A history of Telugu literature; - Cristo Raul

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96 A HISTORY OF TELUGU LITERATURE It is easy putrifaction. to dismiss the whole But when we set the outlook as immoral Southern against the Northern school, it is difficult to escape the conviction that some social upheaval has thrown into relief the problem of sexual relations, which the Northern school deals in a .conventional, and the Southern in an unconventional, way. As we read we are led to ask ' Is it pruriency or philo- Is the problem of the " eternal triangle " not ' ' sophy ? or, quite so modern as we sometimes suppose ? '
IX POPULAR LITERATURE THE impulse for the translation of Sanskrit epics and Puranas, with which Telugu literature begins, had its roots in a religious movement to spread the Aryan culture among the people. This was achieved to a very limited extent only, because the tone and style of Champu Kavya was beyond the comprehension of the masses, even when read to them. So it remained essentially the literature of the educated. With the growth of time, the divergence between the literary and popular language became very marked. Literature became the exclusive possession of a select few, of considerable learning. The poet ceased to write even for the educated, but only for the pandit. The problem of bringing to the average man the heritage of the past was, however, not left unsolved. The desideratum of a popular literature, in a country where the generality of society is illiterate, is a simplicity of style and substance, an appealing rhythm, an easy swing of movement, which renders what is heard easily memorized. The new literary vehicles for the dissemination of knowledge among the people were found in Dvipada and Sataka. Dvipada means two feet, i.e., a couplet; sataka means a hundred, that is a cento of verses. Though primarily literary forms, they have by association come to signify a type of literature intended for popular use, different and distinguishable from the epic and the kavya. When released from the necessity of translating from Sanskrit, the Telugu poet naturally turned to these two modes as most suitable to his native genius, and best adopted for self-expression. Dvipada Literature. Nanniah employed a metre called taruwja, which consisted of two easily separable halves,
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THE HERITAGE OF INDIA SERIES Planne
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EDITORIAL PREFACE Finally, brethren
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ftS& m I'
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FOREWORD I HAVE cursorily glanced t
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FOREWORD 7 with Telugu literature.
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PREFACE THIS volume is the first at
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I INTRODUCTORY TELUGU is one of the
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INTRODUCTORY 15 the Krishna,which w
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INTRODUCTORY 17 ruled practically t
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INTRODUCTORY 19 been recovered from
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HISTORICAL AND RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND
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Ill THE LIFE OF A POET THE poet in
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THE LIFE OF A POET 31 life that the
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IV LITERARY MODES AND FORMS The Sub
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LITERARY MODES AND FORMS 35 is the
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AT the outset of Telugu literature,
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EARLY BEGINNINGS, THE DEI AND MARGI
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VI PURANA YUGA, OR THE AGE OF TRANS
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THE AGE OF TRANSLATION 43 labour of
Page 53 and 54: THE AGE OF TRANSLATION 45 forward t
Page 55 and 56: THE AGE OF TRANSLATION 47 Many inte
Page 57 and 58: THE AGE OF TRANSLATION 49 Errapraga
Page 59 and 60: THE AGE OF TRANSLATION 51 and the t
Page 61 and 62: THE AGE OF TRANSLATION 53 has insta
Page 63 and 64: THE AGE OF TRANSLATION 55 Though as
Page 65 and 66: THE AGE OF TRANSLATION 57 Sataka, s
Page 67 and 68: THE AGE OF TRANSLATION 59* Bhima Ka
Page 69 and 70: THE AGE OF TRANSLATION 61 light run
Page 71 and 72: lopment of Telugu literature in the
Page 73 and 74: THE AGE OF TRANSLATION 65 Potana is
Page 75 and 76: THE AGE OF TRANSLATION 67 whose fav
Page 77 and 78: VII THE PERIOD OF THE PRABANDHAS (A
Page 79 and 80: THE PERIOD OF THE PRABANDHAS 71 enc
Page 81 and 82: hava. A pious Brahmin of Arunaspada
Page 83 and 84: THE PERIOD OF THE PRABANDHAS 75 wro
Page 85 and 86: THE PERIOD OF THE PRABANDHAS 77 emp
Page 87 and 88: THE PERIOD OF THE PRABANDHAS 79 rea
Page 89 and 90: THE PERIOD OF THE PRABANDHAS 81 bey
Page 91 and 92: THE PERIOD OF THE PRABANDHAS 83 Ram
Page 93 and 94: THE PERIOD OF THE PRABANDHAS 85 The
Page 95 and 96: THE PERIOD OF STAGNATION 87 2. The
Page 97 and 98: THE PERIOD OF STAGNATION 89 This ty
Page 99 and 100: THE PERIOD OF STAGNATION 91 2. Shis
Page 101 and 102: THE PERIOD OF STAGNATION 93 Purdna
Page 103: THE PERIOD OF STAGNATION 95 social
Page 107 and 108: POPULAR LITERATURE 99 or two sataka
Page 109 and 110: POPULAR LITERATURE 101 the prayers
Page 111 and 112: WOMEN POETS 103 not get the right l
Page 113 and 114: XI CHRISTIAN AND MUHAMMADAN POETS C
Page 115 and 116: CHRISTIAN AND MUHAMMADAN POETS 107
Page 117 and 118: THE MODERN PERIOD 109 CRITICAL ACTI
Page 119 and 120: THE MODERN PERIOD 111 Folklore is b
Page 121 and 122: THE MODERN PERIOD 113 unchanged thr
Page 123 and 124: THE MODERN PERIOD 115 Social Satire
Page 125 and 126: the * high prose ' THE MODERN PERIO
Page 127 and 128: THE MODERN PERIOD 119 Magazines and
Page 129 and 130: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT 121 poets a
Page 131 and 132: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT 123 life, t
Page 133 and 134: A BBANAMATYA, Kanuparti, f* 90 Abhi
Page 135 and 136: Fifteenth Century Poets, 62 ff. Fol
Page 137 and 138: Nalacharitra, 89 Nallanna (= Atharv
Page 139 and 140: Satya Vadhu Prenanamu, 71 Sdvitrl C
Page 143: to CO H o 4 01 *_: ^^ M* rt tj i cd
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A history of Telugu literature; - Cristo Raul

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