TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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experienced in December, or y could even be 10.5 metres when the heave is 3.4 metres as can be experienced in March. In addition, if we include the effects of surge, this will give a deviation to y of ± 0.13 metres in December and ± 0.31 metres in March. Moreover, there is also the component of movement caused by sway, which will give a left or right deviation of y of 0.31 metres in December and 0.60 metres in March. In conclusion, the relatively large motions experienced in March and their relatively high frequency of motion in December will impact greatly on the accuracy of the gunners while hunting in this ocean region during either December or March. Conclusions The weather condition, sea state and ship motions which are discussed in this study, give rise to serious concern about the ability to accurately harpoon a whale and to reliably kill a whale instantaneously. Major differences exist between the shooting of terrestrial mammals and the killing of whales, as during whaling operations both the gunner and the animal are in motion in almost all cases. Furthermore, the gunner has no means to reduce these movements. It is, therefore, appropriate to relate weather and sea conditions, and harpoon and ship motions, to the proportion of whales that are not being killed instantaneously. If the weather or sea conditions, or the motions of a ship do not allow a properly aimed shot, then there is significant risk of poorly placed harpoon hits resulting in extended TTD’s and animal suffering. This argument provides a strong case that harpooning should be halted under difficult sea conditions, to promote best practice, and to help protect the welfare of the hunted animal. Acknowledgements The Humane Society of the United Sates, the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society and the World Society for the Protection of Animals are acknowledged for their support in enabling this study. The data collection by the automatic weather station at Scott Island is based on support by the US National Science Foundation under Grants No. OPP-0088058 and OPP-9726040. The Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set project of the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration of the Department of Commerce and the National Science Foundation’s National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in the US are kindly thanked for the precipitation, fog and wind speed data and their support. NCAR is supported by grants from the US National Science Foundation. Oceanweather Inc. in Cos Cob, CT (US) is thanked very much for their wave estimates. WL Delft Hydraulics in Delft (Netherlands), Dr. Jasionowski and Professor Vassalos of the Ship Stability Research Centre in Glasgow (UK), and Dr. Bunnik of the Maritime Research Institute in Wageningen (Netherlands) kindly provided assistance and explanations about ship motions. References Anon 1991. Japanese Research on Antarctic Whale Resources. Institute of Cetacean Research. Anon 1999. Report of the workshop on whale killing methods. IWC/51/12. Anon 2003. Report of the workshop on whale willing methods and associated welfare issues. IWC/55/ rep 5. Anon 2000. Report on whale killing method in 1999/2000 Japanese whale research program under special permit in the Antarctic (JARPA). WKM&AW/52/10. Anon 2001. Report on whale killing methods in the 2000/2001 JARPA. WKM&AWI/53/7. Anon 2002. Ship motions calculated by strip theory. Report No. 18574-1-CPO. Maritime Research Institute, WEATHER, SEA CONDITION AND SHIP MOTIONS AFFECTING ACCURACY IN WHALING 67
68 A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN WHALING ACTIVITIES Wageningen, Netherlands, 7 p. (see also: http://www.marin.nl/services/softwaredevelopment/cps%5Fshipmo.html). Ishikawa, H. 2003. Report on whale killing methods in the 2002/2003 JARPA and improvement of the time to death in the Japanese whale research programs (JARPA and JARPN), IWC / 55/ WK 25. Kestin, S.C. 1995. Welfare aspects of the commercial slaughter of whales. Animal welfare 4: 11-27. Knudsen, S.K. and Øen, E.O. 2003. Blast-induced neurotrauma in whales. Neuroscience Research 46 (3): 377- 386. Kojima, T. 1993. The Japanese Research Whaling. In: Whaling Issues and Japan’s Whale Research, Institute of Cetacean research, (see also http://luna.pos.to/whale/icr_wijwr_jrw.html ). Mierzejewska, A.W., Wu, Z., Newell, R.E. and Miyashita, T. 1997. Japanese whaling ships’ sea surface temperatures 1946-84, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 78 (3), 443-447. Nishiwaki et al. 1995 Report of the 1994/1995 cruise of the Japanese whale research programme under special permit (JARPA) in Antarctic area V. SC/47/SH5. Nishiwaki et al. 1997. Report of the 1996/1997 Japanese whale research program under special permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) in Area V and western part of Area VI. SC/49/SH10. Øen, E.O. 1992. The Norwegian hunt of minke whales: description and analysis of the minke whale hunt with cold harpoons in the 1981, 1982 and 1983 seasons. Proceedings IWC, IWC / 44/ HKW2. Øen, E.O. 2003. Improvements in hunting and killing methods for minke whales in Norway 1981-2003. IWC/ 55/ WK17. Van Liere, D.W. 2003. Sea and weather conditions in an area V region in the Southern Ocean Sanctuary with special reference to whale killing methods. IWC/ 55 / WK 3. Weiss, J.M. 1972. Psychological factors in stress and disease. Scientific American 226: 104-113 Wiepkema, P.J. and Koolhaas, J.M. 1993. Stress and animal welfare. Animal Welfare 2: 195-218
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Appendix II Colour plates ©Mark Vo
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Figure 13. Processing minke whales
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TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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