce Seqmna. “hamletis” dekoracia mTlianad<br />
kolaJuria, scenis iatakze <strong>da</strong>fenili sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva far<strong>da</strong>gebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
noxebis naWrebisgan Seqmnili safari erwymis ukana dekoraciis<br />
Tejirebze <strong>da</strong>xatul moZrav suraTebs. magram es ekleqtizmi, pirvel<br />
yovlisa, hamletis aboboqrebul sulsa <strong>da</strong> mis mousvenar bunebas<br />
avlens, romlis Sinagani sulieri Widili samyaros fragmentul<br />
aRqmaSia gafantuli.<br />
speqtaklis moqmedeba pirobiTad mefis sasaxlis uzarmazar<br />
<strong>da</strong>usruklebel derefan-galereaSi viTardeba. gansakuTrebuli<br />
mxatvrul-plastikuri <strong>da</strong> azrobrivi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva ukana dekoracias aqvs,<br />
romelic scenis siRrmeSi, monorelsze moZravi gorgolaWebiani<br />
Tejirebisgan gakeTebul kedels warmoadgens. Tejirebi orgminisganaa<br />
gakeTebuli <strong>da</strong> masze TiTqos gadidebuli fotoebia instalirebuli.<br />
kedeli moZrav plastikur sibrtyes warmoadgens.<br />
gamWvirvale Tejirebze, Seqspirisa <strong>da</strong> dedofal elisabedis<br />
droindeli inglisis “moqalaqeebi” arian gamosaxulni. isini epoqis<br />
krebiT saxes qmnian. es gamWvirvale Tejiri-farebi msaxiobebs mohyavT<br />
moqmedebaSi. minebs amofarebuli artistebi am erTgvari mozaikisgan<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva konfiguraciis pirobiT naxatebs awyoben <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaSi<br />
mizanscenobrivi monaxazis farglebSi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva plastikur ujredebs<br />
qmnian. minaze gakeTebuli “mxatvruli fotoebi” TiTqos Segnebula<strong>da</strong>a<br />
<strong>da</strong>Wrili. am mozaikis calkeul fragmentebs, simboluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva<br />
aqvT. iseTi STabeWdilebaa TiTqos Seqspiris droindeli dekoraciuli<br />
tiloebi gacocxldnen scenaze. vin icis iqneb swored ase<br />
gamoiyurebodnen artistebi, romlebmac pirvelebma warmoadgines<br />
“hamleti” scenaze?<br />
ramdenime fragmentze <strong>da</strong>srulebuli portretebia mocemuli,<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCenze ki, naxevar-naxevari taniT qalis <strong>da</strong> mamakacis<br />
gamosaxulebebia. isini isea ganlagebuli scenaze, rom amoWrili<br />
suraTebisgan gakeTebul kolaJur panos mogvagoneben. Seqspiris epoqis<br />
anarekli m.SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> SemTxveviTi ar aris. istoriulad<br />
153
dedofali elisabedi xSirad yofili SeTqmulebis monawilec <strong>da</strong><br />
Tava<strong>da</strong>c yofila SeTqmulebis obieqti. u.SeqspirisTvis es yvelaferi<br />
cnobili iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> hamletsac realuri prototipic eyolebo<strong>da</strong>. r.<br />
sturuam azrobrivi paralelebi gaavlo Seqspiris mier <strong>da</strong>niis samefoSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>trialebul tragediasa <strong>da</strong> imave epoqis inglisis samefo karis<br />
cxovrebas Soris.<br />
TiToeuli gamosaxuleba dekoraciaze avtoris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
tragediis mniSvnelovan azrobriv <strong>da</strong> sakvanZo detalebs Seicavs. amis<br />
magaliTia mamakacis xelSi cxvirsaxoci; siamis tyupiviT gamosaxuli<br />
qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci, romlebic uneblied makbetsa <strong>da</strong> ledi makbets<br />
mogagoneben. scenaze Tavad Seqspiric ki aris. scenis ukana<br />
dekoraciaze warmodgenili samyaros fragmentebi, rogorc cocxali<br />
mowmeebic “hamletis” tragediis, misi sigiJisa <strong>da</strong> areuli sizmrebis<br />
mowmeebi arian. maTi aCrdilebi arasdros toveben scenas. suraTebze<br />
gamosaxuli didgvarovani a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mdidruli samosi, samkauliTa <strong>da</strong><br />
maqmanebiT gawyobili, simdidrisa <strong>da</strong> fufunebis iers uqmnis “mefis<br />
sasaxles”. maTi stili <strong>da</strong> forma xels uwyobs moqmedebis, ara adgilis,<br />
aramed epoqis suraTis Seqmnas.<br />
“hamletis” epoqis reproduqciul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetasTan srul<br />
kontrastSia “hamletis” gmirTa kostiumebi, saTamaSo atributebi,<br />
calkeuli sagan-dekoraciebi, romelTa ekleqturoba arsebul<br />
naturalistur detalebs erTian mxatvrul mTlianobaSi aqcevs.<br />
avanscenaze ayrili ficarnagi<strong>da</strong>n moCans luki, romelSic<br />
orgminis naWerze <strong>da</strong>xatuli qalis portretis fragmentia<br />
warmodgenili. am “saflavSi” wesiT mefis masxara, hamletis gamzrdeli<br />
“sabralo ioriki” ganisvenebs. rogori iyo ioriki Cven ar viciT,<br />
SesaZloa is qalis samosSic ki <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> gamowyobili. rogorc Cans<br />
mxatvari qalis saxis, qali-dedis, qali-meuRlis, qali-dedoflis<br />
krebiTi saxis miwasTan gaTelil simbolos gviCvenebs. scenaze<br />
mocemuli sagnebi<strong>da</strong>n aRsaniSnavia, niCabi, kasri <strong>da</strong> saflavis<br />
trafareti.<br />
ukana dekoracia-kedeli, romelic i.gamrekelma 1925 wels<br />
“hamletSi” sabrZolo farebisgan aago, scenaze <strong>da</strong>xurul sivrces<br />
qmni<strong>da</strong>. igi mkveTrad mijnav<strong>da</strong> hamletis samyaros <strong>da</strong>narCeni <strong>da</strong>niisgan.<br />
154
m.SveliZis moZravi Tejirebis kedeli, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom naxevrad<br />
gamWvirvalea, kidev ufro Caketil sivrces qmnis, radgan is<br />
mojadovebuli wresaviTaa, romelic xan giSvebs, xan zRudesaviT<br />
moemarTeba mTavari gmirisken. misgan gaRweva aseve SeuZlebelia, radgan<br />
kedlis miRma “mTeli qveyana <strong>da</strong> misi mosaxleoba” dgas. “hamletis”<br />
tragediis uxilavi <strong>da</strong> xiluli <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebi. kedlis win, scenis<br />
siRrmeSi. a<strong>da</strong>mianis fituli zis. mas gazeTi aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>Slili. es<br />
“a<strong>da</strong>miani” elsinoris sasaxleSi <strong>da</strong>trialebuli tragediis<br />
TvalTmaqcobiT gamasxaravebuli <strong>da</strong>nieli xalxis krebiT saxes<br />
warmoadgens. amitomac mas Tavze pomponiani CaCi aqvs am simboloSi<br />
naTlad Cans, rom qveynis mosaxleobas arc raimis Tqma SeuZlia <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
arara icis, radgan axla ecnoba “presiT” Tu ra xdeba maTTan <strong>da</strong><br />
saerTod am qveynad.<br />
speqtakl “hamletis” moqmedebaSi aqtiur sagan-dekoracias kibe<br />
warmoadgens. <strong>da</strong>dgmis mizanscenuri naxazis Sesabamisad, piesis<br />
personaJebi scenaze yvela mxri<strong>da</strong>n gamodian, scenis lukebi<strong>da</strong>nac ki.<br />
iqmneba iseTi STabeWdileba, rom yvela mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>niis samefo sasaxleSi moxvedras lamoben. TiToeuli maTganis<br />
pativmoyvareoba aiZulebT maT, kidev ufro meti simaRlisken<br />
iswrafvodnen <strong>da</strong> kibe-dekoraciebze cocvas iwyeben. m.SveliZesTan kibe<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxmare plastikuri elementia. simbolurad orive SemTxvevaSi kibe<br />
aRmavlobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rmavlobis simboloa. i.gamrekelica <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZec<br />
“hamletis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> ideur-plastikur <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas kibes aniWebs,<br />
magram orive mxatvarTan kibe sruliad gansxvavebuli formisaa.<br />
i.gamrekelis mxatvrobaSi kibe monumentur mTas <strong>da</strong> elsinoris<br />
sasaxlis postaments, mefis sasaxlis sazeimo kibes warmoadgens.<br />
m.SveliZis “hamletis” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> kibe sacxovrebel saxlebze<br />
mimagrebul saxanZro kibes hgavs. igi gacilebiT ufro saxifaTo <strong>da</strong><br />
cicaboa, vidre i.gamrekelis kibe-postamenti. m.SveliZis kibe scenaze<br />
tragediis gmirebis zraxvebis gansaxorcieleblad ufro rTuli <strong>da</strong><br />
saxifaTo TamaSis pirobebs uqmnis. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa kibe-<br />
orTvcala scenis marcxena kuTxeSi. m.SveliZem kibe moZrav, aramyar<br />
substanciad aqcia. igi mxolod erT epizodSi erTveba moqmedebaSi,<br />
rogorc plastikur-sivrcobrivi dekoraciuli saxe.<br />
155
i.gamrekelis “hamletis” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gansakuTrebiT saintereso<br />
iyo xati-triptiqis saxviT-plastikuri forma. igi i.gamrekelma<br />
dekoracia-personaJis funqciiT <strong>da</strong>tvirTa. speqtaklis II moqmedebaSi es<br />
dekoracia mTlianad cvli<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis ritmul wyobas <strong>da</strong><br />
maqsimalurad uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels tragediis pirobebis gamovlenas. mis<br />
winaSe aRsarebas ambob<strong>da</strong> klavdiusi, monologs kiTxulob<strong>da</strong> hamleti.<br />
xatis ukan idgnen <strong>da</strong>niis axali mefe <strong>da</strong> dedofali, hamletis de<strong>da</strong><br />
hertru<strong>da</strong>. moCvenebiT keTilSobilebas amofarebuli es veragi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi TavianT mliqvnelobasa <strong>da</strong> tyuils malaven, xalxisTvis ki<br />
isini RvTismosavni arian <strong>da</strong> mTeli guliT un<strong>da</strong>T rom codvebisgan<br />
ganiwmindon.<br />
m.SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>c elsinoris sasaxlis derefani-galereis<br />
fanjrebs amofarebuli, maRali sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebis saxeebi<br />
moCans. maTi krebiTi saxe m.SveliZem <strong>da</strong>msxvreuli vitraJis<br />
fragmentebSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. m.SveliZem es xati-triptiqis sagangebod<br />
<strong>da</strong>msxvreuli samyaros simbolod Seqmna, romlis winaSe verc<br />
aRsarebas ityvi <strong>da</strong> verc sulier ganwmen<strong>da</strong>s miiReb. radgan TiToeuli<br />
gamosaxuleba Tavisi formiseuli <strong>da</strong>usruleblobiT. kidev ufro met<br />
SekiTxvas badebs, vidre pasuxisken gibiZgebs. “hamtelis” sturuaseuli<br />
di<strong>da</strong>qtikac swored esaa. piesis avtorma miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom TiTqos<br />
yvelafers Tavisi adgili miuCina tragediaSi, mas miRma aTasi<br />
amouxsneli gamocana <strong>da</strong> SekiTxva gaaCina. speqtakl “hamletis”<br />
mxatvruli gaformebis koncefciis es amosavali forma <strong>da</strong>saSvebs xdis<br />
“hamletis” tragi-farsis scenur-plastikur wyobaSi formaTa<br />
utrirebas, gamomgoneblobas, maT <strong>da</strong>xvavebas, xSirad paradoqsulobasac<br />
ki. m.SveliZis am scenur tipSi yvelaze mkafiod mxatvris <strong>da</strong>zguri<br />
Semoqmedebis, misi kolaJebis saxe gamovlin<strong>da</strong>.<br />
m.SveliZis xatebebi scenaze Tanamedrove xelovnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanamedrove postmodernistul filosofiis elfers atarebs. “sturua<br />
ramdenime scenas “sarkis” principiT awyobs, rodesac ori personaJi<br />
erTmaneTis moZraobas imeorebs, TiTqos igi sarkeSi airekleba”.(79)<br />
mizanscenis amgvari wyoba im saxieri TamaSisTvisaa saWiro,romelSic<br />
dekoraciis gaTamaSeba ara pir<strong>da</strong>piri misi moqmedebaSi CarTviT, aramed<br />
dekoraciis suraTebis gacocxlebiT xdeba. es gamoixateba imaSi, rom<br />
156
minaze ga<strong>da</strong>tanil “naxatebSi”, romelTac personaJuli saxe aqvT<br />
miniWebuli <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> hamleti ver axerxebs Tavis Tavis amocnobas.<br />
mas surs <strong>da</strong>inaxos Tavisi Tavi <strong>da</strong> igi igonebs sarkes, romelSic ukeT<br />
<strong>da</strong>inaxavs mis mierve wamowyebuli TamaSis anarekls. “hamletis”<br />
dekoracia gacocxlebul naxatebad iqceva <strong>da</strong> scenis sivrceSi iwyebs<br />
moqmedebas. isini plastikiTa <strong>da</strong> JestiT acocxleben mxatvrobis<br />
detalebs <strong>da</strong> amiT uzrunvelyofen maT CarTulobas speqtaklis<br />
moqmedebaSi.<br />
“platons <strong>da</strong> aristoteles miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rom xelovneba cxovrebis<br />
sarkea. platoni mis “realuri” metafizikuri samyaros miseul asaxvad,<br />
Crdilad, WeSmaritebis ori safexuriT <strong>da</strong>Sorebul anareklad<br />
miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. aristotele mxatvrul asaxvas, asaxvis sxva saxeebTan erTad<br />
Semecnebis saSualebad aRiqvam<strong>da</strong>. Tavad azrovnebac xom asaxviTi<br />
moqmedebaa. xolo a<strong>da</strong>mianis suli arsebulis sarke”. “hamletis”<br />
scenografia <strong>da</strong> misi struqtura gansWvalulia mTelisa <strong>da</strong> nawilis<br />
fragmentisa <strong>da</strong> erTiani figuris urTierTmimarTebis TemiT”. (80)<br />
r.sturuas “hamletis” interpretaciaSi piesis personaJebis<br />
fsiqologiuri portretebis Seqmnisas reJisorma, pirvel yovlisa, isini<br />
cocxal a<strong>da</strong>mianebad gamosaxa. k.marjaniSvili wer<strong>da</strong>, rom misTvis<br />
“hamletSi” – yvelaferi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri un<strong>da</strong> iyos... yvelaferi... aCrdili<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli hamletamde, yvelani cocxali a<strong>da</strong>mianebi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen”.<br />
speqtaklis reJisoruli koncefciis saerTo pirobiTobaSi “hamletis”<br />
marjaniSviliseuli ganmarteba gamoisaxa imaSi, rom r. sturuasTan<br />
hamletis mamis aCrdili “gacocxlebulia” <strong>da</strong> realuri gmiria, romlis<br />
aRsarebac “hamletis” istoriis Carxs <strong>da</strong>atrialebs. igi gansazRvravs<br />
hamletis beds <strong>da</strong> piesaSi ganviTarebul moqmedebas. misi saxis<br />
realisturi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta kidev ufro amZafrebs brZolas hamletsa <strong>da</strong><br />
klavdiuss Soris, hamletis realur <strong>da</strong> irealur samyaroSi. <strong>da</strong>niis<br />
mefis aCrdilis pirveli gamoCeniT iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos didi<br />
hamleti ZaliT gamoiyvanes scenaze, raTa mis mier moTxrobili Tavisi<br />
mkvlelobis istoria, ufro <strong>da</strong>majerebeli gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo. mamis aCrdilis<br />
kostiumi mewamuli ferisaa, gaformebuli oqros farCis saxelos<br />
manJetebiT <strong>da</strong> stilizebuli samxreebiT, romelzec rainduli<br />
heraldikis elementebia <strong>da</strong>tanebuli. hamletis mamis tyavis laba<strong>da</strong>s<br />
157
Ria yavisferi tyavisve muzaradi amkobs. aCrdilis kostiumis mowiTalo<br />
oqrosferi mkveTri toni miuTiTebs imaze, rom mkvlelobisas misi<br />
samosi sisxlisfrad SeiReba.<br />
saerTod m.SveliZis kostiumebi speqtaklisTvis ekleqturia <strong>da</strong><br />
gaformebis saerTo kolaJurobas inarCunebs. hamleti xan Sav<br />
laba<strong>da</strong>Sia, xan maRalyelian tlanq CeqmaSi <strong>da</strong> TeTr perangze oxrisfer<br />
Jiletsa <strong>da</strong> SarvalSia gamowyobili. mis Tavisufal maneraSi<br />
Sesrulebuli kostiumi msaxiobs saSualebas aZlevs yovelgvari<br />
<strong>da</strong>srulebuli formiseuli CarCosgan gaTavisufldes <strong>da</strong> misi Sinagani<br />
moCvenebiTi sigiJe <strong>da</strong> elsinoris sasaxlis mcxovrebTaTvis iseve<br />
gaurkvevel-bundovani gaxados, rogorc Tavad misi qcevaa. hamletis es<br />
kostiumi Zalian kargad erwymis mowveul msaxiobTa kostumirebul<br />
speqtakls<strong>da</strong> isic aseve erTveba “gonzagos sikvdilis” warmodgenaSi.<br />
“hamletis” sxva personaJebis kostiumebi aseve krebiTi saxisaa <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi dramaturgia moqmedebis specifiki<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinarea <strong>da</strong> saerTo<br />
ekleqtizmiT xasiaTdeba. Savi grZeli labadebi, Savi <strong>da</strong> TeTri feris<br />
kontrasti, calkeuli aqsesuarebi, rogorebicaa qudi, xelTaTmani,<br />
qolga, yelsaxvevi, konkretuli personaJis gar<strong>da</strong>saxvisTvis aucilebel<br />
saxovan elements Seicavs. yvelaze metad “usaxuria” poloniusis<br />
gmiris kostiumi, radgan mxatvarma masSi am personaJis uprincipoba <strong>da</strong><br />
meryevi xasiaTi gamosaxa. dedoflis kostiumebSi ekleqturoba<br />
gamoixateba maT SeusabamobaSi piesaSi ganviTarebvul movlenebTan.<br />
misTvis kostiumi misi ganwyobis Sesabamisia <strong>da</strong> mxolod mas<br />
akmayofilebs. klavdiusi zedmetad “gapranWul” kostiumSia, romelic<br />
cdiloba samosis aqsesuarebTan “TamaSiT” <strong>da</strong>malos Tavisi <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba.<br />
“hamletis” tragifarsis formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetam scenografs saSualeba<br />
misca ufro Tavisufali yofiliyo personaJTa kostiumebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wuyvetaSi. erTi-SexedviT SemTxveviTi atributi kostiumisa an misi<br />
mTliani stiluri forma Zalian Rrmad gaanalizebuli <strong>da</strong> nafiqria,<br />
radgan yvela gmiri saxis krebiT elementebs Seicavs. gansakuTrebuli<br />
sisa<strong>da</strong>viT ofelias kostiumi gamoirCeva. es sagangebo ubraloeba<br />
speqtaklis moqmedebisas imgvar metaforas qmnis, rom masze yvelas<br />
SeuZlia moirgos is Sesabamisi samosi, ra xarisxiTac SeZlebs mis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>birebas. amitom igi <strong>da</strong>usrulebelis mTlianobas moklebul<br />
158
STabeWdilebas tovebs, Tumca bolomde ar kargavs sisufTaves <strong>da</strong><br />
gmiris saxis individualobas.<br />
speqtaklis ganaTebis partitura aseve mkveTri <strong>da</strong> bundovani Suqis<br />
nakadis kontrastul partiturazea agebuli, rac moqmedebis saerTo<br />
dinamikas amZafrebs <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis tempo-ritms stokatosebr ritmikas<br />
aniWebs. ukana dekoraciisa <strong>da</strong> scenis saerTo “kolaJis”<br />
feradovnebasTan erTad, speqtaklis Suqwera, piesis ZiriTadi fabulis<br />
azrobriv aqcentebs emTxveva. amas exmareba <strong>da</strong>dgmis qoreografiul-<br />
plastikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetac, romelSic TiToeuli gmiri gansxvavebuli<br />
plastikiT moZraobs scenaze. Tavad hamletis gar<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />
personaJebi Tavisi plastikiT sulisa <strong>da</strong> sxeulis erTgvari Sinagani<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebiT uxerxulad moZraoben scenaze.<br />
m.SveliZis scenografia speqtakl “hamletisTvis” r.sturuas mier<br />
SoTa rusTavelis scenaze <strong>da</strong>dgmuli Seqspiris tragediebis erTgvari<br />
Sejamebaa. misi saxviTi groteski <strong>da</strong> qmediTi farsi umetesad Seqspiris<br />
ara konkretuli tragedii<strong>da</strong>naa Seqmnili, aramed iseve rogorc<br />
m.SveliZe qmnis Tavis <strong>da</strong>zgur naxatebs, didi ingliseli dramaturgis<br />
mTeli Semoqmedebi<strong>da</strong>n amokiTxuli qveteqstebiTaa STagonebuli.<br />
qveTavi II.<br />
gr.robaqiZis “lamara” i.gamrekelisa <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
gr.robaqiZis piesa “lamara”, is iSviaTi <strong>qarTul</strong>i dramaturgiuli<br />
nawarmoebia, romelic XX saukuneSi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periodSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba <strong>da</strong> zogadsakacobrio mniSvneloba SeiZina.<br />
yovel axal epoqalur movlenaTa gamoZaxils, qarTvelma reJisorebma<br />
k.marjaniSvilma, al.axmetelma, r.sturuam speqtakl “lamaraTi”<br />
upasuxes. piesis arsi <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs. mas<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i miTosi udevs safuZvlad <strong>da</strong> igi genetikur kavSirSia<br />
qarTveli a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebasTan <strong>da</strong> mis msoflaRqmasTan.<br />
pirvelad <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze “lamaras” <strong>da</strong>dgma k.marjaniSvilma<br />
ganizraxa. mas am piesaSi lirikuli motivebi aRelveb<strong>da</strong>. misTvis<br />
mTavari iyo, zneobrivi <strong>da</strong> eTikuri faseulobebis rRvevis pirobebSi,<br />
ra bedi eweo<strong>da</strong> ori spetaki sulis a<strong>da</strong>mianis siyvaruls.<br />
al.axmetelisTvis, “lamaraSi” sul sxva Tema aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani.<br />
159
misTvis erovnuli poziciebi<strong>da</strong>n amomavali urTierTobebi iyo mTavari.<br />
siyvaruli <strong>da</strong> keTilSobileba, swored am urTierTobebis sayrdens<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. axmetelisTvis “lamara” is ideuri safuZveli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romlis wyalobiTac reJisorma <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris nacionaluri<br />
formebi warmoaCina. rogorc Teatrmcodne v.kiknaZe aRniSnavs, “grigol<br />
robaqiZis Teatri iyo is samyaro, sa<strong>da</strong>c iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> qarTveli xalxis<br />
sulieri formebi.” (81)<br />
1996 wels rusTavelis TeatrSi kvlav <strong>da</strong>idga gr.robaqiZis<br />
“lamara”. speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba scenograf mxatvar<br />
m.SveliZes ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>.<br />
XX saukunis bolo aTwleulSi “lamaras” sturuaseuli wakiTxva<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo k.marjaniSvilisa <strong>da</strong> al.axmetelis<br />
reJisoruli koncefciebisgan. “lamaraSi” reJisorma istoriuli<br />
qartexilebis pirobebSi, a<strong>da</strong>mianebis TviTga<strong>da</strong>rCenis, maTi pirovnebis<br />
TviTgamorkvevis <strong>da</strong> erovnuli TviTSegnebis idea wina planze<br />
wamoswia. “lamaras” tragedia saqarTveloSi 1990-ian wlebSi<br />
ganviTarebuli movlenebis gadmoZaxili iyo. amitomac SoTa<br />
rusTavelis Teatris scenaze “lamaras” tragikuli misteria gaTamaS<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Zvel <strong>qarTul</strong> legen<strong>da</strong>Si gvelismWamel mindiaze qarTveli xalxis<br />
erovnuli sibrZne, misi a<strong>da</strong>Ti, religiuri mrwamsi iyo Cadebuli.<br />
xevsuri xalxisTvis mTa, cxovrebis wess gansazRavs. maT religiur<br />
warmodgenebSi dRemde cocxalia warmarTuli kultebi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
mzis kulti. romelic gaigivebuli aqvT qristianul sarwmunoebasTan.<br />
isini ”mzis Svilebi” arian. qarTvelisTvis mze samyaros <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
mowyobis centria. amitom, speqtakl “lamaras” mxatvrul gaformebaSi<br />
mzes gansakuTrebuli simboluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqon<strong>da</strong>. k.marjaniSvili<br />
ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatri mziuri un<strong>da</strong> iyoso. ”Cven gvaqvs<br />
sakuTari mziuri poezia, Semdeg ki gangebis wyalobiT, Cven gveqneba<br />
mziuri Teatri”. swored aseTma mziuri Teatris Ziebam miiyvana<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatri gr. robaqiZesTan. “...Tu ar yofiliyvnen udidesi<br />
mzis qveynebi, ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> msoflio xelovneba”.(82)<br />
“lamaras” tragikuli misteriis mxatvruli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, avlens<br />
piesis reJisoruli interpretaciis Taviseburebebs. r.sturua<br />
speqtaklis di<strong>da</strong>qtika miTosur sibrtyeSi ga<strong>da</strong>iyvana. amitom speqtaklis<br />
160
scenografiiT scenaze ganyenebuli, ganzogadebuli <strong>da</strong> fantastikuri<br />
elementebisgan Semdgari samyaro Seqmna m.SveliZem. magram mxatvari,<br />
iseve rogorc Tavis yvela namuSevarSi, piesis ZiriTadi idei<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamodis. misi mxatvruli gaformeba dramaturgiuli masalis<br />
pirvelwyaros <strong>da</strong> piesis reJisoruli koncefciis Sesabamisi iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> moqmedebis ganviTarebas scenaze. piesaze muSaobisas<br />
reJisorma r.sturuam montaJis principi gamoiyena. teqstis nacvlad man<br />
mxatvars saxviTi simboloebis Seqmna mosTxova scenaze.<br />
m.SveliZis “lamaraSi” ar iyo, rogorc es i.gamrekels hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />
qveynis krebiTi plastikur-dekoraciuli saxe Seqmnili. r.sturuas<br />
“lamaraSi” mxatvarma yvelas qveyana, mzisqveSeTi gamosaxa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
yvela ganzomileba erT sivrceSi moaqcia. mze, mTis mwvervalebi, mTis<br />
ferdobebi, miwa, miwisqveSeTi <strong>da</strong> veeba gveli, romelic <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
warmarTul warmodgenebSi qvesknelis simboloa. samyaros<br />
gamaerTianebeli ki aq a<strong>da</strong>miania, romlis bunebasTan iniciacia<br />
RmerTTan <strong>da</strong>axlovebas niSnavs. Tu i.gamrekelis dekoracia<br />
speqtaklisaTvis “lamara” specialurad Seqmnil msaxiobTa samoqmedo<br />
sivrces warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, m.SveliZis dekoracia Tavad moqmedeb<strong>da</strong><br />
speqtaklSi.<br />
m.SveliZem “lamaras” Temis ganzogadebis saWiroebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
speqtaklis dekoraciul gaformebaSi, aqtiurad moqmedi<br />
scenografiuli obieqti warmoadgina. es iyo ukana dekoracia-pano,<br />
romelic mzis simbolur saxes warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. pano uZravad eki<strong>da</strong><br />
scenaze <strong>da</strong> fizikurad ar erTvebo<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis moqmedebaSi. mis<br />
saxviT-plastikur <strong>da</strong> ideur formas mxatvari ganaTebis meSveobiT<br />
aRwev<strong>da</strong>. dekoracias saTamaSo funqciis gamovlena, speqtaklis<br />
ganaTebis patrituriT xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> igi moqmedebis saerTo atmosferos<br />
qmni<strong>da</strong>. speqtaklis scenografias “axlavs Cinebuli ganaTeba. sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
dila, SuadRe, saRamo, Ramiseuli zmanebebi, amaRlebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>m<strong>da</strong>blebuli, yvelaferi ikiTxeba <strong>da</strong> moWarbebuli silamazis<br />
siuxviTaa warmodgenili“. (83) speqtaklis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva miznscenebSi mze<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Seferilobis iyo <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli feriT Rebav<strong>da</strong><br />
“de<strong>da</strong>miwas”. “lamaras” miTosuri safuZveli mxatvars saSualebas<br />
aZlev<strong>da</strong> ganzogadebuli, fantastikuri elementebisgan Semdgari<br />
161
samyaro Seeqmna scenaze. “lamaras” gaformebis ferwerul-<br />
plastikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta dekoraciis ze<strong>da</strong>piris faqturuli <strong>da</strong>muSavebiT<br />
gamoirCeva. mxatvrobis koloriti mzis kaSkaSa tonalobebSi iyo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili.<br />
ukana dekoracias mxatvrul-plastikuri forma uzarmazari<br />
ferwerul tilos jvalos uxeSi qsovilisgan iyo gakeTebuli. mis<br />
SuaSi qsovili wriulad iyo amoWrili, sai<strong>da</strong>nac mze mosCan<strong>da</strong>. jvalos<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>piri brinjaosa <strong>da</strong> spilenZis ferebis kontrastuli tonebiT iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>muSavebuli. speqtaklSi mxatvroba ferisa <strong>da</strong> faqturis<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebiT arnaxul mxatvrul efeqts aRwev<strong>da</strong>. dekoraciaSi<br />
gansxeulebuli piesis Sinaarsi, abstragirebuli plastikis enaze<br />
ametyvelebuli buneba <strong>da</strong> mze, romelic speqtaklis moqmedi gmiria,<br />
erTian gamogonil mxatvrul samyaroSi iyo gaerTianebuli. m.SveliZem<br />
Zalian Zunwi <strong>da</strong> lakonuri xerxebiT, scenaze yvelaferi formiseul<br />
mTlian sawyisSi gaaerTiana.<br />
mTel scenaze ganlagebuli iyo sabrZolo farebisgan Sekruli<br />
dekoraciuli detalebi. maTi priala metalisebri vercxlisferi<br />
bzinvareba ukana dekoraciisa <strong>da</strong> Suqweris mkveTr Tbil kolorits<br />
upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong>. scenis siRrmeSi sabrZolo farebiT gakeTebuli ori<br />
uswormasworo formis Tejiri idga. es Tejirebi mTis ferdobebis<br />
stilizebul naxats qmni<strong>da</strong>. maT gagrZelebas avanscenaze <strong>da</strong>fenili<br />
aseTive farebisgan Sekruli ficarnagi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romelic<br />
pirobiTad scenis dekoraciul gaformebas erTian kompoziciaSi krav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
scenis Sua nawili dekoraciisgan mTlianad carieli iyo. scenaze<br />
Seqmnili mTis peizaJi Tavisi alegoriulobiT mTlianad mayureblis<br />
asociaciur warmosaxvaze iyo mindobili. is xan mTis mwvervalebis, xan<br />
Rrublebis, xan, sabrZolo abjris xan ki gvelis qerclian perangs<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
m.SveliZis TqmiT, stilizebuli sabrZolo farebisgan gakeTebuli<br />
dekoraciis qercliani formiT Seqmna, mas SemTxveviT quCaSi nanaxma<br />
<strong>da</strong>mwvarma manqanam ubiZga. im manqanas feri aRar SerCeno<strong>da</strong>, xolo<br />
Zaraze alag-alag gaWvartluli metalis sipriale mosCan<strong>da</strong>. es is<br />
wlebi iyo, roca samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis Sedegad ga<strong>da</strong>mwvar<br />
TbilisSi uamravi amgvari “nagavi” eyara. “lamaraSi” ZmaTa Soris<br />
162
sisxlianma <strong>da</strong>pirispirebam <strong>da</strong> kaeniseuli codvis arsebobam “omis Tema”<br />
gaaCina. amitomac es speqtakli saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli<br />
movlenebis gamoZaxili gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mxatvari sruliad gansxvavebul masalas iyeneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> metalis<br />
sipriales dekoraciis ze<strong>da</strong>piris ferwerul-faqturuli <strong>da</strong>muSavebiT<br />
aRwev<strong>da</strong>. sabrZolo farebi, uxeSi xelovnuri tyavisgan iyo gakeTebuli.<br />
pirvandeli saxe<strong>da</strong>karguli ze<strong>da</strong>piris metalis elvareba<br />
TvalismomWrel ferwerul-plastikur efeqts qmni<strong>da</strong> scenaze. igi<br />
uzarmazari gvelis amoZravebul sxeuls moagoneb<strong>da</strong> mayurebels <strong>da</strong><br />
erTi SexedviT, brtyeli dekoraciis ze<strong>da</strong>pirs skulpturulobas<br />
aniWeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
speqtaklis gmirebi miwasa <strong>da</strong> cas, mzesa <strong>da</strong> mTis mwvervalebs<br />
Soris cxovroben. isini iZulebulni iyvnen xist bunebriv pirobebSi<br />
garemosTan harmoniul kavSirSi ecxovraT, radgan Tavad buneba<br />
gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> maT fsiqologias, cxovrebis wess. amitomacaa, rom<br />
piesis gmirebi ase gvanan erTmaneTs xasiaTiTa <strong>da</strong> sicocxlisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT. sabrZolo farebis ucnauri forma uswormasworo<br />
mTis mwvervalebs imeoreb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
legendis Tanaxmad, mindia bunebasTan ziarebiT saswaulmoqmed<br />
mkurnalad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. misi saidumlo - samyaros Semecnebaa. samyaros<br />
sawyisi ki - bunebaa. swored amitom ambob<strong>da</strong> gr. robaqiZe mindiaze, rom<br />
“Semecneba qmnis siyvaruls - siyvaruli qmnis Semecnebas.” (84)<br />
cxovrebis SemecnebiTaa STagonebuli r.sturuas speqtaklis<br />
scenografia. romelic zemoT aRniSnuli gaazrebis erTgvar plastikur<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>saxvad iqca. mindias samyaros mze <strong>da</strong>hyurebs. xan wiTlad anaTebs,<br />
xan ki vaeba Savi xvreliviT <strong>da</strong>strialebs Tavze a<strong>da</strong>mianebs... igi<br />
axelebs sisxls, aRvivebs vnebebs, <strong>da</strong> amave dros TiTqos monawileobs<br />
dramaSi...” (85) mindia kavSiria miwasa <strong>da</strong> cas Soris. amitomac es miTi<br />
miwieria Tavis warmomavlobiT <strong>da</strong> zeciuri Tavisi suliskveTebiT.<br />
Sesabamisad, mirian SveliZe <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> miwasac gamosaxavs <strong>da</strong><br />
casac, <strong>da</strong>rajad ki mze hyavs warmodgenili.<br />
bunebis sibrZnis simbolo speqtaklSi mindiaa, bunebis silamazis<br />
simbolo ki lamara. reJisorma gansakuTrebiT gaamaxvila yuradReba<br />
lamaras pirvel gamoCenaze. kaSkaSa wiTeli cecxlovani zeciuri<br />
163
etliT eSveba lamara miwaze. personaJis aseTi gamosvla scenaze<br />
imTaviTve gansakuTrebul mxatvrul-plastikur maxvils ukeTebs mis<br />
saxes. “mzis Svili” mzeTunaxavi lamara mravali simboloebis<br />
matarebeli iyo. “simboloebiT azrovneba speqtaklis yovel<br />
komponentSi warmoCin<strong>da</strong>. iqneba es warmodgenis saerTo ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta,<br />
msaxiobTa scenuri qmedeba, moZraoba, plastika, metyveleba <strong>da</strong> raRa<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, m.SveliZis scenografia. gansakuTrebiT speqtqklis<br />
mxatvrul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi aRsaniSnavia ganaTebis mravalferovani<br />
partitura. isic ferTa simbolikiT iyo <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli <strong>da</strong> ubadlo<br />
gemovnebiTa <strong>da</strong> koloritis SegrZnebiT iyo ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebuli speqtaklSi<br />
moqmedebis Sesabamisad”. (86) lamaras saxis simboluri elementebiT<br />
gamdidreba arc piesis avtorisTvisaa ucxo. simboloebiT azrovnebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> qmnis scenur samyaros m.SveliZec. speqtaklis mxatvrul<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi simboluri motivi Can<strong>da</strong> scenur moqmedebaSic, msaxiobTa<br />
kostumebSic, maT plastikaSic, rac gansakuTrebiT mizanscenebSi<br />
vlindebo<strong>da</strong>... scenuri qmedeba <strong>da</strong>Zabul ritmze iyo agebuli. mas<br />
erTvo<strong>da</strong> abrialebuli mzec, romelic udides Zalas aCen<strong>da</strong> speqtaklSi.<br />
TvalismomWrelad elav<strong>da</strong> javSnad aRmarTuli liTonis mTebi. gvelis<br />
qercliviT mbzinavi <strong>da</strong> sofitebiT ganaTebuli foladis kedeli.<br />
“sinaTlem feri <strong>da</strong>amkvidra. sinaTle Tava<strong>da</strong>a feri.”(87)<br />
miwisa <strong>da</strong> mzis SexvedriT <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> samyaros mSveniereba, gvelis<br />
perangSemovlebuli mTebi mindias gankacebis mowmeni gaxdnen. “lamaras”<br />
tragedia isaa, rom zneobrivi gmiri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul sazogadoebaSi<br />
aravis sWirdeba. xolo zneobrivi magaliTis Zalas <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelobas,<br />
momx<strong>da</strong>ri tragediis Semdeg afaseben.<br />
mxatvars scenis SuaSi miwisferi iataki hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gebuli. swored<br />
scenis planSeti iyo yvelaze myari konstruqcia scenaze, radgan arc<br />
stilizebul mTebs, arc avanscenaze gamotanil mTis pirobiTi kalTebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> arc mzes myari forma ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T. isini ganaTebis wyalobiT, yovel<br />
scenaSi icvlidnen konfiguracias. es mxatvruli efeqti ganaTebis<br />
umdidresi palitriT Seqmna mxatvarma. kolorituli efeqtiT Seiqmna<br />
azrobrivi, plastikuri <strong>da</strong> mizanscenobrivi maxvilebic. faqturaTa<br />
TamaSi <strong>da</strong> maTTvis funqcionalur-emociuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis miniWeba<br />
speqtaklis mTlian mxatvrul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
164
speqtaklis mizanscenuri wyoba, msaxiobTa calkeuli jgufebis<br />
plastikur dinamikaze <strong>da</strong> aqtiur ritmul TamaSze iyo agebuli.<br />
speqtaklSi ritmuli muxtis mqone epizodebs swrafad cvli<strong>da</strong>,<br />
lirikuli scenebi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mindiasa <strong>da</strong> lamaras<br />
erTi scena, romelic “mzis oqrosferi kaSkaSa SuqiT iyo ganaTebuli”.<br />
SuqweriT miRweuli emociuri maxvilebi gansakuTrebul dinamizms<br />
aniWebs lamaras Zmis, murTazis <strong>da</strong>krZalvis scenas. musulmanuri<br />
a<strong>da</strong>TiT Sesrulebuli <strong>da</strong>krZalvis cekva, ritualur -sanaxaobrivi<br />
Teatris tradiciul formaSi iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. masSi sabrZolo<br />
xelovnebis elementebi iyo gaerTianebuli. scenis plastikur<br />
figurul wyobas, kargad esa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong> mTieTa Savi samxedro forma,<br />
sabrZolo aRWurvilobiT.<br />
mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, m.SveliZe speqtaklis gaformebas erTian<br />
wreSi aqcevs, romelic miiRweva dekoraciis detalebis ganawilebiT,<br />
avansceni<strong>da</strong>n scenis sivrceSi. es pirobiTi dekoraciuli wre aris<br />
scenaze proeqcirebuli mzis diskos wre. es wreebi emociurad<br />
urTierTsapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZraoben scenaze <strong>da</strong> mkveTr<br />
ritmul maxvilebs qmnian mizanscenebSi. amitom lamaras scenaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>Sveba <strong>da</strong> Semdeg isev zecaSi asvla kravs movlenaTa jaWvsac <strong>da</strong><br />
scenografiasac mTlian kompoziciaSi. speqtaklSi mizanscenebi TiTqos<br />
gangeb scenis wina planzea gamotanili. maTi diagonaluri ganlageba<br />
urTierTga<strong>da</strong>mkveT xazebs qmnis <strong>da</strong> scenaze sxivian naxazSi lagdeba. am<br />
yvelafris gamovlena speqtaklis ganaTebiTa <strong>da</strong> Suqweris palitriT<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong>. mTeli speqtaklis ganmmavlobaSi dekoracia ucvlelad idga<br />
scenaze. maT dinamikur qmedobas ganaTebis mkveTri <strong>da</strong> zedmiwevniT<br />
simboluri partitura axorcieleb<strong>da</strong>. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ukana<br />
dekoraciis, mzis ferweruli panos feriT <strong>da</strong>tvirTva, romlis<br />
kontrastuli ferTa wyoba, speqtaklis mizanscenur ritmikasTan<br />
paralelur “ferwerul” kompozicias qmni<strong>da</strong>. ganaTebis saSualebiTve<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> scenis plastikis gamovlenac. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rakursiTa <strong>da</strong> feriT<br />
gamovlenili, TiTqos sruliad uformo dekoracia-Tejirebi<br />
mayurebelSi mravalferovan asociaciebs badeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> emociurad scenis<br />
mravalwaxnagianobas qmni<strong>da</strong>.<br />
165
Tuki m.SveliZis dekoracia mTlianad erTian stilSi iyo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili, mxatvrisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelma ekleqtizmma msaxiobTa<br />
kostiumebSi iCina Tavi. Tumca maT araviTari disonansi ar Sehqon<strong>da</strong><br />
gaformebis saerTo stilistikaSi. yvelaze metad gaformebis<br />
eTnografiuli elementebi lamarasa <strong>da</strong> qalTa kostiumebSi iyo.<br />
mindias, TorRvas, murTazis, iCos <strong>da</strong> sxva personaJebis kostiumebis<br />
ekleqturoba, mamakacebis tradiciuli, xevsuruli <strong>da</strong> qisturi samosi<br />
(cxvris tyavis labadebi, perangebi, Ceqmebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
epoqebi<strong>da</strong>n amokrebil formaTa SexamebiT iyo gakeTebuli.<br />
mxatvarma m.SveliZem <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i warmarTuli<br />
simbolika gamoiyena. mzis <strong>da</strong> mTvaris samyaros mudmivi wrebrunvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva saxviTi simboloebi, <strong>da</strong> maTi scenuri metyveleba ufro realursa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelSesaxebs xdis scenaze gaTamaSebul misterias. i.gamrekelis<br />
speqtakl “lamaras” gaformebis simbolika ufro xelSesaxebi <strong>da</strong><br />
mkvrivi plastikuri formis matarebeli iyo. m.SveliZis mxatvruli<br />
simbolo <strong>da</strong> metafora, scenur moqmedebaSi mayureblis aqtiurobas<br />
CarTulobas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. mayureblis mier swori poziciiT gaazrebuli<br />
speqtaklis moqmedebas mihyavs igi im simboloTa swor amoxsnamde,<br />
romliTac erTmaneTSi iqsoveba “lamaras” ideuri zeamocana<br />
speqtaklSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />
“...aris xolme periodi, rodesac TeatrSi araferi xdeba <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
araferia imis momaswavebeli, rom erT mSvenier dRes uecrad<br />
gamoCndeba msaxiobTa mTeli <strong>da</strong>si, mwerliTa <strong>da</strong> reJisoriT <strong>da</strong> yvelani<br />
erTad isini Teatralur epoqas Seqmnian. Semdeg Cndebian didi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis saqmis gamgrZeleblebi. isini gaiazreben am <strong>tradicia</strong>s<br />
axali TaobebisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>sacemad. magram <strong>tradicia</strong> Wirveulia, igi<br />
meterlinkis lurji frinveliviT gar<strong>da</strong>isaxeba <strong>da</strong> xelobad iqceva<br />
xolme. mxolod misi yvelaze mciredi nawili rCeba axali Teatris<br />
aRorZinebamde. is Tavis mxriv iRebs am memkvidreobad <strong>da</strong>rCenil diad<br />
marcvals <strong>da</strong> mas Tavisas umatebs. Tavis mxriv, maTac miaqvT axali<br />
TaobebisTvis <strong>da</strong>grovili codna <strong>da</strong> ase manam, sanam is mciredi<br />
msoflio xelovnebis saganZurSi ar moxvdeba..” (88)<br />
166
XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi msoflio masStabis politikurma<br />
kataklizmebma a<strong>da</strong>mianis gonebaze, mis sulier <strong>da</strong> fizikur<br />
mdgomareobaze gansakuTrebuli gavlena iqonies. evoluciuri<br />
procesebis revoluciurma gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebma sazogadoebaSi Zireuli<br />
cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. verc saqarTvelo ver ga<strong>da</strong>urCa samyaros am<br />
“ga<strong>da</strong>keTebis” process, romelmac ganapiroba qveynis bedi, misi<br />
politikuri mowyoba, ekonomika, ideologia, romlis msaxuric gax<strong>da</strong><br />
xelovneba, gansakuTrebiT ki - Teatri.<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna profesiuli Teatris ganviTareba<br />
saqarTveloSi 1920-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo. igi axali sazogadoebriv-<br />
politikuri formaciis Camoyalibebis periods <strong>da</strong>emTxva. gasuli<br />
saukunis pirveli aTwleulebSi <strong>qarTul</strong> saxviT xelovnebaSi<br />
modernistuli <strong>da</strong> avangarduli xelovnebis mravali mimdinareobebis<br />
paralelurad, erovnuli mxatvruli formebis Ziebis procesi<br />
mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. <strong>qarTul</strong>ma Teatrma, romelic rusuli <strong>da</strong> evropuli<br />
Teatris esTetikas iziareb<strong>da</strong>, aaRorZina erovnuli, xalxuri<br />
sanaxaobriv-saimprovizacio Teatris tradiciebic.<br />
erovnuli TviTSegnebis zr<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> didma SemoqmedebiTma<br />
potencialma <strong>qarTul</strong>i kultura, msoflio kulturuli sivrceSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>abruna <strong>da</strong> kvlav misi saganZuris nawilad gaxa<strong>da</strong>. “... <strong>qarTul</strong>i eri<br />
Tavisi kulturiT pirvel erTa Soris ar CaiTvleba, magram mas<br />
ueWvelad am pirvelTa erTa Soris Tavisi kulturiT meore adgili<br />
ukavia. msoflio kulturis ganviTarebaSi qarTveli eri momwodebeli<br />
ar iyo. magram igi am kulturis erTi pirveli mimRebTagani iyo.-<br />
kulturis miReba <strong>da</strong> Tavis sakuTar erovnul SegnebaSi misi moneleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba kulturis mimReobis unari <strong>da</strong> misi gaerovnebis niWi<br />
yvela ers ar axasiaTebs, <strong>da</strong> Tu qarTveli eri am SemTxvevaSi msoflio<br />
kulturis mimyoli iyo <strong>da</strong> aris dResac-es misi maRali erovnuli<br />
unarianobis nayofia”,- wer<strong>da</strong> viqtor nozaZe. (89)<br />
1910-30-ian wlebSi <strong>qarTul</strong>i xelovneba sul ufro mravalferovani<br />
mxatvruli saxeebis SeqmniTa <strong>da</strong> axali gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebiT<br />
anviTareb<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove <strong>qarTul</strong> xelovnebas <strong>da</strong> masSi arsebul<br />
mimdinareobebs. TeatrSic <strong>da</strong>iwyo ganaxlebis procesi. k.<br />
marjaniSvilma radikalurad Secvala reJisurisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
167
<strong>da</strong> reJisoris profesiam Teatris ganviTarebisaTvis sasicocxlo<br />
funqcia SeiZina. ukve bevri iTqva imaze, Tu ra mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
scenografiis ganviTarebisTvis k.marjaniSvilis mier mxatvrebis<br />
miwvevas TeatrSi. <strong>qarTul</strong>i saTeatro mxatvrobis ganviTareba<br />
ganuyofelia <strong>da</strong>zguri xelovnebis ganviTarebisgan. d.kakabaZe, S.qiqoZe,<br />
l.gudiaSvili, i.gamrekeli, k.z<strong>da</strong>neviCi, e.axvlediani, mogvianebiT<br />
p.ocxeli gansxvavebuli SemoqmedebiTi stilis mqone mxatvrebi iyvnen.<br />
saerTo maT SemoqmedebaSi iyo <strong>qarTul</strong>i xelovnebis mxatvruli<br />
formebis ganviTareba modernistuli gamomsaxveli formebis<br />
meSveobiT. <strong>qarTul</strong>i xelovnebis TviTgamorkvevis procesma TeatrSi<br />
aaRorZina <strong>qarTul</strong>i erovnuli xalxuri sanaxaobrivi Teatris<br />
tradiciebi <strong>da</strong> safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>udo <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis ganviTarebas,<br />
romelic Tavisi qmediTi xasiaTiT, kargad Seerwya Teatraluri<br />
konstruqtivizmis qmediT formas. sul male im mxatvarTa didi<br />
jgufi<strong>da</strong>n gamoikveTa ramdenime ostati, romelTa Semoqmedebam<br />
gansazRvra <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis ZiriTadi mxatvruli principebi,<br />
mTlian qmediT sistemaSi moaqcia saukunovani Teatraluri tradiciebi<br />
saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> aqtiuri praqtikuli muSaobiT SeimuSava ZiriTadi<br />
Teoriul-esTetikuri kategoriebi, romelic myar safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> Teatralur-dekoraciul xelovnebas safuZvlad.<br />
magram <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis Camoyalibebis procesi mainc mraval<br />
sirTuleebTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. scenografia gansxvavebiT <strong>da</strong>zguri<br />
Semoqmedebisgan moiTxov<strong>da</strong> sruliad axlebur mxatvrul azrovnebas.<br />
scenografia aris sivrcis mxatvroba, amitom Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo<br />
Tu rogor moaxerxebdnen qarTveli mxatvrebi <strong>da</strong>zgurobis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas<br />
speqtaklis gaformebaSi <strong>da</strong> mravalganzomilebian saxviT-plastikuri<br />
scenografiuli sivrcis Seqmnas scenaze.<br />
k.marjaniSvilis SemoqmedebiT meTodSi gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba dramaturgiuli masalis reJisorul wakiTxvas eniWebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amis gamo igi yovelTvis gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs uyeneb<strong>da</strong><br />
Teatris mxatvrebs, romlebsac speqtaklis iseTi samoqmedo sivrce<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SeeqmnaT, romelic srulad asaxav<strong>da</strong> saxviT-dekoraciul formebSi<br />
piesis dramaturgiul konfliqts <strong>da</strong> gmirTa saxeebs.<br />
168
scenografiis Teoriuli safuZvlebis gansazRvra aucilebelia<br />
saxviTi xelovnebis am <strong>da</strong>rgis warmosaCenad, rogorc Teatralur<br />
xelovnebaSi, aseve mTlianad xelovnebaTa sistemebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis ZiriTadi mxatvruli <strong>da</strong> esTetikuri principebis<br />
Camoyalibeba Teatris mxatvrebis praqtikuli muSaobis procesSi<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong>,ise rom maT ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T raime Teoriuli safuZveli.<br />
yvelaferi, rasac mxatvrebi scenaze qmnidnen, maTi sakuTari mxatvruli<br />
koncefciis, reJisoris mier dramaturgiuli masalis interpretaciaze<br />
<strong>da</strong> Teatralur xelovnebaSi arsebuli procesebis Sesabamisi iyo. maTSi<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo agreTve msaxiobTa <strong>da</strong>sis SesaZleblobebi,<br />
mayureblis mxatvruli kulturis done <strong>da</strong> mxatvr-scenografis<br />
profesionalizmi.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi praqtikulma codnam safuZveli Cauyara<br />
scenografiis, rogorc saxviTi xelovnebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong>rgis<br />
mecnierul-Teoriul safuZvels. Tumca <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis Teoria<br />
ar aris Camoyalibebuli erTiani swavlebis formiT, is mainc<br />
ganapirobebs am <strong>da</strong>rgis evolucias 1920-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde.<br />
ganapirobebs iseTi mxatvruli nawarmoebebis Seqmnas, romlebic<br />
srulad pasuxoben axali Tu Zveli, tradiciuli Tu Tamami <strong>da</strong><br />
novatoruli gamomsaxvelobiTi formebiT, im moTxovnebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas, romelsac dro uyenebs xelovnebas, romlis mciredi<br />
cvalebadobac ki- yvelaze mkafiod TeatrSi aisaxeba.<br />
Teatri cocxali <strong>da</strong> mudmivad cvalebadi xelovnebaa. maradiuli<br />
masSi aris sityva <strong>da</strong> moqmedeba. TuU rogor aris miwodebuli<br />
mayureblamde sityva sceni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia reJisorze. xolo piesis<br />
mTavari ideis saxviTi formebiT gaformeba Teatris mxatvarze. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
scenografiis ganviTarebisTvis Teatraluri konstruqtivizmi<br />
mxatvruli principebis gaziareba. wina planze gaformebaSi qmediT-<br />
funqcionaluri elementiebi wamoiwia. maT gansazRvres scenografiis<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi iseTi forma, romelic ara piesis siuJetis aramed<br />
warmodgenis moqmedebis gaformebas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>. Teatraluri<br />
warmoadgens aseTi sanaxaobrivi <strong>da</strong> saTamaSo forma Cadebuli aris<br />
xalxur sanaxaobriv-saimprovizacio berikaoba-yeenobis TeatrSi.<br />
169
swored Zveli tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> axali gamomsaxvelobiTi formebis<br />
moTxovnebis urTierTgaziarebiTa <strong>da</strong> axleburi gaazrebiT <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
sasceno sivrcis reorganizacia <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi scenuri sivrcis reorganizacia <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>zgurobis <strong>da</strong>ZleviT <strong>da</strong>iwyo, rac gansakuTrebulad mniSvnbelovani<br />
iyo im mxatvrebisTvis, romlebic TeatrSi <strong>da</strong>zguri xelovnebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
movidnen. isini sruliad axal xelovnebas qmnidnen - scenografias,<br />
romelic sivrcis mxatvrobas niSnavs.<br />
Teatris arsebobis yvela etapze <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove<br />
TeatrSi, speqtaklis sivrcobrivi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis mTlianobas didi<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba. masSi ganisazRvreba Teatris, rogorc xelovnebis<br />
sistemis kanonzomierebebi <strong>da</strong> struqturuli Taviseburebebi.<br />
scenografia xelovnebis ori mimarTulebis scenuri <strong>da</strong><br />
vizualuri xelovnebis ga<strong>da</strong>kveTaze arsebobs. masSi Sedis agreTve<br />
saxviTi xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela <strong>da</strong>rgi <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove<br />
teqnologiebiT warmoqmnili audio-vizualuri xelovnebis formebi.<br />
scenografiis STagonebis wyaros aseve kacobriobis istoriul<br />
warsulSi arsebuli xelovnebis formebi <strong>da</strong> saxviTi elementebi<br />
warmoadgens. mravali maTgani axlac cocxlobs folklorSi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xalxTa kulturaSi. swored xelovnebis am Zveli formebis<br />
aRorZinebam, gaamdidra realuri samganzomilebiani scenuri sivrce <strong>da</strong><br />
axali gamomsaxveli plastikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, qmediT<br />
obieqtad ga<strong>da</strong>aqcia Teatraluri warmoadgenis mxatvruli gaformeba.<br />
ase mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>c, romlis qmediTi forma<br />
Teatralurma konstruqtivizmma <strong>da</strong> tradiciulma xalxurma<br />
Teatralurma kulturam gansazRvres.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis Taviseburebebi, <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris<br />
specifiki<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs, romlis TviTmyofadoba <strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri<br />
sanaxaobrivi Teatrisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli evropuli <strong>da</strong> rusuli<br />
klasikuri Teatris Serwymam gansazRvres. <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografia<br />
mWidrod iyo <strong>da</strong> aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>qarTul</strong>i saxviTi xelovnebis<br />
ganviTarebasTan. mis Camoyalibebaze gavlena iqonia XX saukunis<br />
pirvel aTwleulebSi, zoga<strong>da</strong>d Teatralur xelovnebaSi mimdinare<br />
procesebma. a.antuanis, g.kregis, m.fuqsis, v.meoerholdis, k.<br />
170
stanislavskis, a.Tairovis, reJisorulma meTodma <strong>da</strong> Teatralurma<br />
reformebma, romelTac isini aviTarebdnen scenaze. maT sabolood<br />
gansazRvres Teatralur-dekoraciuli xelovnebis mniSvneloba<br />
speqtaklis mxatvrul mTlianobaSi. xolo TiToeulma garkveuli<br />
gavlena iqonies <strong>qarTul</strong>i reJisurisa <strong>da</strong> Teatraluri mxatvrobis<br />
Camoyalibebaze.<br />
TemisaTvis sagangebod SerCeuli scenografiuli namuSevrebi<br />
ramdenime kategoriad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos. pirvel kategoriaSi Sedis is<br />
speqtaklebi, romlis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>c naTlad gamoikveTa Teatraluri<br />
kostruqtivizmis ZiriTadi mxatvrul-esTetikuri principebi, Tavisi<br />
funcionalurobiTa <strong>da</strong> qmediTi formebiT. maT Soris aris scenografia<br />
speqtaklebisaTvis “zagmuki”, “rRveva”, “anzor”, “lamara”, “TeTnuldi”.<br />
maTSi mxatvarma pirvelad gamoiyena erTiani dekoraciuli <strong>da</strong>nadgari,<br />
romlis mxatvrul-plastikuri <strong>da</strong> arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli forma<br />
gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis samoqmedo sivrces, <strong>da</strong>dgmis mizanscenur<br />
naxazs, msaxiobTa plastikas <strong>da</strong> dekoraciul formaTa dinamikas<br />
speqtaklSi. i.gamrekelis scenografia speqtaklebisTvis “anzor”,<br />
“lamara” <strong>da</strong> “TeTnuldi”, romelSic mxatvarma scenaze Seqmna<br />
konkretuli qveynis ganzogadebuli <strong>da</strong> pirobiT-krebiTi saxe <strong>da</strong><br />
gansazRvra moqmedeba speqtaklSi saSualeba misca reJisor<br />
al.axmetels piesis mTavari idea ganezogadebina zogadsakacobrio<br />
masStabamde. erovnuli mxatvruli formebi, romlebic scenaze <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
qoreografiaSi, sanaxaobrivi warmodgeni formaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>, aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
is umniSvnelovanesi safuZveli romelmac gansazRvra SoTa rusTavelis<br />
saxelobis Teatris esTetika, romelic <strong>qarTul</strong>i saxviTi xelovnebis<br />
msgavsad zoga<strong>da</strong>d, Zvelisa <strong>da</strong> axlis ga<strong>da</strong>kveTaze Seiqmna. man<br />
xelovnebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formaTa organuli sinkretizmisgan, saxviT-<br />
plastikuri <strong>da</strong> scenuri formebis mizanmimarTuli sinTezuri<br />
mxatvruli sistema Seqmna. amis saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens Zveli<br />
svanuri ritualis “lamprobis” dResaswaulis berikaobis saxviT<br />
formaSi aRorZineba <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze, ramac organulad <strong>da</strong>akavSira<br />
tradiciuli <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatri, xelovnebis axal gamomsaxvel<br />
formebTan. es iyo <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatraluri kulturis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisTvis<br />
unikaluri saSualeba. al.axmetelis reJisoruli meTodi, TeatrSi<br />
171
erovnuli formebis ZiebiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo. man sruliad axleburi esTetikuri<br />
formiTa <strong>da</strong> gmirul-romantikuli suliskveTebiT gaacocxla<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris tradiciebi <strong>da</strong> Seufar<strong>da</strong> isini Teatralur<br />
konstruqtivizmis moTxovnebs.<br />
am TemaSi ar moxv<strong>da</strong> i.gamrekelis iseTi mniSvnelovani namuSevrebi,<br />
rogorebicaa 1924-25 wlebSi Seqmnili scenografia speqtaklebisTvis<br />
“lon<strong>da</strong>”, “sinaTle”, “latavra”, “saqmiani kaci”, “qarTa qalaqi”, “saWe<br />
marcxniv” <strong>da</strong> 1930-iani wlebis bolos ganxorcielebuli <strong>da</strong>dgmebi<br />
“arsena”, “otelo”, “giorgi saakaZe”, “sapatarZlo afiSiT”. rac Seexeba<br />
f. Sileris piesisTvis “yaCaRebi” Seqmnili scenografia, es speqtakli,<br />
mxatvruli gaformebis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba, sxva<br />
klasikuri dramaturgiuli nawarmoebebisgan, piesis struqturisa <strong>da</strong><br />
speqtaklis Sesatyvisi samoqmedo plastikur-dekoraciuli sivrcis<br />
kompoziciuri formiT.<br />
gansakuTrebuli adgili mxatvar m.SveliZis SemoqmedebaSi<br />
u.Seqspiris dramaturgiisTvis Seqmnil scenografiul namuSevrebs<br />
ukavia. 1970-80-iani wlebis <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiam, romelSic mox<strong>da</strong><br />
Zveli tradiciebis axleburi gaazreba, saSualeba misca m.SveliZes<br />
axali gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi <strong>da</strong> novatoruli reJisoruli ideebi,<br />
Tanamedrove xelovnebis Sesatyvis formaSi warmoeCina scenaze.<br />
reJisor r.sturuasa <strong>da</strong> mxatvar m.SveliZis mier Seqmnil<br />
speqtaklebSi, mkafiod gamoikveTa gaformebis axali meTodologia,<br />
romelic tradiciebis wyalobiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis<br />
Teoriuli safuZvelis arsebobiT gax<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli. Tanamedrove<br />
xelovnebis postmodernistuli saxviTi formebi <strong>da</strong> plastikuri<br />
avangardi, romelic <strong>da</strong>zguri mxatvrobi<strong>da</strong>n TeatrSi qmediT<br />
xelovnebamde gaizar<strong>da</strong>, ganapiroba speqtaklis vizualizaciaSi<br />
sanaxaobrivi elementebis momZlavreba. m.SveliZis saTeatro mxatvrobam<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina scenuri moqmedebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi.<br />
misi SemoqmedebiTi meTodi saSualebas iZleva speqtaklis reJisoris<br />
mier piesis Tavisufali interpretaciisas wina planze wamoweuli<br />
azrobrivi aqcentebi saxier, qmediT-plastikur formebSi gacocxldes<br />
scenaze.<br />
172
Tanamedrove <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> scenuri sivrcis plastikur formas<br />
reJisorebis mier piesis gansxvavebuli interpretacia gansazRvravs.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> tradiciebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>novatoroba</strong>ze saubrisas<br />
gansakuTrebiT un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos reJisoris mier dramaturgiuli<br />
masalis individualuri wakiTxvis tradiciis Sesaxeb. k.marjaniSvili,<br />
al.axmeteli <strong>da</strong> r.sturuac piesaze muSaobisas mimarTavdnen montaJis<br />
princips. maT speqtaklebSi dramaturgiul masalaSi arsebuli ideebi,<br />
qveteqstebic ki, axal qmediT <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas iZenen. isini ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
moqmedebis gasaaqtiureblad, speqtaklSi axleburi azrobrivi<br />
aqcentebis <strong>da</strong>sasmelad gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris esTetikur<br />
<strong>da</strong> mxatvrul principebTan SesabamisobaSi iyo xolme moyvanili. amis<br />
magaliTebia k.marjaniSvilis zemoaRniSnuli speqtakli “hamleti”,<br />
al.axmetelis mier <strong>da</strong>dgmuli speqtakli “anzor”, romelic v.ivanovis<br />
piesa “javSnosaxi 14-69”-is gadmo<strong>qarTul</strong>ebuli varianti iyo<br />
(a.SanSiaSvili), agreTve speqtaklSi “TeTnuldi” reJisoris mier<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebuli bapebis scenebi <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
montaJis princips mimarTavs TiTqmis yvela Tavis speqtaklSi<br />
reJisori r.sturua. igi miCneulia u.Seqspiris piesebis brwyinvale<br />
interpretatorad. amis magaliTebia speqtaklSi “riCard III”, riCmondis<br />
saxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, jambazi-masxaras <strong>da</strong>matebuli personaJi speqtaklSi,<br />
ramac <strong>da</strong>dgmas sastiki tragifarsis saxe SesZina, masxaras sikvdili<br />
speqtaklSi “mefe liri”, hamletis mamis aCrdilis gacocxleba<br />
speqtaklSi “hamleti”.<br />
dramaturgiuli nawarmoebis reJisoruli wakiTxva yovelTvis<br />
ganapirobebs speqtaklis gaformebis gansakuTrebul formas.<br />
i.gamrekelisa <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis scenografiuli nawarmoebebis analizisas<br />
aSkarad ikveTeba mxatvrebis saerTo midgoma piesisTvis sagangebo<br />
samoqmedo sivrcis SeqmnaSi, romelic scenografiis ganviTarebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapebze gansxvavebul gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs<br />
moiTxov<strong>da</strong> scenografisgan.<br />
k.marjaniSvilma Tavisi novatoruli ideebiT <strong>qarTul</strong> saTeatro<br />
mxatvrobaSi, Tanamedrove scenografiis ZiriTadi mxatvrul-esTetikuri<br />
kategoria Semoitana, romelsac scenografiuli konfliqti ewodeba.<br />
speqtaklis gaformebaSi scenografiuli konfliqti <strong>da</strong>dgmis<br />
173
zeamocanis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad, aucilebeli gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis<br />
swor <strong>da</strong> mizanmimarTul SerCevas moiTxovs. speqtakl “hamletis”<br />
scenografiul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi es aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> mesaflaveebisTvis guruli<br />
glexkacis tansacmelSi gamowyoba. am saxviT-plastikuri detaliT<br />
k.marjaniSvilma <strong>da</strong> i.gamrekelma “hamletSi” ZalauflebisTvis<br />
brZolasa <strong>da</strong> masTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli zneobrivi gmiris tragedia<br />
zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobamde aiyvanes <strong>da</strong> yvelas <strong>da</strong>anaxes, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>niis samefoSi <strong>da</strong>trialebuli tragedia yvelgan SeiZleba gaTamaSdes,<br />
maT Soris saqarTveloSic. am konkretuli faqtis safuZvelze SeiZleba<br />
TvalsaCinod ganisazRvros Tu ras warmoadgens scenografiuli<br />
konfliqti <strong>da</strong> ra mniSvneloba aqvs mas scenuri sivrcis qmediTobaSi.<br />
i.gamrekelma Teatralur kostiums gansakuTrebuli ideuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva<br />
SesZina. scenuri kostiumis dramaturgias <strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi<br />
mravalsaukunovani <strong>tradicia</strong> gaaCnia <strong>da</strong> igi berikaoba-yeenobis<br />
kostiumebis samoqmedo funqcii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> gamomsaxvelobiT formi<strong>da</strong>n aris<br />
gamomdinare. tradiciis es axleburi gaazreba Tanamedrove <strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
scenismetyvelebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan esTetikur kategorias<br />
Seicavs.<br />
scenografiuli konfliqti speqtaklSi dramaturgiuli<br />
nawarmoebis analiziT ganisazRvreba. ase iyo r.sturuas mier <strong>da</strong>dgmul<br />
speqtaklSi “riCard III”, riCmondis personaJis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, romelic<br />
reJisorma pirvelive aqtSi gamoiyvana scenaze. xolo misi gmiris<br />
dramaturgia, gansaxvavebul scenur kostiumSi ga<strong>da</strong>awyvetina mxatvar<br />
m.SveliZes. misi saxviT-plastikuri forma, romelic srul kontrastSi<br />
iyo scenis saerTo mxatvrul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetasTan, speqtaklis moqmedebas<br />
met Sinagan dinamizms aniWeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
i.gamrekelisa <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis scenuri kostiumebi mraval saxviTi<br />
detalebs Seicaven <strong>da</strong> krebiTi SinaarsiT gamoirCevian. maTi<br />
umravlesoba qmediT <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> personaJuli <strong>da</strong> saTamaSo funqciiT<br />
xasiaTdebian <strong>da</strong> Tavisi qmedobiT speqtaklis zeamocanis ga<strong>da</strong>Wras<br />
emsaxurebian.<br />
“kostiumi CemTvis mTlianad dekoraciis nawilia. aq mTavari<br />
marto is ar aris, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> Caeweros kostiumis silueti<br />
mizanscenebSi, mTlian ansamblSi. mTavaria kostiumi artists sakuTari<br />
174
SesaZleblobebis gamovlenaSi <strong>da</strong>exmaros, raTa man srulad<br />
warmoadginos Tavisi personaJi. raki kostiumi dekoraciis moZravi<br />
nawilia, is aucileblad erTian kompoziciaSi un<strong>da</strong> ewerebodes.<br />
kostiumic zustad ise iqmneba, rogorc saerTod mTeli dekoracia”,<br />
aRniSnavs mxatvari m.SveliZe. (90)<br />
scenografiuli konfliqtis esTetikuri kategoriis, reJisoruli<br />
<strong>da</strong> scenografiuli novaciebis saxiT <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebaze <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze<br />
wina TavebSi iyo saubari. amitom <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT amaze aRar SevCerdebi.<br />
magram erTi ram un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom speqtaklis mxatvrul<br />
gaformebaSi moqmedebis gasaaqtiureblad gamoyenebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
saxviTi formebi <strong>da</strong> saxeebi <strong>qarTul</strong> sasceno mxatvrobaSi ZiriTad<br />
gamomsaxvelobiT formad aris <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli <strong>da</strong> gamoiyeneba<br />
mxatvrebis mier yovel axal konceptualur scenur nawarmoebSi.<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>qarTul</strong> scenografiul nawarmoebebSi, romlebic<br />
mxatvar m.SveliZis mier aris Seqmnili speqtaklebisTvis “riCard III”,<br />
“mefe liri”, “makbeti”, “hamleti” avlens mxatvris Camoyalibebul<br />
SemoqmedebiT meTods <strong>da</strong> im ZiriTad Teoriul principebs, romlebic<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> scenuri sivrcis plastikis amocanebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saWrela<strong>da</strong>a aucilebeli. dekoraciuli formebiTa <strong>da</strong> gaformebis<br />
sxva elementebiT azrovneba, scenaze Seqmnili sagnobrivi samyaro <strong>da</strong><br />
scenografiuli garemo msaxiobisTvis organul samoqmedo sivrces<br />
qmnis. m.SveliZe saxviT formaTa “<strong>da</strong>xvavebaSi”, romelic miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
Tavisi polistilurobisa mkacrad emorCileba speqtaklis ideur<br />
zeamocanas, scenografias ganzogadebul krebiT kolaJad warmoadgens.<br />
masSi Tanaarsebobs warsuli, awmyoc <strong>da</strong> momavalic, keTilica <strong>da</strong><br />
borotic, individebi <strong>da</strong> mTeli kacorbrioba erTad. am<br />
mravaganzomilebian, marvalferovan, mravalformian samyaroSi piesis<br />
idea yovelTvis gansazRvavs Tu rogor gacocxldeba scenografia<br />
moqmedebi, ganviTarebasTan erTad.<br />
al. axmeteli mxatvrisgan dekoraciisTvis yovelTvis makets<br />
iTxov<strong>da</strong>. dekoraciis modelze igi saTamaSo figurebiT awyob<strong>da</strong><br />
speqtaklis mizanscenur naxazs. amitom i.gamrekelis mier Seqmnili<br />
dekoraciuli konstruqciebi scenaze maqsimalurad qmediTi<br />
xasiaTisiyo <strong>da</strong> gansazRvravdnen speqtaklis samoqmedo formas.<br />
175
m.SveliZe Tavad muSaobs maketSi. misTvis dekoraciis yvela detali<br />
scenografiuli sivrcis nawilia <strong>da</strong> maTi azrobrivi ganTavseba scenaze<br />
gansazRvravs dekoraciul formaTa saerTo plastikur<br />
urTierTqmedebas, romelSic msaxiobis kostiumi aris <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
saxviT-plastikuri kompozicia <strong>da</strong> xSirad aris <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli rgoli<br />
piesis sityvis qmedobasa <strong>da</strong> dekoraciuli detalebis saTamaSo<br />
qmedobasTan.<br />
i.gamrekeli <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZe arasdros asuraTeben piesis siuJets.<br />
maTi mxatvroba cocxali scenografiuli formebiT iqmneba. scenaze<br />
agebuli “samyaro” iseTive unikaluria, rogorc ToToeuli<br />
mayureblis mxatvruli aRqma. amitom i.gamrekelsa <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZisTvis<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovania scenaze formaTa iseTi ganzogadebis miRweva,<br />
romelic ufro gasagebi <strong>da</strong> misaRebi iqneba mayureblisTvis. am ori<br />
mxatvris scenografiaze gavlena maTma <strong>da</strong>zgurma Semoqmedebamac iqonia.<br />
i.gamrekelis eqspresionistul periodSi Seqmnili naxatebi “sev<strong>da</strong>”,<br />
“uimedoba” <strong>da</strong> sxva formaTa iseT ganzogadebas Seicavs, rom<br />
mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sinaarsi cnebebad gvevlineba. m.SveliZis<br />
<strong>da</strong>zgur namuSevrebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, mis kolaJebSi formaTa<br />
simravle TiTqosimaze migvaniSnebs, ramdenad mravalferovania<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis Sinagali samyaro, romlis gamovlinebad paradoqsalurad<br />
Seusabamo formebi ufro mkafiod warmoaCenen personaJis saxes.<br />
i.gamrekelic <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZec mkacrad misdeven reJisuris mier piesis<br />
Tavisufal wakiTxavs. amitom forma <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsi <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> yovelTvis Semoqmedis individualobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinareobs. amas emateba msaxiobebis urTierToba mxatvrebTan,<br />
romelTaTvisac scenografebi sagangebod qmnian kostiumebs, grims,<br />
saTamaSo sagan-aqsesuarebs. mxatvris mier sworad SerCeuli scenuri<br />
kostiumi Tu aqsesuari, gansazRvravs speqtaklSi dekoraciul<br />
formasTan dinamikas <strong>da</strong> mis urTierTqmedebas gaformebis detalebTan.<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba gaformebis calkeul sagnebs eniWeba. maTi gaTamaSeba<br />
azrobriv aqcentebs qmnian speqtaklSi <strong>da</strong> gaformebis saerTo<br />
pirobiTobaSi samyaros realuri aRqmisaTvis mravlismetyvel sagan-<br />
dekoraciebad ga<strong>da</strong>iqcevian xolme. qmediTi scenografiis pirobebSi,<br />
176
gaformebis TiToeuli elementi Sinaarsis Sesabamis formas iRebs, ris<br />
gamoc xSiria mxatvrul stilTa <strong>da</strong> formaTa aRreva <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>.<br />
m.SveliZis scenografiuli “Seqspiriana” gajerebulia<br />
mravalferovani sagan-obieqtebiT: saxrCobela, Subebi, skamebi,<br />
orTvala, muSambisgan gakeTebuli marioneti-dekoracia, moduri<br />
aqsesuarebi, msaxiobebis gar<strong>da</strong>saxvisTvis sagangebod Seqmnili<br />
gaformebis detalebi. yvelaferi es moqmedebis gaaqtiurebas <strong>da</strong><br />
speqtaklis saerTo tempo-ritmis Seqmnas emsaxureba.<br />
gansaxvavebiT i. gamrekelis mTliani dekoraciuli konstruqciuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>nadgarisa, m.SveliZis gaformebaSi mTliani konstruqciuli forma<br />
TiTqmis ar arsebobs. scenuri sivrce <strong>da</strong> msaxiobTa samoqmedo sivrce<br />
dekoraciis detalebiT aris SemosazRvruli. amitom moqmedeba umetesad<br />
gaxsnil, TiTqmis cariel sivrceSi viTardeba. xolo scenaze Seqmnili<br />
pirobiTi “samyaros” sazRvrebs ufro metad azrobrivi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva<br />
aqvs. amitom igi usasrulobis ganc<strong>da</strong>s badebs, Tumca gaformebis<br />
kompozicia <strong>da</strong>usrulebelis STabeWdilebas ar tovebs.<br />
i.gamrekelis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> “samyaro” Tavisi ganzomilebebiT<br />
mTlianNdekoraciul formaSia SekumSuli. rac ufro mWidro<strong>da</strong>a<br />
dekoraciuli elementebi erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, miT ufro<br />
eqspresiuli <strong>da</strong> plastikuria dekoracia. mxatvris mier Seqmnil scenur<br />
samyaroSi yvelaferi Tvalwinaa, xolo scenaze agebuli dekoracia-<br />
<strong>da</strong>nadgari Tava<strong>da</strong>a am “samyaros” centri. mis garSemo trialebs <strong>da</strong><br />
viTardeba piesis moqmedeba. aseT scenur garemoSi dro mTlianad<br />
pirobiTia. igi amave sivrceSi ibadeba <strong>da</strong> mTlianad dekoraciis<br />
plastikur-ritmuli formebiT dinamikis, mozanscenebSi plastikuri<br />
jgufebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiT, speqtaklis kolorituli <strong>da</strong> xmovan-<br />
musikaluri ritmis xarjze cocxlobs scenaze.<br />
xelovnebis yvela <strong>da</strong>rgebs Soris, mxolod Teatrs aqvs unari<br />
scenur nawarmoebSi cocxali <strong>da</strong> qmediTi droiTi kategoria Seqmnas.<br />
mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesi mayureblis TvalisTvis<br />
uxilavia <strong>da</strong> Cven mxolod Sedegs vxe<strong>da</strong>vT. speqtakli Tavad aris<br />
procesi. amitomac igi droiTi kategoriis matarebelia. magram yvelaze<br />
rTuli mxatvruli amocana scenografis winaSe dgeba maSin, rodesac<br />
scenaze agebuli pirobiTi samyaro <strong>da</strong> masSi ganviTarebuli movlena<br />
177
arRvevs Caketil scenur droiT sivrces <strong>da</strong> realur droSi agrZelebs<br />
ganviTarebas. aseT dros scenaze ganviTarebul moqmedebas<br />
gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedebis unari gaaCnia mayurebelze <strong>da</strong> pirobiTi<br />
formi<strong>da</strong>n speqtakli realuri ambis <strong>da</strong>majereblobas iZens. ase iyo<br />
i.gamrekelis mier dekoraciis qmedobiT Seqmnili gaxsnili droiTi<br />
sivrce speqtaklSi “TeTnuldi” <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis mier dekoraciis<br />
“<strong>da</strong>ngreviT” miRweuli “samyaros” ngrevis mxatvrul-ideuri saxis Seqmna<br />
speqtaklSi “mefe liri”.<br />
scenuri droisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcis problema aseve Zalian sainteresod<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wra scenografma s.virsalaZem p.Caikovskis balet “maknatunas”<br />
mxatvrul gaformebaSi. scenaze siuJetis Tanaxmad, ufliswulis<br />
mojadoveba xdeba <strong>da</strong> igi saSobao naZvisxis mosarTav saTamaSod<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva. es jadosnuri gar<strong>da</strong>saxva s.virsalaZem saSobao naZvis xis<br />
dekoraciis fizikuri zomis gazrdiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita <strong>da</strong> pirobiT scenur<br />
droiT sivrceSi kidev ufro zRapruli <strong>da</strong> pirobiTi samyaro<br />
warmoaCina, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c scenaze ormagi droiTi sivrce gaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
samive magaliTi<strong>da</strong>n naTlad Cans, rom scenografebma i.gamrekelma,<br />
s.virsalaZem <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZem dekoracias iseTi forma mouZebnes, ramac<br />
saSualeba misca scenuri realizmi, konkretuli saxviTi formiT<br />
gamoesaxa scenaze.<br />
i.gamrekelis mier <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> moZebnili scenuri<br />
droisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis efeqturi formula <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis ZiriTadi principebi, erT-erT uryev <strong>tradicia</strong>d <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> saTeatro mxatvrobaSi. mTavari aris is, rom mxatvarTa<br />
aRqmaSi ar Seicvleba samyaros aRqmis mTavari piroba, romelSic<br />
zusta<strong>da</strong>a gawerili samyaros “droiT-sivrcobrivi” kanonzomiereba.<br />
m.SveliZesTan scenuri dro ufro plastikuria, vidre pirobiTi,<br />
TiTqos gansxvavebuli substanciisgan Semdgari. amitom misi realuri<br />
scenuri cxovreba gansakuTrebul droiT ritmikaze aris xolme<br />
agebuli. magaliTad rkinis qanqarebi “mefe lirSi”, muSambisgan<br />
gakeTebuli, gaTamaSebuli giganturi marioneti “makbetis”<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong>, istoriuli droisa <strong>da</strong> epoqis amsaxveli mozaikis<br />
namsxvrevebi speqtakl “hamletis” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>.<br />
178
m.SveliZis <strong>da</strong> i.gamrekelis scenografia speqtaklisTvis “lamara”<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli ori mxatvruli nawarmoebia. es ganapiroba<br />
reJisorebis mier dramaturgiuli masalis gansxvavebulma<br />
interpretaciam. al.axmetelma speqtakli “lamara” gmirul-romantikuli<br />
suliskveTebis sanaxaobriv formaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. samoc<strong>da</strong>aTi wlis<br />
Semdeg, r.sturuam “lamaraSi” tragikuli misteria <strong>da</strong>inaxa, romelic<br />
CvenSi 1990-ian wlebis movlenebis gamoZaxili iyo. orive mxatvarma<br />
scenaze moqmedebis pirobiTi <strong>da</strong> ganzogadebuli adgili Seqmna.<br />
i.gamrekelisa <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis scenografiis analizis safuZvelze<br />
speqtaklisTvis “lamara” cxadhyofs i.gamrekelisa <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis<br />
interess scenaze pirobiTi <strong>da</strong> formiseulad ganzogadebuli<br />
dekoraciuli sivrcis Seqmnas. Tumca orive speqtaklSi<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi, dekoraciis plastika <strong>da</strong> scenografiuli<br />
sivrce, sruliad gansxvavebuli mxatvruli xerxebiT miiRweva.<br />
i.gamrekelis dekoracia mkvriv plastikur konstruqciul <strong>da</strong>nadgars<br />
warmoadgens. masSi <strong>da</strong> masze ikrebs Tavs yvela dekoraciuli forma,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs saTamaSo formas speqtaklSi. i.gamrekelma Tavis<br />
dekoracieul formebSi qveynis krebiTi mxatvruli saxe Seqmna.<br />
m.SveliZem ki mTeli samyaro, pirobTad “mzisqveSeTi”, riTic kidev<br />
ufro ganazoga<strong>da</strong> gr.robaqiZis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebuli <strong>qarTul</strong>i miTis<br />
zogadsakacobrio mniSvneloba.<br />
orive speqtakli rTul mizanscenobriv <strong>da</strong> plastikur-<br />
qoreografiul formaSi iyo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili. mizanscenebis dinamika<br />
msaxiobTa moZraoba plastikur jgufebSi i.gamrekelis mier Seqmnilma<br />
scenis dekoraciulma formam ganapiroba. dekoraciis skulpturuloba<br />
reJisorma masobrivi scenebis ritmul naxazSi gamokveTa. dekoraciis<br />
forma iyo konstruqciuli <strong>da</strong> Tavisi saxviTi formiT mTlianad<br />
gamosaxav<strong>da</strong> piesis arss. m.SveliZe ar ganmartavs piesis scenografiul<br />
sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> mxolod kompoziciis saerTo konturiT farglavs<br />
samoqmedo sivrces.<br />
i.gamrekelma dekoraciuli formis arqiteqturul skulpturuli<br />
modelirebiT moqmedebis adgili rTul konstruqciul sibrtyeebze<br />
gaSala. m.SveliZis dekoracia formis destruqcias Seicavs. igi<br />
<strong>da</strong>Slilia <strong>da</strong> fragmentulad aris ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebuli scenis mTel<br />
179
sivrceSi, avanscenis CaTvliT. magram orive mxatvris mier Seqmnili<br />
dekoraciuli sivrce sagangebod Seqmnil saZirkvelze dgas. ufro<br />
gamokveTilia es forma i.gamrekelTan <strong>da</strong> mTeli dekoracia<br />
postamentzea Seyenebuli. m.SveliZis dekoraciuli baza pirobiTad<br />
wriul formaSi ikvreba. wre ki, warmarTul miTosur warmodgenebSi<br />
samyaros models ganasaxierebs. aseTi Sexebis wertilebi erTi <strong>da</strong> igive<br />
piesis mxatvrul-sivrcobriv ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi scenaze mTlianad momdinarea<br />
dramaturgiul masalaSi Cadebul metyvel simboloebSi. am simboloTa<br />
gamomsaxveli formebi droSi <strong>da</strong>Sorebul or scenografiul<br />
nawarmoebSi gamosaxulia gansxvavebuli plastikuri eniT. magram<br />
safuZveli maT erTi aqvT. orive mxatvari scenaze konkretul, magram<br />
krebiT formaSi Sekrebil moqmedebis adgils gamosaxavs. stilizebuli<br />
mTebis <strong>da</strong>mreci ferdobebi gvelis taniviT iyo Semoxveuli mTis<br />
waxnagovan mwvervalze. m.SveliZem gvelis qercliani perangiviT<br />
laplapa TejirebiT moxaza “scenografiuli kadri” scenaze, romlis<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>pirze aTamaSebuli ganaTeba <strong>da</strong> Suqwera uzarmazar mTis<br />
landSafts xatav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
i.gamrekelis mxatvrobaSi speqtaklisTvis “lamara” gar<strong>da</strong><br />
samoqmedo sivrcis gansazRvrebisa speqtaklis dekoraciuli forma<br />
Tavad iyo scenografiuli obieqti, radgan aqtiurad iyo CarTuli<br />
moqmedebaSi. m.SveliZesTan aqtiurad moqmed scenografiul obieqts<br />
ukana dekoracia-pano warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romlis SuqweriTi <strong>da</strong><br />
kolorituli partitura samoqmedo atmosferos gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong><br />
warmoadgenaSi.<br />
sagangebod un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom i.gamrekelTan <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT<br />
m.SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> speqtaklisTvis “lamara” Zalian cotaa<br />
yofiTi detalebi <strong>da</strong> realuri sagnebi, romelic msaxiobs exmareba<br />
scenuri moqmedebis gaaqtiurebasa <strong>da</strong> gmiri-personaJis saxis<br />
gamovlenaSi. rogorc Teatralur mxatvars mas mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc ar<br />
aintereseb<strong>da</strong> intimSi, yofiTi detalebis meSveobiT gadmoeca warsuli<br />
cxovrebis atmosfero, warsulis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
mimarTulebebi. igi speqtaklis mTlian arqiteqturul aRnagobaze ufro<br />
zrunav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cdilob<strong>da</strong> Tavis mxatvrobas Tanamedrove JReradoba<br />
180
hqono<strong>da</strong> ideis mimarTulebis Tanaxmad...”-aRniSnavs Tavis mogonebebSi<br />
msaxiobi akaki vasaZe. (91)<br />
m.SveliZe, romlis scenografiul sivrceSi uxvad aris xolme<br />
gaTamaSebuli sagnebi <strong>da</strong> yofiTi detalebi, “lamaraSi” Zalian<br />
frTxilad iSveliebs realuri cxovrebis niSnebs scenaze. amitom<br />
m.SveliZis “lamaras” dekoraciuli forma yvelaze ufro pirobiTi<br />
xasiaTiT gamoirCeva mxatvris SemoqmedebaSi.<br />
scenuri kostiumis ganviTareba <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
ganuyofeli im tradiciuli formisa <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsisgan, romelic<br />
akavSirebs maT berikaoba-yeenobis qmediT mxatvrul formasTan.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ganviTarebis adreul etapze scenur kostiums<br />
realuri samosis pirobiTi formebi gaaCn<strong>da</strong>, isini mainc<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel esTetikur kategorias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. g. jaba<strong>da</strong>ri Tavis<br />
studiaSi, franguli Teatraluri naturalizmis principebis<br />
Sesabamisad, kostiumSi istorizmis srul <strong>da</strong>cvas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>.<br />
simbolizmi <strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi kostiums mravali saxviT-plastikuri<br />
detalebi SesZina, rac naTlad gamoikveTa v.si<strong>da</strong>mon-erisTavis scenur<br />
kostiumebSi al.axmetelis speqtaklisTvis “berdo zmania”.<br />
i.gamrekelisa <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> scenuri kostiumi<br />
speqtaklis saerTo gaformebis rTul saxviT-plastikur <strong>da</strong> qmediT<br />
dekoraciul kompozicias warmoadgens.<br />
i.gamrekeli scenuri kostiumebis Seqmnisas mravalferovani<br />
saxviTi xerxebis gamoyenebiT, plastikuri ideebis gamosaxvas<br />
axerxeb<strong>da</strong>. misi kostiumebis dramaturgia viTardebo<strong>da</strong> gaformebis<br />
sagnobriv detalebTan urTierTqmedebisas <strong>da</strong> saTamaSo sivrcis<br />
saerTo plastikaSi piesis zeamocanis ga<strong>da</strong>Wras exmarebo<strong>da</strong>. ase iyo<br />
Seqmnili mxatvris kostiumebi speqtaklebisTvis “salomea”, “zagmuki” <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva. zemoT ukve aRiniSna scenuri plastikis iseTi mniSvnelovani<br />
sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis magaliTi <strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> rogoric iyo<br />
k.marjaniSvilis speqtakli “hamleti”. agreTve aRsaniSnavia i.gamrekelis<br />
mier Seqmnili bapebis niRbebi <strong>da</strong> kostiumebi speqtaklisTvis<br />
“TeTnuldi”, riTac mox<strong>da</strong> xalxuri Teatris tradiciuli kostiumis<br />
axleburi gaazreba.<br />
181
Tanamedrove Teatraluri kostiumis istoriuli pirvelwyaro<br />
plastikuri formis transformacias ganicdis. masSi<br />
gaerTian<strong>da</strong>APpersonaJuli, saTamaSo <strong>da</strong> mTavari gmiris kostiumis<br />
funqcionaluri elementebi. m.SveliZis scenuri kostiumebi xSirad<br />
ekleqturia, kolaJuri <strong>da</strong> pirobiTi. magram formaTa <strong>da</strong> stilTa am<br />
<strong>da</strong>xvavebaSi m.SveliZe axerxebs miaRwios mxatvrul mTlianobas,<br />
m.SveliZesTan kostiumis istorizmi, ara epoqis, aramed movlenis<br />
Sesabamisia <strong>da</strong> maT ufro personaJuli <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvT. amis magaliTebi<br />
moyvanili iyo Temis wina TavebSi.<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, i.gamrekelisa <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
Teatraluri kostiumi dekoraciis ganuyofeli nawilia. mas scenaze<br />
qmediT-funqcionaluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvT <strong>da</strong> gamomdinarea piesis<br />
reJisoruli wakiTxvi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> gaformebis saerTo koncefcii<strong>da</strong>n. <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> Teatraluri kostiumi gaformebis <strong>da</strong>srulebuli<br />
mxatvruli erTeulia, romelic uSualo kavSirSia msaxiobTan. is<br />
erTgvari WurWelia, romelSic yalibdeba piesis personaJis<br />
fsiqologiuri tipaJi. yovelive es kargad exmianeba <strong>qarTul</strong> xalxur<br />
saimprovizacio TeatrSi msaxiobis kostiumis saxviT formas <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>saxvis tradiciul funqcias warmodgenaSi.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> Ziebebis periodSi erT-erT novaciad<br />
gaCn<strong>da</strong> gaTamaSebuli sagani-dekoracia. im periodSi es sagnebi pirobiT<br />
scenur garemos realur samyarosTan akavSirebdnen <strong>da</strong> msaxiobTa<br />
kazmulobis, an gar<strong>da</strong>saxvisaTvis iyo gamoyenebuli. droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi, TeatrSi “scenuri realizmis” <strong>da</strong>brunebasTan erTad<br />
saganma Rrma ideuri <strong>da</strong> metaforuli <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba SeiZina. m.SveliZis<br />
mxatvrobaSi arsebobs saganTa mravalferovneba, romlebic<br />
speqtakli<strong>da</strong>n speqtaklSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis. isini erTnairi arasdros aris <strong>da</strong><br />
formiT gansxvavebulia. magram erTi <strong>da</strong> igive sagnebia. es aris<br />
saxrCobela, kibe, skami, jvari, sabrZolo Subebi, xmlebi, wigni,<br />
gvirgvini, xeljoxi <strong>da</strong> sxva. zogierTi maTgani scenaze ubralod<br />
gaformebis elementia <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaSi ar erTveba, zogi ki saTamaSo<br />
scenografiis funqcias atarebs. isini msaxiobs gmiris saxis gaxsnaSic<br />
exmareba <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis ideuri azris gaxsnasac emsaxureba.<br />
182
saerTod dekoraciis sagnobrivi mravalferovneba aseve<br />
konstruqtivizmma Semoitana <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>, magram am sagnebs mkveTrad<br />
gamorCeuli funqcionaluri mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>. 1930-40-ian wlebSi<br />
dekoracia scenaze sul ufro metad <strong>da</strong>itvirTa sagnebiT. cxovrebis<br />
realisturi reproduqcia scenaze, misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel sagan-<br />
atributebis saWiroebas qmni<strong>da</strong>. yofiTi sagnebi speqtaklis gaformebis<br />
ganuyofeli nawili gax<strong>da</strong>. Semdgom periodSi, rodesac <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatri<br />
kvlav <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong> scenaze pirobiTi <strong>da</strong> ganzogadebuli samyaros<br />
warmodgenas, arsebuli sagnebi sceni<strong>da</strong>n ki ar gaqra, aramed<br />
azrobrivad ufro <strong>da</strong>itvirTa, Tumca sagnis raodenoba Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
erTma saganma ramdenimes funqcia SeiTavsa, rogorc fizikuri, ase<br />
azrobrivic.<br />
i.gamrekelis <strong>da</strong> m.SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gansakuTrebuli<br />
mxatvrul-ideuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs iseT dekoraciul-plastikur<br />
elementebs rogorebicaa kibe, skami, sabrZolo iaraRebi, gzis<br />
simboluri gamosaxva. aseTia speqtakl “hamletis” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
uzarmazari kibis konstruqcia. agreTve kibis struqtura devs mxatvris<br />
scenografiul formaSi speqtaklebisTvis “anzori” <strong>da</strong> “lamara”. kibis<br />
dekoracia-konstruqcia mxatvars saSualebas aZlevs dekoraciis<br />
dinamikur-plastikuri formiT xeli Seuwyos scenuri moqmedebis<br />
dinamizms. magram sruliad gansxvavebul <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas aniWerbs kibes<br />
m.SveliZe misi “hamletisTvis” Seqmnil gaformebaSi. kibe SveliZesTan<br />
ar aris konstruqciuli formis. mas simboluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs <strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod moqmedebis ganviTarebisas iZens im Sinagan dinamikas, romelic<br />
piesis ara moqmedebis, aramed ideis gasaaqtiureblad gamoiyeneba.<br />
speqtakl “hamletSi” kibes metaforuli <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs. skamis kibiani<br />
sazurge Zalauflebisken “cocvis” simbolos ganasaxierebs scenaze.<br />
magram rogoric ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos dekoracia i.gamrekelTanac <strong>da</strong><br />
m.SveliZesTanac speqtaklis gaformebis sagnobrivi garemo<br />
msaxiobisTvis organul samoqmedo sivrces warmoadgens. aq Cndeba<br />
urTierTqmediTi procesi, rodesac dekoraciuli sivrce zemoqmedebs<br />
msaxiobze, xolo msaxiobs TamaSisas moqmedebaSi mohyavs dekoraciis<br />
calkeuli elementebi, raTa ufro metyveli <strong>da</strong> mravalferovani iyos<br />
183
gmirTa saxeebi <strong>da</strong> maTi buneba scenaze. es ki xelovnebis sinTezis<br />
umaRlesi gamovlenaa.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografia ganviTarebis pirvelive wlebi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde<br />
mWidrod aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>zgur mxatvrobasTan. <strong>scenografiaSi</strong><br />
Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>zgur SemoqmedebaSi arsebuli plastikuri avangardis<br />
principebis Sesatyvisma formebma Teatralur mxatvrobaSi qmediTi<br />
elementebi Semoitana, ramac speqtaklis vizualizaciaSi sanaxaobrivi<br />
elementebis momZlavreba ganapiroba. msgavsma procesma scenografiis<br />
ganviTarebis adreul etapze xelovnebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebis<br />
organuli sinkretizmisgan, saxviT-plastikuri <strong>da</strong> scenuri formebis<br />
mizanmimarTuli sinTezuri forma Seqmna. ase iyo <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> 1970-80-ian wlebSi, rodesac mox<strong>da</strong> Zveli scenografiis<br />
tradiciuli konstruqciuli formebis ferweruli <strong>da</strong>muSaveba. am<br />
periodSi <strong>da</strong>zgurobis <strong>da</strong>Zleva <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> gacilebiT advili iyo<br />
vidre 1920-ian wlebSi.<br />
i.gamrekelis scenografiis koloriti yovelTvis gamorCeuli iyo.<br />
garkveul etapze igi mxatvris <strong>da</strong>zguri Semoqmedebis gavlenas<br />
ganicdi<strong>da</strong>. misi eqspresionistuli, kubo-futuristuli namuSevrebi<br />
gansakuTrebuli <strong>da</strong> simboluri feradovnebiT gamoirCeva. mxatvari fers<br />
kompoziciis modelirebisa <strong>da</strong> naxatis ideis gamosaxvisTvis iyeneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
is qmni<strong>da</strong> formas <strong>da</strong> ganwyobas tiloze. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad<br />
gamovlin<strong>da</strong> mis gaformebaSi speqtaklebisTvis “salomea”, “lon<strong>da</strong>”,<br />
“latavra”.<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT i.gamrekelis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> feri naxevartonebiT<br />
gamdidr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> wina planze ze<strong>da</strong>piris faqturuloba gamoikveTa.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba scenografiis koloritSi im masalas<br />
gamosaxvam miiRo, romlisganac iyo Seqmnili dekoraciul-plastikuri<br />
sivrce speqtaklSi. mxatvris <strong>da</strong>muSavebuli dekoraciis ze<strong>da</strong>piri ar<br />
kargav<strong>da</strong> Tavis pirvandel struqturas, xolo misi faqtura moqmedebis<br />
adgilis ganmsazRvreli iyo. i.gamrekelis scenografiis koloriti<br />
srulyofil gamovlinebas speqtaklis ganaTebis partiturisa <strong>da</strong><br />
SuqweriT <strong>da</strong>tvirTvisas iReb<strong>da</strong>. Suqi-sinaTle speqtaklSi plastikur-<br />
sivrcobrivi erTeuli iyo. misi ideuri materializacia, speqtaklis<br />
mizanscenebSi, speqtaklis mxatvruli koncefciis gamovlenas uwyob<strong>da</strong><br />
184
xels. amis magaliTia speqtakl “hamletSi” mamis aCrdilis gamoCenis<br />
scenis ganaTebis mkveTri xaziT ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta. feri scenur mxatvrobaSi<br />
plastikuri un<strong>da</strong> iyo, ufro moqnili, dinamikuri <strong>da</strong> emociuri. misgan<br />
areklil sxivs un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos Seferos dekoracia, haeri... <strong>da</strong>tvirTos<br />
igi emociurad, rogorc es SveliZis “lamaraSia”, - aRniSnav<strong>da</strong><br />
Teatrmcodne e. guguSvili.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze<br />
ferwerulobas speqtaklis dekoraciul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> dekoraciis feriT <strong>da</strong>tvirTvisa 1940-50-<br />
iani wlebSi scenis dekoraciuli forma far<strong>da</strong>-drapirebebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
mravalferovani qsovilebis gamoyenebiT plastikur formas iZen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
isini xazobrivi perspeqtivis struqturul formaSi Seqmnil<br />
sivrcobriv kompoziciebs warmoadgendnen scenaze. magram aseT sivrces<br />
konkretuli <strong>da</strong> gansazRvruli CarCoebi gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. Warbi ferweruloba<br />
<strong>da</strong>balansebuli iyo dekoracia-butaforiebis masStaburi zomebiT, rac<br />
scenografias zoga<strong>da</strong>d sazeimo monumentur xasiaTs aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. scenis<br />
sivrceSi pirobiTi <strong>da</strong> plastikuri dekoraciis formis <strong>da</strong>brunebam 1960-<br />
iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n dekoraciis konstruqcia <strong>da</strong> struqturul formas-<br />
kolorituli mravalferovneba SesZina. masSi mniSvnelovani gax<strong>da</strong><br />
dekoraciuli sagnis ze<strong>da</strong>piris ferwerul-faqturuli <strong>da</strong>muSaveba,<br />
romelic ufro met simbolur <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> Tavad sagans. masSi<br />
gaerTianebuli iyo, rogorc dekoraciis masalis faqturuli<br />
struqtura, ase misi mxatvruli <strong>da</strong>muSaveba, romelic gaformebis<br />
saerTo mxatvruli formi<strong>da</strong>n iyo gamomdinare. swored aseTi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs m.SveliZis mxatvrobaSi fers <strong>da</strong> gaformebis saerTo<br />
kolorits. mxatvari fers, rogorc plastikur erTeuls ise ganixilavs<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mas gansxvavebul faqturebSi gamosaxavs. igi mTlianad pirobiTia<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTo scenur atmosferos qmnis. agreTve dekoraciis ze<strong>da</strong>piris<br />
faqturuli <strong>da</strong>muSavebiT cvlis dekoraciis masalis sawyisi fers <strong>da</strong><br />
mas sruliad gansxvavebul plastikur JReradobas aniWebas. ase iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>muSavebuli speqtakl “lamaras” <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> xelovnuri tyavis<br />
masalisgan gakeTebuli vercxlisferi mbzinvare farebisgan Sekruli<br />
dekoraciis ze<strong>da</strong>piri. speqtaklis saerTo zeamocani<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> reJisoruli<br />
koncefcii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare m.SveliZem “mefe lirSi” scenaze mTlianad<br />
185
faqturuli dekoraciuli garemo Seqmna. mTeli kolorituli<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva speqtaklis ganaTebam itvirTa. “mefe lirSi” scena<br />
feraddebo<strong>da</strong> mizanscenebisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis calkeuli suraTebis<br />
mixedviT, rac xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> statikuri dekoracia-konstruqciis<br />
sivrcobrivi formis gamovlenas. scenografiis kolorits speqtaklSi<br />
“makbeti” qmediTi xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong>. pirvel yovlisa igi uzarmazari<br />
polieTilenis dekoracia-marionetis feriT <strong>da</strong>tvirTvaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>,<br />
xolo mxatvris mier Seqmnil uhaero garemoSi scenaze, gare<br />
samyarosTan kavSiri ukana dekoraciis moZravi Tejirebis ganaTebis<br />
palitriT xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gansakuTrebiT axlos dgas mxatvris <strong>da</strong>zguri namuSevrebis<br />
koloritul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetasTan scenografiis feriT <strong>da</strong>tvirTva<br />
speqtaklisTvis “hamleti”. igi Zalian hgavs mxatvris kolaJebs,<br />
romelSic feri mxatvruli kompoziciis mozaikurobaSi <strong>da</strong> naxatis<br />
fragmentul struqturaSi formaTa <strong>da</strong> ferTa kontarstzea agebuli.<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> speqtaklis koloritul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi<br />
ganaTebas orgvari <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs. pirveli aris dekoraciis<br />
feradovan-kolorituli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta <strong>da</strong> meore speqtaklis moqmedebis<br />
kolorituli gaformeba.<br />
i.gamrekelis speqtaklebis gaformebaSi, dekoraciis plastikuri<br />
geometrizacia sagnis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rakursebis ze<strong>da</strong>piri<strong>da</strong>n areklili<br />
SuqiT rTul Suq-Crdilebis mxatvrul “TamaSs” qmni<strong>da</strong> scenaze.<br />
speqtakl “lamaras” sarepeticio Canawerebi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom mxatvari<br />
ganaTebis nakads irib mimarTulebas aZlev<strong>da</strong>, ris gamoc msaxiobebi <strong>da</strong><br />
dekoraciebi jvaredinad ga<strong>da</strong>mkveT Crdilebs qmnidnen saTamaSo<br />
moednebze. maTi ga<strong>da</strong>kveTa mkveTri <strong>da</strong> mkrTali Crdilebis<br />
monacvleoba, dekoraciis ze<strong>da</strong>pirs grafikul-ferwerulobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Crdilebis ga<strong>da</strong>kveTa pirobiTad mzis uxilav moZraobas ganasaxiereb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelic TiTqos iyo <strong>da</strong> arc iyo speqtaklis gaformebaSi.<br />
m.SveliZis “lamaraSi” ki, mze xilulia <strong>da</strong> gansazRvavs scenuri<br />
moqmedebis koloritul formas. mziT “naTdeba” speqtaklis<br />
warmosaxviTi mTagoriani peizaJi. ukana dekoraciis-mzis panos<br />
scenografiul obieqatad ga<strong>da</strong>qcevas speqtaklSi sworad SerCeuli <strong>da</strong><br />
moqmedebis Tanmimdevrulad awyobili ganaTebis mdi<strong>da</strong>ri partitura<br />
186
qmnis. misi metaforuli <strong>da</strong>tvirTva amJRavnebs speqtaklis mxatvris<br />
unars mayureblamde sworad <strong>da</strong> mizanmimarTulad miitanos reJisoruli<br />
naazrevi, romelmac moqmedebisas scenuri sicocxle un<strong>da</strong> SeiZinos.<br />
erT scenur sivrceSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periodSi <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
moTxovnebis pirobebSi qarTveli scenografebi ar Ralatoben<br />
moqmedebis adgilis pirobiT-ganzogadebuli formis Seqmnas, rac<br />
Teatris arsSi, mis pirobiTobaSi Zevs.<br />
moqmedebis adgilis gansazRvreba <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze, “samyaros”<br />
scenografiuli modelis Seqmnis gansxvavebul formebiT xdeba.<br />
rogorc araerTxel aRiniSna <strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis Camoyalibeba<br />
Teatraluri konstruqtivizmis periodSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. formaTa naSenoba,<br />
dekoraciebis mravalganzomilebiani struqtura <strong>da</strong> ganzogadebul-<br />
krebiTi formebis Seqmna, mxatvrisgan xelovnebis <strong>da</strong>rgebis specifikis<br />
codnas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. i.gamrekelma gamoavlina arqiteqturis <strong>da</strong> inJiner-<br />
konstruqtoris gasaocari niWi, mis mier Seqmnil dekoraciul<br />
konstruqciebSi. gar<strong>da</strong> dekoraciebis sakuTriv dinamikuri formisa,<br />
isini moZravi iyo <strong>da</strong> mTlianad iyo gaazrebuli im scena-kolofis<br />
sivrcobriv parametrebSi, romelsac SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis<br />
Teatris scenis arqiteqturuli forma warmoadgens.<br />
m.SveliZis dekoraciuli sivrcec rusTavelis Teatris scenis<br />
sivrcobriv parametrebSi Tavsdeba, radgan rusTavelis Teatris<br />
teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi ar Secvlila. amitom scenis forma,<br />
romelSic mxatvrebi scenografiul sivrces aTavseben, teqnikurad maT<br />
erTnair pirobebSi svams. Sesabamisad, scenis arqiteqtura<br />
gansxvavebul gavlenas ar axdens mxatvrobaze dekoraciis struqturis<br />
Seqmnisas.<br />
rac Seexeba uSualod moqmedebis adgils, misi forma speqtaklis<br />
mTliani mxatvruli koncefciis Sesatyvisia yoveli axali<br />
speqtaklisTvis.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong> scenografias ar gauvlia is evoluciuri gza, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlurma Teatrma <strong>da</strong> scenografiam aTaswleulebis manZilze gaiara.<br />
amitom scenografiouli formebisa <strong>da</strong> gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis<br />
aTviseba scenaze gamoxSirvis principiT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. yvelaferi is,<br />
rac mxatvars zedmetad miaCn<strong>da</strong> gaformebisTvis, scenamde veRar<br />
187
aRwev<strong>da</strong>.es ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> scenografiis krebiT-ganzogadebul formas.<br />
magram speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformebis es principi Teatris<br />
pirobioTi xasiaTis Sesabamisi iyo <strong>da</strong> formaTa Sejerebis prioncipebiT<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i xalxuri Teatris kar<strong>da</strong>kar moxetiale, Tu sa<strong>da</strong>rbazo formis<br />
krebiTobasTan axlos iyo.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sacxovreblisa Tu<br />
bunebrivi yofis krebiT formaSi gamosaxva umaRles xarisxSi ayvanili<br />
formaTa ganzogadebiT aris SesaZlebeli. i.gamrekelis dekoraciebis<br />
TiToeul detalSi ikiTxebo<strong>da</strong> piesis ZiriTadi fabula, romelic<br />
karnaxob<strong>da</strong> mxatvars dramaturgiuli nawarmoebis iseTi Sesabamisi<br />
materialuri formis Seqmnas scenaze.<br />
speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformebis yvela calkeuli detali<br />
m.SveliZis <strong>scenografiaSi</strong> piesis teqsti<strong>da</strong>n amokrebili formebis<br />
Sesatyvisia. zedmeti detalizaciisgan Tavi rom <strong>da</strong>aRwios m.SveliZe<br />
speqtaklebSi moqmedebis adgils gaxsnil Ria sivrceSi akeTebs.<br />
mxatvari saxviTi xelovnebis “leqsikoniT” wers Tavis dekoraciul<br />
“ambavs”. es ki mxolod sworad moZebnili SemoqmedebiTi meTodis<br />
wyalobiT aris SesaZlebeli, rac gamoarCevs zoga<strong>da</strong>d <strong>qarTul</strong><br />
TeatrSi scenografiis mniSvnelobas.<br />
Tanamedrove scenografia speqtaklis moqmedebis gaformebas<br />
emsaxureba. amrigad scenografiuli forma gansazRvavs <strong>da</strong>dgmis<br />
dinamikas <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis tempo-ritms.<br />
gamrekelis scenografia speqtaklebisTvis “hamleti, “anzor”,<br />
“lamara”, “TeTnuldi” <strong>da</strong> sxva msaxiobebs karnaxobdnen TamaSis saxviT-<br />
plastikur maneras. iseTi rTuli konstruqciuli dekoraciebi,<br />
rogoric hqon<strong>da</strong> Seqmnili i.gamrekels msaxiobisgan sagangebo fizikur<br />
momzadebas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>.<br />
m.SveliZis scenografia aseve gansazRvravs msaxiobTa TamaSs<br />
scenaze. masSi yvelaze mTavari scenuri kostiumi <strong>da</strong> speqtaklis<br />
musikalur-qoreografiuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaa. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans<br />
m.SveliZis “scenografiul SeqspirianaSi”, romlisTvis sagangebod<br />
Seqmnili musikaluri Temebis ritmika (kompozitori g.yanCeli), srulad<br />
Seesatyvisebo<strong>da</strong> msaxiobTa kostiumebisa <strong>da</strong> dekoraciul formaTa<br />
kompoziciebis ritmikas.<br />
188
Semdegi mniSvelovani etapi speqtaklis mxatvrul-plastikuri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis sakiTxSi aris dekoraciebis ganlageba scenis sivrceSi.<br />
i.gamrekelis dekoraciebi mTlianad aTvisebuli iyo moqmedebis<br />
msvlelobisas msaxiobebis mier. Sesabamisad mizanscenebic dekoraciis<br />
saTamaSo moednebze iyo <strong>da</strong>dgmuli. mizanscenobrivi naxazi yovel<br />
jerze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rakursiT iyo aRqmuli mayureblis mier <strong>da</strong> msaxiobTa<br />
plastikuri jgufebis ritmuli moZraoba erT mTlianobaSi krav<strong>da</strong><br />
dekoraciul sivrces scenaze. es gansakuTrebiT advili iyo, radgan<br />
i.gamrekelis dekoracia speqtaklebisTvis “anzori”, “lamara”,<br />
“TeTnuldi”... msaxiobTa moZraobas erT dekoraciul sivrceSi<br />
iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. mniSvneloba ar hqon<strong>da</strong> icvlebo<strong>da</strong> Tu ara dekoracia<br />
speqtaklis moqmedebebis an suraTebis mixedviT. TiToeuli dekoracia<br />
msaxiobTa ganTavsebis erTnair principze iyo Seqmnili. gansxvavebuli<br />
iyo i.gamrekelis scenografia “hamletisTvis”. igi reJisoruli <strong>da</strong><br />
mxatvruli koncefciis Sesabamisad, gansxvavebul scenografiul<br />
suraTebs qmni<strong>da</strong>.<br />
m.SveliZe yovelTvis moqmedebis gansakuTrebul adgils qmnis<br />
scenaze. igi umetesad Tavisufalia dekoraciebisgan, amitom m.SveliZis<br />
<strong>scenografiaSi</strong> sagangebo mniSvneloba eniWeba ukana dekoracias,<br />
pirobiTad Wers <strong>da</strong> gverdiTa dekoraciebs eniWebaT. aseT garemoSi<br />
scenis sivrcis plastikis gamovlena, mTlianad msaxiobTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba <strong>da</strong> mizanscenebi maT moqmedebazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. aseve<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs msaxiobis xelSi gaTamaSebul dekoraciul<br />
detalebs, romelic sagangebo<strong>da</strong>a morgebuli speqtaklis TiToeul<br />
mizanscenas <strong>da</strong> dekoraciuli sivrcis calkeuli monakveTebis<br />
sivrcobriv formas ufro TvalsaCinos xdis. xSirad aseTi mizanscena<br />
sulac erTi msaxiobisa <strong>da</strong> sagnis urTierTobaze iyo agebuli<br />
al.axmetelis speqtaklebSi <strong>da</strong>dgmis mizanscenuri qarga mTlianad<br />
msaxiobTa masisa <strong>da</strong> dekoraciuli formebis urTierTqmedebiT<br />
iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>. Tanac ise, rom masSi zustad iyo gamokveTili dekoraciis<br />
plastikuri forma. msaxiobTa moZraoba diferencirebul baqnebze<br />
speqtaklSi “anzor” dekoraciis formis paralelurad iyo<br />
qoreografiulad awyobili.<br />
189
<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatraluri xelovnebis tradiciisamebr reJisorebi,<br />
Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi meTodi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgmis koncefcii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, mxatvars garkveuli scenografiuli sivrcis Seqmnis<br />
pirobebs uqmnidnen. k.marjaniSvilma, al.axmetelma <strong>da</strong> r.sturuamac<br />
zustad ician ra un<strong>da</strong>T mxatvrisgan. mxatvrebi, Tavis mxriv, maT<br />
scenografiuli xerxebiT iseT sivrces uqmnian, romelSic mkafiod<br />
vlindeba TiToeuli reJisoris <strong>da</strong>dgmis koncefcia. mniSvnelovani aq<br />
is aris, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebul epoqebSi, rogoric<br />
1920-30-iani <strong>da</strong> XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebi iyo, aris igive<br />
scenografiuli xerxebis axal saxviT formebSi gamosaxva.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiisa <strong>da</strong> saerTod <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris<br />
SemoqmedebiTi procesis ganuyofeli nawilia, speqtaklis Seqmnisas,<br />
mxatvrisa <strong>da</strong> reJisoris urTierToba. am TemaSi araerTxel iTqva imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom reJisoris <strong>da</strong> mxatvris Tanaavtorobam TeatrSi Sedegad<br />
brwyinvale speqtaklebi <strong>da</strong>gvitova. magram es ubralo mSrali<br />
Tanaavtoroba rodia, igi emyareba mxatvrisa <strong>da</strong> reJisoris SemoqmedebiT<br />
meTods, maT inteleqtsa <strong>da</strong> intuicias. am konkretul TemaSi reJisorisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mxatvris Tanaavtoroba gamrekeli-marjaniSvili, gamrekeli-<br />
axmetelis <strong>da</strong> SveliZe-sturuas Semoqmedebis magaliTzea ganxiluli.<br />
rac Seexeba saerTod <strong>qarTul</strong> TeatrSi amgvari mxatvrisa <strong>da</strong> reJisoris<br />
kavSirs, TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi es kavSiri arsebobs <strong>da</strong> SemoqmedTa<br />
uSret fantaziasa <strong>da</strong> gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs avlens.<br />
<strong>qarTul</strong>i scenografiis tradiciebis aRorZineba <strong>da</strong> ganaxlebis<br />
procesi scenaze <strong>qarTul</strong> saxviT xelovnebaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebis<br />
Sedegad pirvelad Teatralur mxatvrobaSi aisaxa. ase iyo “sameulis”<br />
mier gaformebul zRapar “WinWraqas” <strong>da</strong>dgmaSi. aqac ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformebis koncefciis<br />
speqtaklis reJisorul formasTan, romliTac m.TumaniSvilma scenaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>abruna pirobiT saimprovizacio samsaxiobo TamaSis forma. Teatris<br />
mxatvrisa <strong>da</strong> reJisoris mWidro SemoqmedebiTi kavSiris <strong>tradicia</strong>,<br />
romelsac safuZveli k.marjaniSvilma Cauyara, <strong>qarTul</strong> scenaze<br />
gansazRvra rogorc Teatris ganviTareba, aseve scenografiis,<br />
xelovnebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong>rgis ganviTarebac.<br />
190
Tema min<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vasrulo didi artistis akaki vasaZis citatiT,<br />
romelSic mkafiod aris axsnili <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris ganvitarebis<br />
ZiriTadi xazi, romelic SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis TeatrSi 1920-iani<br />
wlebi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde mimdinareobs. im rTuli <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse<br />
gzaze romelic <strong>qarTul</strong>ma Teatrma <strong>da</strong> scenografiam gamoiares 1940-50-<br />
ian wlebSi. aq aseve kargad Cans, rom tradiciebis SenarCuneba SoTa<br />
rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrma rogorc <strong>scenografiaSi</strong>, asev<br />
reJisurasa <strong>da</strong> Teratris esTetikaSi SeZles im myari safuZvelis<br />
wyalobiT romelic qartuli profesiuli Teatris <strong>da</strong>maarseblebma<br />
k.marjaniSvilma <strong>da</strong> al.axmetelma Cauyares <strong>qarTul</strong> saTeatro<br />
xelovnebas, rogorc xelovnebaTa sinTezis rTul mxatvrul sistemas.<br />
“...Tanamedrove Teatri verc marjaniSvilis <strong>da</strong> verc axmetelis xazs<br />
gverds ver auvlis, radgan maTi Semonaqmedi dReisTvis mdi<strong>da</strong>r<br />
<strong>tradicia</strong>s, myar safuZvels warmoadgens Teatraluri xelovnebis<br />
ganviTarebisTvis. aseT safuZvels, aseT <strong>tradicia</strong>s warmoadgens maTi<br />
Semoqmedeba CemTvisac, <strong>da</strong> mec, rogorc Teatris xelmZRvaneli,<br />
vcdilobdi, maT mier <strong>da</strong>tovebul <strong>tradicia</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>menaxa <strong>da</strong> gamomeyenebina<br />
misgan is saukeTeso, rac Cems bunebas Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romlis<br />
gamoyenebasac SevZlebdi momdevno periodSi, SeiZleba iTqvas ukve<br />
di<strong>da</strong>d Secvlis politikur-sazogadoebriv viTarebaSi. maT monapovarTa<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, me raRac unificirebuli scenuri hibridi ki ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
gamomeyvana rusTavelis Teatris scenaze, aramed warsulis<br />
gamocdileba gamomeyenebina iseTi realisturi scenuri tilos<br />
Sesaqmnelad, romelic aRmocenebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> msaxiobis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
gamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> monacemebi<strong>da</strong>n. axali dro <strong>da</strong> TviT xelovnebis<br />
ganviTarebac moiTxovdnen esTetizmisa <strong>da</strong> formalizmis uaryofas,<br />
realisturi xelovnebis poziciebze myar <strong>da</strong>dgomas <strong>da</strong>, me vcdilobdi,<br />
socialisturi realizmis gzaze, SemenarCunebina <strong>qarTul</strong>i TeatrisTvis<br />
sisxlxorceuli, misi Sinagani suliskveTebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare<br />
romantikul-heroikuli mimarTeba”, igonebs akaki vasaZe. (92)<br />
191
SeniSvna:<br />
1. skenografia -berZnuli skenegraphia- scenis ferweruli<br />
gaformeba. Zvel berZlul TeatrSi logeonis ukana vertikaluri<br />
kedlis ferweruli gaformebas, romelic Zv. w. 460-420 ww<br />
gamoigona xazobrivi perspeqtiva <strong>da</strong> igi speqtaklis gaformebis<br />
ferwerul xerxSi gamoiyena. vitruvius skenografias “kedlis<br />
moxatvas uwodebs, romelSic xazobrivi perspeqtivis<br />
principebzea agebuli. (“aTi wigni arqiteqturis Sesaxeb”)<br />
2. g.k. lukomski “ Zveleburi Teatrebi” t. I sanqt-peterburgi 1913<br />
w. gv 125-130.<br />
3. d. janeliZe “<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris istoria” Tbilisi 1981 w. gv 4-6<br />
4. ixileT iqve<br />
5. k. maleviCi “kubizmi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> futurizmi<strong>da</strong>n subprematizmamde”<br />
moskovi 1916 w. gv 19.<br />
6. S. afxaiZe “sandro axmeteli” 1958 w. gv 12<br />
7. kr. “aleqsandre axmeteli” re<strong>da</strong>qtori- v. kiknaZe Tbilisi 1978 w.<br />
t. I gv. 18<br />
8. g.alibegaSvili. ”<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatraluri mxatvrobis<br />
dRevandeloba” “Jur. sabWoTa xelovneba”, #2, gv. 4<br />
9. v. beriozkini “speqtaklis gaformebis xwlovneba”.BA“<strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
Teatris fenomeni” moskovi 1986 w. gv 67<br />
10. v.beriozkini “speqtaklis gaformebis xwlovneba”. “<strong>qarTul</strong>i<br />
scenografiis fenomeni” sabWoTa xelovneba” # 10 1986 w. gv 68<br />
11. g. alibegaSvili “<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatraluri mxatvrobis<br />
dRevandeloba” sabWoTa xelovneba #4 Tbilisi, 1979 w.<br />
12. <strong>qarTul</strong>i modernizmi 1910-1930 m. ciciSvili n. WoRoSvili. statia<br />
“<strong>qarTul</strong>i modernisuli mxatvroba evropul konteqstSi” gv 123-<br />
128<br />
13. d. kakabaZe “xelovenba <strong>da</strong> sivrce” parizi 1926w.<br />
14. <strong>qarTul</strong>i modernizmi 1910-1930 m. ciciSvili n. WoRoSvili. statia<br />
“<strong>qarTul</strong>i modernisuli mxatvroba evropul konteqstSi” gv 123-<br />
128<br />
15. <strong>qarTul</strong>i modernizmi 1910-1930 m. ciciSvili n. WoRoSvili. statia<br />
“<strong>qarTul</strong>i modernistuli mxatvroba evropul konteqstSi” gv 123-<br />
128<br />
192
16. s. sigua “H2SO4”-<strong>da</strong>n memarcxeneobamde” “ciskari” #10 1986 w.<br />
17. c. kuxianiZe “irakli gamrekeli” Tbilisi 1981 w. gv 69<br />
18. m. giJimyreli. “irakli gamrekeli <strong>da</strong> sandro axmeteli” “sabWoTa<br />
xelovneba” #3 gv 16. 1967 w.<br />
19. g. alibegaSvili “S. rusTavelisa <strong>da</strong> k. marjaniSvilis saxelobis<br />
Teatrebis <strong>da</strong>dgmebis gaformeba 1922-1966 wlebSi” ” Ars Georgika<br />
(“<strong>qarTul</strong>i xelovneba”) seria b #7 1974 w. gv.27<br />
20. c. kuxianiZe “i. gamrekeli” Tbilisi 1981 w. gv. 56<br />
21. g. alibegaSvili “SoTa rusTavelisa <strong>da</strong> k. marjaniSvilis<br />
saxelobis Teatrebis <strong>da</strong>dgmebis gaformeba 1922-1966 wlebSi” ” Ars<br />
Georgika (“<strong>qarTul</strong>i xelovneba”) seria b #7 1974 w. gv.34<br />
22. akaki vasaZe “mogonebebi, fiqrebi” t.2 Tbilisi 2010 w. gv. 38<br />
23. akaki vasaZe “mogonebebi, fiqrebi” t.2 Tbilisi 2010 w. gv. 114<br />
24. akaki vasaZe “mogonebebi, fiqrebi” t.2 Tbilisi 2010 w. gv. 55<br />
25. m. TevzaZe “scenuri sivrcis problema sandro axmetelisa <strong>da</strong><br />
irakli gamrekelis SemoqmedebaSi.” Tbilisi 2001 w. gv 46<br />
26. m. TevzaZe “scenuri sivrcis problema sandro axmetelisa <strong>da</strong><br />
irakli gamrekelis SemoqmedebaSi.” Tbilisi 2001 w. gv 54<br />
27. ixileT iqve<br />
28. n. uruSaZe -albomi “<strong>da</strong>viT kakabaZe TeatrSi”. Sesavali. Tbilisi<br />
saqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoeba 1982 w.<br />
29. ixileT iqve<br />
30. m. TevzaZe “scenuri sivrcis problema sandro axmetelisa <strong>da</strong><br />
irakli gamrekelis SemoqmedebaSi.” Tbilisi 2001 w. gv 75<br />
31. ixileT iqve<br />
32. ixileT iqve<br />
33. v. kiknaZe “grigol robaqiZis Teatraluri samyaro”. “sabWoTa<br />
xelovneba”. #7 1987 w. gv 73-74<br />
34. gr. robaqiZe “Teatri, rogorc ritmi”. gaz. “rubikoni” 1924 w.<br />
35. v. kiknaZe “grigol robaqiZis Teatraluri samyaro”. “sabWoTa<br />
xelovneba”. #7 1987 w. gv 73-74<br />
36. m. TevzaZe “scenuri sivrcis problema sandro axmetelisa <strong>da</strong><br />
irakli gamrekelis SemoqmedebaSi.” Tbilisi 2001 w. gv 77<br />
193
37. n. uruSaZe albomi “<strong>da</strong>viT kakabaZe TeatrSi” . Sesavali. Tbilisi<br />
saqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoebs 1982 w.<br />
38. T. wulukiZe “ mxolod erTi sicocxle” Tbilisi 1983 w. gv----<br />
39. m. TevzaZe “scenuri sivrcis problema sandro axmetelisa <strong>da</strong><br />
irakli gamrekelis SemoqmedebaSi.” Tbilisi 2001 w. gv 83.<br />
40. n. uruSaZe “Salva <strong>da</strong>dianis TeTnuldis Sesaxeb” “sabWoTa<br />
xelovneba” #3 1973 w.<br />
41. ixileT iqve<br />
42. n. uruSaZe albomi “<strong>da</strong>viT kakabaZe TeatrSi” . Sesavali. Tbilisi<br />
saqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoebs 1982 w.<br />
43. m. TevzaZe scenuri sivrcis problema sando axmetelisa <strong>da</strong><br />
irakli ganerkelis SemioqmedebaSi”. gv 97. gazeTi “kavkasioni”<br />
1924 w.<br />
44. m. TevzaZe “scenuri sivrcis problema sandro axmetelisa <strong>da</strong><br />
irakli gamrekelis SemoqmedebaSi.” Tbilisi 2001 w. 94<br />
45. m.g. etkindi “ritmi siv rce <strong>da</strong> dro literaturasa <strong>da</strong><br />
xelovnebaSi” leningradi 1974 w. gv. 211<br />
46. n. uruSaZe albomi “<strong>da</strong>viT kakabaZe TeatrSi” . Sesavali. Tbilisi<br />
saqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoebs 1982 w.<br />
47. ixileT iqve<br />
48. ixileT iqve<br />
49. ixileT iqve<br />
50. v.i. Sepovalovi “scenografia, rogorc speqtaklis sivrcobrivi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta”. seminaris “scenuri kostiumis teqnologia”<br />
masali<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
51. j. streleri “Teatri a<strong>da</strong>mianebisTvis” moskovi “raduga” 1974 w<br />
gv. 127<br />
52. s. druJinini, e. kuznecovi Jurnali “teatr“ “mirian SveliZe <strong>da</strong><br />
Teimuraz ninua” №11 1980 г.<br />
53. ixileT iqve<br />
54. x. kikvaZe “mxatvars misi Teatri qmnis” interviu m.<br />
SveliZesTanJurnali “scena” 2008 w. #1<br />
194
55. x. kikvaZe “scenaze firosmanis Tbilisi” “literatura <strong>da</strong><br />
xelovneba” #5 2011 w.<br />
56. s. druJinini, e. kuznecovi Jurnali “teatr“ “mirian SveliZe <strong>da</strong><br />
Teimuraz ninua” №11 1980 г.<br />
57. n. yiasaSvili “u.Seqspiris tragediebi” Sesavali werili <strong>da</strong><br />
komentarebi. “sabWoTa xelovneba”. Tbilisi 1986 w.]<br />
58. p. uruSaZe “riCard III” “Teatraluri moambe”. 1979. #2 gv.12<br />
59. j. streleri “Seqspieis “mefe liri” “Teatris a<strong>da</strong>mianebisTvis”<br />
m. “raduga” 1984w. gv 269.<br />
60. p. uruSaZe “robert sturuas “makbeti”. “xelovneba” #3-4 2001w. gv.<br />
34<br />
61. e. gorfunlekli “plius minus brexti” (makbeti rusTavelis<br />
TeatrSi). “moskovski nabliu<strong>da</strong>teli” # 5. 6 seqtemberi 1995w.<br />
62. p. uruSaZe “makbeti rusTavelis TeatrSi”. “Teatri <strong>da</strong> cxovcreba”<br />
1996 w. #1-2<br />
63. a. vasaZis “mogonebebSi, fiqrebi” t.I Tbilisi 2010 w. gv. 218).<br />
64. a. faRava “Teatraluri institutis Teatris istoriis kaTedris<br />
samecniero naSromebi”. 1960/61 w. @#23<br />
65. a. vasaZe “mogonebebi fiqrebi” wigni I Tbilisi 2010w gv 217.<br />
66. a. vasaZe “mogonebebi fiqrebi” wigni I Tbilisi 2010w gv 218.<br />
67. s. amaRlobeli “hamlet” gazeTi “xelovneba” @#26 1926w.<br />
68. a. vasaZis “mogonebebSi, fiqrebi” t.I Tbilisi 2010 w. gv. 218.<br />
69. ixileT iqve<br />
70. kote marjaniSvili, krebuli “xelovneba” 1961 gv 90.<br />
71. a. vasaZis “mogonebebSi, fiqrebi” t.I Tbilisi 2010 w. gv. 219<br />
72. ixileT iqve<br />
73. a. vasaZis “mogonebebSi, fiqrebi” t.I Tbilisi 2010 w. gv. 220<br />
74. kote marjaniSvili “krebuli” u.CxeiZe “kote marjaniSvili<br />
reJisori <strong>da</strong> xelmZRvaneli “xelovneba Tbilisi 1961 w. gv 96<br />
75. kote marjaniSvili, krebuli “xelovneba” 1961 gv 78.<br />
76. “hamleti” gaz. “komunisti” 1926 w. 5/1<br />
77. gaz. “muSa” 1926. 20. 11 w<br />
78. T. bokuCava “hamleti” “Teatri <strong>da</strong> cxovreba” #1 2002 w.<br />
79. ixileT iqve<br />
195
80. m. gegeWkori “hamleti SoTa rusTavelis scenbaze” gaz. “epoqa”<br />
2001 #22<br />
81. v. kiknaZe - grigol robaqiZis Teatraluri samyaro. “sabWoTa<br />
xelovneba”, 1989 w. gv 31.<br />
82. gr. robaqiZe “Svilebi mzisa <strong>da</strong> misi qurumi”. “mnaTobi” 1924 w<br />
83. “aTas weliwadSi erTxel. gazeTi “muza” #1 (9) 1997 w.<br />
84. n. gurabaniZe “tragikuli misteria” literaturuli saqarTvelo<br />
#1 1997 w.<br />
85. ixileT iqve<br />
86. e. guguSvili “lamara” “<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris dRe” 14 ianvari 1997w.<br />
87. T bokuCava “grigol robaqiZis lamara rustavelisd Teatris<br />
scenaze” gaz. “kavkasioni” 12-18 dekemberi 1996 w.<br />
88. k. stanislavcski “Cemi cxovreba xelovnebaSi” moskovi 1980w. gv 37<br />
89. viqtor nozaZe “vefxistyaosnis gankiTxvani”, “vefxistyaosnis<br />
ferTametyveleba”. buenos-airesi 1954 weli gv.4<br />
90. samuSao interviu m. SveliZesTan 06. 06 .2001 w<br />
91. akaki vasaZe “mogonebebi, fiqrebi” t.2 Tbilisi 2010 w. gv. 114<br />
92. akaki vasaZe “mogonebebi, fiqrebi” t.2 Tbilisi 2010 w. gv. 51<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. axmeteli krebuli 2-tomad . saqarTvelos Teatris moRvaweTa<br />
kavSiri. Tbilisi 1987 w.<br />
2. beriozkini v. “speqtaklis gaformebis xelovneba” sabWoTa<br />
xelovneba” #10 1986w<br />
3. beriZe v. “mxatvris samyaro” komunisti #86 13 aprili 1979 w<br />
4. bokuCava T. “grigol robaqiZis “lamara” rusTavelis Teatris<br />
scenaze” kavkasioni 12-18 dekemberi 1996 w<br />
5. buxrikiZe d. “wmin<strong>da</strong> Teatri”... grZnobaTa alqimiiT” “7 dRe” 29<br />
noemberi-54 dekemberi 1996w<br />
6. giJimyreli m. “irakli gamrekeli <strong>da</strong> sandro axmeteli” “sabWoTa<br />
xelovneba” 1969w.<br />
7. guguSvili e. “lamara” <strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris dRe 14 ianvari 1997w.<br />
8. gurabaniZe n. “epoqis sunTqva “sabWoTa xelovneba” #3 1977w<br />
196
9. gurabaniZe n. “tragikuli misteia” “literaturuli saqarTvelo”<br />
3-19 ianvari 1997w<br />
10. gurabaniZe n. “mirian SveliZis impovizaciebi” xelovneba #3-4<br />
1992 w<br />
11. gurabaniZe n. “reJisori <strong>da</strong> misi koncefcia” “Tbilisi” #64 19<br />
marti 1979w<br />
12. <strong>da</strong>diani S. “TeTnuldi” Tbilisi 1961 w.<br />
13. TevzaZe m. “sasceno sivrcis problema sandro axnetelisa <strong>da</strong><br />
irakli gamrekelis SemoqmedebaSi” Tbilisi 2001 w<br />
14. TevzaZe m. “Teatris idumaleba (Strixebi mirian SveliZis<br />
portretisaTvis) ” literatura <strong>da</strong> xelovneba” 2006 w`<br />
15. kiknaZe v. “grigol robaqiZis Teatraluri samyaro” “sabWoTa<br />
xelovneba” 1988w<br />
16. kiknaZe v. “saubrebi <strong>qarTul</strong> Teatrze” Tbilisi 1985w.<br />
17. kinwuraSvili q. “misabaZi <strong>da</strong> STamagonebeli” literaturuli<br />
saqarTvelo 11 oqtomberi 1985 w<br />
18. kuxianiZe c. i. gamrekeli Tbilisi 1981 w.<br />
19. lomTaTiZe l. “irakli gamrekeli” Tbilisi 1984 w.<br />
20. marjaniSvili k. krebuli Tbilisi 1961w<br />
21. maWavariani n. “sulieri faseulobebis ZiebaSi (“lamara”<br />
rusTavelis scenaze”) Teatri <strong>da</strong> cxoveba 1997w.<br />
22. robaqiZe gr. “lamara” “ciskari” #2 1989w.<br />
23. robaqiZe gr. “Teatri, rogorc ritmi “sabWoTa xelovneba” #3<br />
1987w.<br />
24. sigua s. “H2SO4”-<strong>da</strong>n memarcxeneobamde” ciskari #10 1986 w.<br />
25. n. uruSaZe albomi “<strong>da</strong>viT kakabaZe TeatrSi” . Sesavali. Tbilisi<br />
saqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoebs 1982 w.<br />
26. uruSaZe n. “amzor” Tbilisi 1984w.<br />
27. uruSaZe p. “riCard III” Teatraluri moambe #2 1979w<br />
28. qiqoZe n. “Salva <strong>da</strong>dianis “TeTnuldis” Sesaxeb” sabWoTa<br />
xelovneba #3 1973 w.<br />
29. Seqspiri u. 5 tomad re<strong>da</strong>qtori n. yiasaSuvlis Tbilisi 1987w.<br />
30. SalutaSvili al. “Cveni epoqis Tvalsawieri<strong>da</strong>n” “komunisti # 64<br />
16 marti 1979 w<br />
197
31. janeliZe d. “<strong>qarTul</strong>i Teatris istoria” Tbilisi 1983 w.<br />
32. janeliZe d. “saxioba” Tbilisi 1980 w.<br />
33. Алибегашвили Г. «Грузинское театрально-декорационное искусство» Т. 1977<br />
34. Алибегашвили Г. “Оформление постановок театра имени Ш. Руставели и К.<br />
Марджанишвили 1922-1966 годов” Ars Georgika (“<strong>qarTul</strong>i xelovneba”) серия б<br />
#7 Тбилиси 1974 г.<br />
35. Бачелис А. «Пространственное мышление в театре ХХ века» М. 1994<br />
36. Бояджев Г. «От Софокла до Брехта за сорок театральных вечеров» М. 1988 г.<br />
37. Березкин В «Молодые художники грузинского театра» «Искусство» №1 1967г.<br />
38. Березкин В. «Искусство оформления спектаклей» М. 1986<br />
39. Березкин В «История сценографии мирового театра» т.1 т.2<br />
40. Березкин В «Своеобразное художественное мышление» «Заря востока» №25<br />
1977г<br />
41. Беридзе В. Езерская Н. «Искусство советской Грузии 1921-1970гг» М. 1975г<br />
42. Витрувий М.П. «Десять книг об анхитектуре» М. 1936г.<br />
43. Гугушвили Э.Н. «Коте Марджанишвили» М. 1979г.<br />
44. Дружинин С. Н.Кузнецов «Мириан Швелидзе и Теймураз Нинуа» Театр №11<br />
1980г.<br />
45. История зарубежного тетра М.1981т.1<br />
46. История заподноевропейского театра М. 1957<br />
47. История заподноевропейского театра 1-8 тома Москва 1984г.<br />
48. Каландаришвили М. «Проблема режиссуры Сандро Ахметели». Т. 1987г.<br />
49. Кандинский В. «О духовном в искусстве» Ленинград 1989г.<br />
50. Кандинский В. «О сценической композиции»<br />
www.ashtray.ru/main/.../Kand_Scen_compose.ht... -<br />
51. Коваленко Г. «Художники грузинского театра» «Декорационное искусство» М.<br />
1978г.<br />
52. Куликова И. С. «Философия и искусство модернизма» М. 1974г.<br />
53. Лукомский Г.К. «Старинные театры» С-Пб 1913 г<br />
54. «Модернизм» Сборник статей М. 1987г.<br />
55. Орджиникидзе Г. «Прочтение Шекспира» Литературная Грузия №2 1984г.<br />
56. Пожарская М.Н. «Русское театрально-декорационное искусство конца ХIХ –<br />
начала ХХ века» М.1980<br />
57. Вера Моури Робертс «На сцене история театра» (Об Н. Акимове и И.Гамрекели)<br />
Нью-Йорк 1962 г.<br />
198
58. Станиславский К.С. « Моя жизнь в искусстве» М 1980г.<br />
59. Стрелер Джорджо «Театр для Людей» М. 1984г<br />
60. «Сцена» Журнал №1 и №4 2008г.<br />
61. Таиров А.Я. «Записки режиссера, статьи,беседы, речи, письма» М. 1970г<br />
62. Театр и революция. «Мы создаем героический театр» К 100-летию рождения<br />
Сандро Ахметели. Театр №4 1987г<br />
63. Фаворский В.А. О композиции «Творчество» №1-2 1967г.<br />
64. Френкель М. «Пластика сценического пространства» Киев «Мистецтво» 1987 г.<br />
65. Френкель М. «Современная сценография» Киев «Мистецтво» 1980 г<br />
66. Хидекель Р. «Драматургия сценического костюма» Театр №1 1989г.<br />
67. Художник и сцена (сборник стате й ) М. 1978г<br />
68. Церетели В. «Начало пути» 25 августа 1979г Вечерний Тбилиси<br />
69. Цулукидзе Т. «Всего одна жизнь» Тбилиси 1983г.<br />
70. Шах-Азизова Т. «Конец игры» «Советская культура» №67 4 июнь 1987г.<br />
«Вновь Шекспир» «Труд» №66 18 март 1979г.<br />
71. Шеповалов В.М. «Сценография в театральном искусстве» Материал семинара<br />
по технологии сценического костюма 13.01.03 г.<br />
72. Эткинд.М.Г. «Ритм пространство и время в литературе и искусстве». Ленинград<br />
1974г.<br />
199
Change language