Madagascar Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Value - Microlinks

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Cultivation is differentiated between agroforesty systems and plantations. Most AMP are either wildcrafted or cultivated, and some wild plants are increasingly cultivated due to scarcity or instability (or seasonality) of production in the wild. Table 13: Natural Resource Management Botanical Name Common Name Habitat Practice/ Production Harvest Impact Centella asiatica Talapetraka; centella Plains, prairies, rice Wildcrafted; stalk Little impact fields and leaves cut Cinnamomum Ravinstara; camphor Tanety Wildcrafted & Little impact camphora cultivated; cut stalks and leaves Cinnamomum verum Cinnamon Tanety (hillside); Wildcrafted & Little impact base of slope cultivated; cut stalks and bark Eucalyptus citrodora Eucalyptus Tanety Cultivated; cut stalks and leaves Little impact Eucalyptus globilus Eucalyptus Tanety Cultivated; cut stalks and leaves Little impact Eugenia cariophyllata Clove Slope Cultivated; cut stalks and flower cloves Little impact Hedychium coronarium Longoza; wild ginger Along river beds Wildcrafted; cut stalks and leaves No impact Lantana camara Lantana Slope; base of slope; Wildcrafted; cut No impact roadside flowers Melaleuca Niaouli; paper bark, Moist depressions Wildcrafted; cut No impact quinquenervia var viridoflora punk tree stalk and leaves Pelargonium x Geranium Depressions; tanety Cultivated; leaves Risk of erosion on aspermum tanety Piper nigrum Black pepper Base of slope; slope Cultivated; cut buches Little impact Prunus Africana Kotofihy; African Forest Wildcrafted; cut Decrease in plum tree stalks and leaves, tree and even root bark population Psiadia altissima Dingadingana Slope; Savoka (old Wildcrafted; cut No impact fallow) leaves Ranvesara aromatica Ranvesara Forest Wildcrafted; Decrease in population Tagetes minuta Tagetas Forest Wildcrafted; cut Significant decrease stalk and leaves in population Zingiber officinalis Ginger Slope Cultivated; root Serious risk of erosion MADAGASCAR AROMATIC AND MEDICINAL PLANT VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 42
Most plants wildcrafted from disturbed areas are spontaneously occurring herbaceous plants or bushes (e.g., Centella asiatica, Lantana camara). They are frequently abundant, and harvesting does not appear to lead to depletion. In some cases (e.g., rosy periwinkle), harvesting is purported to stimulate growth, as plants are maintained in a state of secondary succession. As discussed above, most plants wildcrafted from forests (e.g., Prunus africana, Ravensara aromatica, Tagetes minuta) are commonly open access and susceptible to overharvesting. Sustainable harvesting techniques exist for these plants, but demand surges and high values promote unsustainable practices, as wildcrafters (and opportunists at other levels) seek to maximize quantity (and therefore income) in a short period of time. Agroforestry encompasses both trees grown as traditional components of farm systems (e.g., clove) and trees that are being incorporated into forest gardens as they become relatively scarce in natural forests (e.g., Cinnamomum verum, P. africana). In some cases, distributors have encouraged villagers to cultivate these products as a means of increasing supply and quality. The relative stability of demand and high value has therefore begun to foster incentives for sustainable management. While structurally and biologically less complex than natural forests, these agroforestry systems not only offer economic alternatives outside of protected areas but maintain relatively higher levels of biodiversity and ecosystem complexity outside of protected areas than do other agricultural systems. TEXT BOX 8: SELF- IDENTIFIED OPPORTUNITIES Upon witnessing a serious threat to the survival of the cinnamon tree (C. aromatica) due to over exploitation, a federation of exporters petitioned the Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests to impose a two-year ban on the export of its bark and byproducts. This was enacted. During that period, members of the federation replanted cinnamon trees in plantations and through agroforestry practices. Exports have expanded twentyfold and trees are now under sustainable production. Source: Phael Flor For some plants, plantations can be an effective way of structuring production, particularly for plants that are exotic (e.g., Cinnamomum camphora, Eucalyptus sp.) or scarce in nature (e.g. Cinnamomum aromatica). Plantation cultivation can lead to stable supplies, greater control over quality, and sustainable production. Because they are generally controlled by vertically integrated firms, they do not necessarily create alternative income opportunities for local people that might relieve some pressure from natural forest. Biodiversity linkages: In a general sense, while AMP present an opportunity to promote sustainable management of specific resources and create income sources outside of forest corridors, their direct link to biodiversity conservation is tenuous. As noted above, economic value does not necessarily translate into incentives for sustainable management, much less biodiversity conservation. A stable demand could increase the time horizon and economic incentives for sustainable management. Clear and consistently applied norms could also improve harvesting behavior, though this is difficult to monitor for some products. These types of signals must come from downstream value chain actors, especially end market distributors. The greatest incentives for conservation of biodiversity per se (as opposed to conservation of particular species) may come from bioprospecting, which places an option value on diverse plant species as a repository of yet undiscovered medicines. Programs such as ICBG in Zahamena provide local people with “up-front” compensation through support for income generating projects in return for commitments to conservation and rights to search for new plantbased drugs. The ICBG also makes provisions to share benefits and royalties for drugs that are discovered and taken to market (though this has not yet happened in Madagascar). MADAGASCAR AROMATIC AND MEDICINAL PLANT VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 43
Page 1 and 2: MADAGASCAR AROMATIC AND MEDICINAL P
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS i I.
Page 5 and 6: I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Context of stu
Page 7 and 8: collectors and small retailers repr
Page 9 and 10: competitiveness but that these impr
Page 11 and 12: Inter-Firm Cooperation (Vertical) D
Page 13 and 14: II. BACKGROUND A. INTRODUCTION Mada
Page 15 and 16: • reduce poverty through increase
Page 17 and 18: products, many of which have relati
Page 19 and 20: Table 1 summarizes the principal pl
Page 21 and 22: 1. EXPORT MARKETS In terms of value
Page 23 and 24: Table 3: Prevalence of Medicinal Pl
Page 25 and 26: the packets or herbal mixes sold by
Page 27 and 28: this process and offer potential ve
Page 29 and 30: period and do not take into account
Page 31 and 32: ownership) of natural resources fro
Page 33 and 34: have begun facilitating informal as
Page 35 and 36: 2. COLLECTORS Collectors and sub-co
Page 37 and 38: Table 8: Estimated Numbers of Forma
Page 39 and 40: mass local consumer. The simplicity
Page 41 and 42: Research institutions and laborator
Page 43 and 44: action to reduce pressure on the ec
Page 45: Table 12: Access Map Actor Type of
Page 49 and 50: friction between formal and informa
Page 51 and 52: Table 15: Inter-Firm Cooperation (V
Page 53 and 54: Table 17: Firm-Level Upgrading Leve
Page 55 and 56: Constraint Action Timeframe Lead ab
Page 57 and 58: Support partners WHO ACTION Process
Page 59 and 60: V. CONCLUSION: LINKING VALUE CHAINS
Page 61 and 62: . Strengthening local government. R
Page 63 and 64: • The relationships between these
Page 65 and 66: ANNEX 2: EXPORT PRICE OF SELECT MAL
Page 67 and 68: Wildcrafting talepetraka Wildcrafti
Page 69 and 70: Small, formal distillery Stakeholde
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Madagascar Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Value - Microlinks

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