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THE MOVABLE CAPITAL OF PAMPANGA Bacolor became the capital of Pampanga in 1755, or 184 years after Spain created the Province of Pampanga and seven (7) years before it became the interim capital of the Philippines during the British Occupation. Before 1755, Mexico town “es la corte de Pampanga,” according to Spanish chronicler Fray Gaspar de San Agustin, while Bacolor “es la capital” and Guagua “es igualmente.” Historian Dr. Luciano Santiago theorizes that before Bacolor was formally recognized as provincial capital, it was already informally functioning as capital although other provincial administrative offices were elsewhere in Mexico and Guagua; it was probably shortly before 1755 that the provincial government organized itself in one town. When Bacolor became the capital of the entire Philippines in 1762-1765, the capital of Pampanga was relocated to Factoria (San Isidro) in Nueva Ecija, farther upstream in the Rio Grande, according to documents in the Luther Parker Collections. At that time, the territory of Pampanga covered practically the whole of Central Luzon and Nueva Ecija as a province was still non-existent. The provincial officials thought it wise to move the capital as far away from Bacolor as possible in anticipation of British attacks— which in fact happened. One account says that the alcalde mayor (term for provincial governors at the time), a Señor Biron, was already in Factoria when the British invaded Sasmuan from Manila Bay through the Rio Grande; he ordered all residents of Sasmuan to get into their boats and evacuate to Cabiao, near Factoria, for the duration of the British Occupation. After the British left the country in 1765 (the Seven Years’ War between Spain and England had ended in Europe), Gov. Gen. Simon de Anda left Bacolor and returned the capital to Manila, and the capital of Pampanga was returned from Factoria to Bacolor. Bacolor functioned as provincial capital until 1904, when San Fernando became the new capital of Pampanga. At the height of lahar devastation in 1995, there were talks of relocating the capital, albeit temporarily, to higher ground. In fact, several regional and provincial government offices were moved to Angeles City, Maimpis and other spots between Angeles and San Fernando. 80 San Fernando is not the only town to which the provincial capital had been relocated By Robby Tantingco The functions of provincial government were once located in Mexico, Guagua and Bacolor before they were organized in one capital, Bacolor. When Bacolor became capital of the Philippines in 1762-65, the provincial capital was moved to San Isidro in an area in Pampanga that would eventually become the Nueva Ecija province. Mexico convento (Fray Francis Musni/Convento de San Agustin) Guagua church (Fray Francis Musni/Convento de San Agustin) Bacolor Casa Real (above), San Fernando town square (below)
Kuliat Foundation Rafael Del Rosario: last town mayor, first city mayor The visionary families in Angeles like the Nepomucenos, who built the town’s electric plant, ice plant, soft drinks factory, co-educational school, upscale subdivision, and commercial center, laid the first stones for the foundation of a city. But it was only after the disruptive World War II that the pace towards cityhood really quickened. This is due to two factors: Expansion of Clark Air Base As the Cold War escalated, followed by the start of the Vietnam War, the US military installation began playing a crucial role in American foreign and military affairs. Thousands more US servicemen were assigned to Clark Air Base, and Angeles grew side by side with the military base. People from other towns came seeking employment at Clark; eventually they and their families established residence in the town. Huk problem in the countryside At the height of the Huk-government clashes, barrio people abandoned their houses and lived in the safer town of Angeles. Rural folks had been caught in the crossfire, perceived Huk sympathizers were liquidated by government forces, while those who were perceived to work for the government were “salvaged” by the insurgents. Mayor Rafael S. del Rosario, who took office in 1960, convinced the municipal council to pass a resolution for the conversion of Angeles into a city, then, assisted by Atty. Enrique Tayag, the Mayor prepared the city charter and later, with the help of Rep. Juanita L. Nepomuceno, got the bill approved in Congress. The bill carried with it a referendum clause calling for a plebiscite to coincide with the next local elections. Thus, Del Rosario ran for re-election and campaigned for the ratification at the same time in 1963. Angeles was formally inaugurated as a city on January 1, 1964. Mayor Del Rosario gained the distinction of being the last town mayor and first city mayor of Angeles, aside from earning the title Father of the City Charter of Angeles. Reference: “Progress Review” (1972) Ed. By Ram Mercado (1988 Foundation Anniversary Souvenir Program) 81
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2 Photos top to bottom: 1. Angeles
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RECENT Abueva Monsod Albano Romero
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The Center for Kapampangan Studies
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Center, cable networks co-produce c
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The San Fernando town hall during t
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American Historical Collection Hal
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Servicio Historico Militar joins Ab
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This pre-1754 map shows no sign of
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Mariano Henson wrote that the origi
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20 A A 1911 1911 A CCOUNT CCOUNT OF
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22 These days, the cities of San Fe
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24 TIMELINE OF SAN FERNANDO HISTORY
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egories of personal cedulas and the
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San Fernando church in ruins after
Page 30 and 31: San Fernando Bridge, formerly Puent
Page 32 and 33: San Fernando suffered a near-fatal
Page 34 and 35: star in mainstream society and was
Page 36 and 37: contracts, not even by order of the
Page 38 and 39: 1796 Don Angel Pantaleon de Miranda
Page 40 and 41: The Pampangos transferred to its pr
Page 42 and 43: Fray Francis Musni/Convento de San
Page 44 and 45: Fort Stotsenburg, the precursor of
Page 46 and 47: Angeles Electric Corporation Doña
Page 48 and 49: Kapampangans played crucial roles i
Page 50 and 51: 50 TWO FUNERALS AND A WEDDING Funer
Page 52 and 53: which could seat more than ninety p
Page 54 and 55: The Early Principalia Since San Fer
Page 56 and 57: Hizon women in a 1976 pictorial org
Page 58: Children of Don Cristino Singian de
Page 61 and 62: Juan D. Nepomuceno with wife Teresa
Page 63 and 64: Dr. Jose Tayag and second wife Merc
Page 65 and 66: Rich landowner Sixto Timbol of Mexi
Page 67 and 68: ETYMOLOGY OF PLACENAMES IN SAN FERN
Page 69 and 70: Levi Panlilio Street in Sta. Lucia,
Page 71: ORIGIN OF PLACENAMES IN ANGELES Sal
Page 74 and 75: A wall of rampaging lahar in the Ab
Page 76 and 77: Pulúng Maragul is the place where
Page 78 and 79: 1881-1904: HOW SAN FERNANDO BECAME
Page 82 and 83: CITY CITY OF OF ANGELS ANGELS Resid
Page 84 and 85: The white and gold interior of the
Page 86 and 87: The interior of the Los Angeles de
Page 88 and 89: The US government used the Angeles
Page 90 and 91: On April 15, 1952, Kapampangans sta
Page 92 and 93: Kapampangans crowd around the repli
Page 94 and 95: 2. 2. The he Str Strang Str ang ang
Page 96 and 97: While the common folk flock to the
Page 98 and 99: 98 THE THE LANTERNS LANTERNS OF OF
Page 100 and 101: The kalesa (calesa or carromata) or
Page 102 and 103: For or ort or t Stotsenb Stotsenbur
Page 104 and 105: In the years leading to 1991, Angel
Page 106 and 107: 106 GALLOPING ECONOMIES San Fernand
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Page 110 and 111: George Tapan Chito Madroño and Rey
Page 112 and 113: (Alex Castro) (Alex Castro) Louisa
Page 114 and 115: untings to celebrate her win. Vicen
Page 116 and 117: PLA PLAYGR PLA GR GROUNDS GR OUNDS
Page 118 and 119: Complete list of Gobernadorcillos (
Page 120 and 121: Catalino Henson 1879-1880 Mariano C
Page 122 and 123: Complete list of Gobernadorcillos (
Page 124 and 125: All too often we discard them when
Page 126 and 127: 126 Highway near San Fernando in th
Page 128 and 129: 128 p.25 Sugar land owners’ count
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The Santos-Hizon House (Ivan Henare
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