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Part I: Impacts of Climate-related Geoengineering on Biological Diversity Table 1. A proposed taxonomy of climate geoengineering techniques, based on the definition developed by the CBD Expert Group on Geoengineering Impacts (“deliberate intervention in the planetary environment of a nature and scale intended to counteract anthropogenic climate change and its impacts”) Reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. by at-source carbon capture and storage (CCS), are excluded from the definition. Techniques and processes that are considered to be geoengineering need to be at sufficient scale for significant climatic impact, and carried out with that intention. This structure potentially covers all specific techniques relating to changes in the Earth’s energy budget, but not all those that have been proposed are listed here. Note that: i) BECCS stands for bio-energy carbon capture and storage, considered as geoengineering because of its carbon capture from the atmosphere; ii) bracketed techniques and approaches are mostly speculative and may be unrealistic; they were not given detailed attention in the report; iii) techniques marked with an asterisk (*) are storage-only. Techniques that increase energy loss from the Earth’s climate system [through change in output of long-wave radiation (heat)] Techniques that decrease energy gain by the Earth’s climate system [through change in input of short-wave radiation (light)] Techniques that redistribute energy within the Earth’s climate system 84 Removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere: negative emission techniques Other means of enhanced heat escape Sunlight reflection methods or solar radiation management: SRM Carbon dioxide removal: CDR Carbon dioxide Biological CO2 capture and carbon storage Chemical/ geochemical CO2 air capture and storage Ocean fertilization Afforestation/reforestation Enhanced soil carbon Biomass production, incl BECCS Ocean storage of land biomass Increased ocean alkalinity Land-based enhanced weathering Direct chemical air capture of CO2 CO2 storage in ocean* Methane (CH4 removal from atmosphere) Other greenhouse gases (Reduction in cirrus cloud cover) Geological CO2 storage - sub-surface* (Removal of other greenhouse gases, e.g. N2O or H2O) (Removal of black carbon from atmosphere) (Space-based increased reflection, e.g. via space mirrors) Increase in stratospheric aerosols Cloud brightening: Increased cloud reflectivity Increased surface reflectivity Land surface, e.g. crops, desert, buildings Ocean surface/inland seas (Via increased ocean heat storage, e.g. by enhanced downwelling, or by actions to promote sea-ice formation, e.g. blocking Bering Strait to restrict water flow in Arctic Ocean)
ANNEX III REPORT AUTHORS, EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Part I: Impacts of Climate-related Geoengineering on Biological Diversity This report was prepared by an expert group with the following members, acting in an individual capacity: Professor Paulo Artaxo University of São Paulo, Brazil Dr Ralph Bodle LLM Ecologic Institute, Berlin, Germany Dr Victor Galaz Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden Professor Georgina Mace CBE FR Imperial College, London, U.K. (now University College London, U.K.) Andrew Parker Royal Society, London, U.K. (now Harvard University, U.S.A.) Review editors: Dr David Santillo Greenpeace Research Laboratories and University of Exeter, U.K. Dr Chris Vivian Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, U.K. Professor Sir Robert Watson FRS (Chair) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, and University of East Anglia, U.K. Dr Phillip Williamson (Lead author) Natural Environment Research Council and University of East Anglia, U.K. The report has been edited by David Cooper, Jaime Webbe and Annie Cung of the CBD Secretariat with the assistance of Emma Woods. Other individuals and organizations who kindly provided input and/or comments on drafts include the following (they are not responsible for the report): Rosalie Bertell, Olivier Boucher, Diana Bronson, Chizoba Chinweze, Øyvind Christophersen, Dave Dahl, Ana Delgado, Sam Dupont, Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher, Almuth Ernsting, James Rodger Fleming, Francis Garrido, Hartmut Grassl, James Matthew Haywood, Robert Höft, Joshua Horton, Normita Ignacio, Ian S.F. Jones, Tim Kruger, Ronal W. Larson, Andrew Lockley, Miguel Lovera, Michael MacCracken, Ricardo Melamed, Oliver Morton, Helena Paul, Greg Rau, Alexey G. Ryaboshapko, Alan Robock, Stephen Salter, Dan Saragosti, John Scott, Masahiro Sugiyama, Jim Thomas, Dmitry Zamolodchikov, and Karin Zaunberger; as well as experts from CONABIO (Government of Mexico), Defra (Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Government of Canada), Greenpeace, Government of Austria, Government of India, Government of Japan, Government of Norway, Government of the Philippines, IUCN, and U.S. Department of State (Government of the United States of America). 85
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