cbd-ts-66-en

CHAPTER 5
Part II: The Regulatory Framework for Climate-related Geoengineering Relevant to the Convention on Biological Diversity
RULES GOVERNING RESEARCH
5.1 THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH
It has been suggested that governance for research should be addressed separately from governance for deployment.174
However, once the modelling and laboratory stage is left behind, the distinction between research and deployment
could become increasingly difficult to draw for regulatory purposes. At some stage and for some geoengineering
approaches there can be no clear borderline between field testing as part of research and actual deployment if
scale alone is considered.175 The risks and physical impacts would be the same. If different rules were to apply, the
distinction would require clear criteria for determining the difference. It should be noted, however, that if research
occurs at a scale that does not impact the global climate, then it actually falls outside the proposed definition of
geoengineering.
While CBD decision X/33 invites Parties and others to ensure (until certain conditions are met) that no
geoengineering activities take place, it excludes from this limitation small-scale scientific research studies that are
conducted in a controlled setting, scientifically justified and subject to prior environmental impact assessments
(decision X/33 paragraph 8 (w)). The LC/LP assessment framework on ocean fertilization provides guidance that
is applicable to research studies. A major gap concerns solar radiation management technologies.
The Royal Society, together with the Environmental Defense Fund and the Third World Academy of Sciences, is
currently facilitating discussions among a select group on governance of research on solar radiation management.176
As a working framework, the initiative is exploring a framework with five categories, including four categories of
research—(1) non hazardous studies, including modelling; (2) laboratory studies; (3) small field trials; (4) medium
and large-scale field trials—and (5) deployment.
5.2 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN INTERNATIONAL TREATY LAW
Research, as distinct from the application of technology with known impacts or risks,177 is generally not restricted
under international law (apart from special rules in certain areas). In the marine environment, it is governed
under UNCLOS by general principles to be followed in the conduct of marine scientific research (article 240),
including that it shall be conducted exclusively for peaceful purposes, that it shall not unjustifiably interfere with
other legitimate uses of the sea compatible with UNCLOS, and that it shall be conducted in compliance with all
relevant regulations adopted in conformity with UNCLOS, including those for the protection and preservation of
the marine environment. In the territorial sea, marine scientific research shall be conducted only with the express
consent of and under the conditions set forth by the coastal State (article 245). In the exclusive economic zones
and on the continental shelf, marine scientific research shall be conducted with the consent of the coastal State,
which has the right to regulate, authorize and conduct marine scientific research (article 246). Freedom of scientific
research is a high seas freedom (article 87). States and competent international organizations are responsible and
liable pursuant to article 235 of UNCLOS for damage caused by pollution of the marine environment arising
out of marine scientific research undertaken by them or on their behalf (article 263). The deployment of marine
scientific installations or equipment shall also not constitute an obstacle to established international shipping
routes (article 261).
174 United States Government Accountability Office (2010), p. 36.
175 Robock et al. (2010), p. 531; Bunzl (2009), pp. 2–3. See also Bunzl (2010).
176 Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative (SRMGI) (2011).
177 As governed, for instance, by the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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