TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society
TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society
TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society
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2<br />
A REVIEW REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATIONS IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN WHALING WHALING ACTIVITIES<br />
1 Executive Summary<br />
This review examines the welfare implications of the methods currently used to hunt cetaceans<br />
(whales, dolphins <strong>and</strong> porpoises) for commercial, special permit <strong>and</strong> Aboriginal Subsistence<br />
Whaling (ASW) purposes. The welfare implications are assessed <strong>and</strong> the question raised as to<br />
whether whaling could be conducted in a reliably humane manner. The report calls on the<br />
International Whaling Commission (IWC) to urgently address the severe welfare problems<br />
attendant in modern whaling activities.<br />
The welfare implications of modern whale killing methods<br />
• The physiological adaptations of cetaceans to the marine environment have significant<br />
implications for whale welfare during whaling operations. Adaptations for diving may make it<br />
difficult to determine when these animals are dead. Their sheer mass, complex vascular systems <strong>and</strong><br />
specific anatomical features may also impede efforts to kill them swiftly <strong>and</strong> humanely.<br />
• In general, current killing methods are not adequately adapted for the species being killed.<br />
Morphological features such as size, blubber thickness, skeletal structure <strong>and</strong> location of vital organs<br />
significantly influence the efficacy of a particular killing method. These differences may effect the<br />
course of projectiles through the body, as they travel through different thicknesses of blubber <strong>and</strong><br />
muscle <strong>and</strong> encounter bone <strong>and</strong> vital organs at specific locations. Such factors may also vary<br />
between individuals of the same species, according to age, sex <strong>and</strong> season. During whaling<br />
operations, where accuracy is often poor, these specific characteristics may greatly increase the<br />
margin for error <strong>and</strong> influence the time to death (TTD) <strong>and</strong> associated suffering.<br />
• Lack of due consideration to species specific killing requirements may be a major contributory<br />
factor in protracted times to death <strong>and</strong> may be a particular cause for concern where larger species,<br />
such as fin <strong>and</strong> sperm whales, are killed using methods developed for the much smaller minke<br />
species.<br />
Commercial <strong>and</strong> special permit whaling<br />
• The main killing method used during commercial <strong>and</strong> special permit whaling is the penthrite<br />
grenade harpoon fired from a cannon mounted on the bow of a ship. The harpoon is intended to<br />
penetrate about 30 cm (12 inches) into the minke whale before detonating. The aim is to kill the<br />
animal through neurotrauma induced by the blast-generated pressure waves of the explosion.<br />
However, if the first harpoon fails to kill the whale, then a second penthrite harpoon or a rifle<br />
(minimum calibre 9.3mm) is used as a secondary killing method.<br />
• Despite the similarity of the killing methods used, there are marked differences in reported<br />
killing efficiency between Japan <strong>and</strong> Norway. According to Norwegian data, in 2002, 80.7 per<br />
cent of minke whales were killed instantaneously. During the 2002/2003 Japanese minke whale<br />
hunt in Antarctica, only 40.2 per cent of whales were recorded as killed instantaneously.<br />
• Recent data show that, for commercial <strong>and</strong> scientific whale hunts, the average time to death is over<br />
two minutes.