TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN WHALING ACTIVITIES
Otto, K. 1997. Animal Pain Behaviour. DTW Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift 104(2): 46-48.
Sanderson, I.T. 1956. Follow the Whale. Little, Brown and Company, Boston.
Øen, E.O. 1983. Killing times of minke whales in the Norwegian coastal whaling in 1981 and 1982 seasons.
Norsisk Veterinaer Medicin 35(7-9): 314-318.
Øen, E.O. 1995. A Norwegian penthrite grenade for minke whales: development, model description and results
of hunting trials with Norwegian prototypes and a modified Japanese penthrite grenade in 1983. In Killing
Methods for Minke and Bowhead Whales. E.O. Øen, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
Submitted by Norway to the 1995 IWC Workshop on Whale Killing Methods and Associated Welfare Issues.
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Øen, E.O. 1999. Improvements in hunting and Killing Methods for Minke Whales in Norway. Submitted by
the Government of Norway to the 1999 IWC Workshop on Whale Killing Methods. IWC/51/WK11.
Footnotes
1 Black powder is a mechanical mixture of sulphur, saltpetre and charcoal (Øen 1995).
2 Article III, paragraph 6, International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling 1946.
3 Knudsen and Øen (2003) noted that an oblique shot to one minke causes a detonation in region B (between
the rear of the brain and the pectoral flippers) in the muscle tissue, with an exit wound in front of one of the
pectoral flippers. Despite being closer to the brain than other detonations, this blast did not cause skull
fracture (except of the ear bones), as some energy may have been lost to the water.
4 The Faroe Islands is the only exception, providing some details on the methods used, but no regular data on
time to death.
5 Article III, paragraphs 10d and 10e of the ICRW.
6 Relaxation of lower jaw or no flipper movement or sinking without active movement (Anon 1980).