american samoa - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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itnd li~t-hx inlilr~d by lowland forcsl donlinalccl by within the park (il was only seen to be common at I!y.vo\ylunl tnuolu. Rclbre Amalau was disturbed, it the north end of Vatia village). On uninhabited was probably very similar to a site studied at Aiga Rose Atoll, however, which is the site for an Bay on the western end of the island (Whistler 1980) extensive seabird colony, the only patch of forest and shown in Fig. 15. On steep coasts, the zone of littoral forest may extend much farther inland. In a plot (Appendix B: plot 2) on Sauma Ridge at 185 m elevation and nearly a half mile away from the coast (down the ridge), a littoral tree, Barringtonia usiutica (fish-poison tree, futu) was the second dominant species with 17% relative dominance. present is entirely dominated by huge - Pisonia trees. Hibiscus is an adaptable species that may dominate in freshwater swamps, on the margins of mangrove forests, along estuaries, on beaches, on talus slopes, and in disturbed lowland forest up to the higher elevations of the island. It is a secondary Burringtonia is, in fact, the dominant littoral forest tree on all the coasts within the park, as it is on nearly all of the coasts of the whole island. This huge tree has thick, spreading branches that may even overhang the shore in protected areas. On the thrce areas of coral rubble beach within the park, Bwringhnia probably has a relative dominance of over 80%. A similar figure may apply to the littoral forest on steep slopes. The second most abundant species is either Terminalia catappa (tropical almond, talie) or Calophyllum inophyllum (Alexandrian laurel, fetau), which are similar in size and shape to Burringlonia, although perhaps somewhat taller. Also present in the littoral forests within the park are Hernandiu nymphaeifolia (Chinese-lantern tree, pula), Pisonia grandis (pisonia, pu'avai), Hibiscus ~iliuceus (beach hibiscus, fau), Thespesia populnea (Pacific rosewood, milo), Cerbera manghas (leva), Cocos nucifera (coconut, niu), and Guettarda speciosu (puapua). On sandy beaches Hernandia, which is a huge trce like the three most abundant species noted above, apparently replaces or competes with Ilurringtoniu in dominance. Since there are no sandy beaches within the park boundaries, this is a moot point. However, Hernandia shares dominance with Barringtonia and Pisonia in the small area of littoral forest north of the village of Vatia (Fig. 16). species on beaches (as it is in most of the places where it is found), and its presence usually indicates some kind of disturbance. It is a smaller tree than the littoral trees discussed above, and often forms dense thickets that are penetrated only with difficulty. The coconut is another species whose presence usually indicates disturbance. Although it may naturally dominate on sandy beaches of atolls, on the coasts of Samoa it is probably mostly or entirely a secondary species planted for its nuts. The other three trees, Cerbera, Guettarda, and Thespesia, are smaller and less common than the foregoing species, and have not been reported in Samoa to form a significant part of any littoral forest. A few other species, such as Planchonella grayana, Diospyros samoensis ('au'auli), and Diospyros elliptica ('anume), are common in some littoral forests. However, these trees are coastal rather than littoral, i.e., they occur in coastal regions, but not usually on the immediate shore. They are more frequent on coastal ridges, and will be discussed in more detail under lowland forest. B. Wetlands As noted above, this category comprises swamps and marshes. Although no swamps or marshes are found within the Tutuila park boundaries, the marsh adjacent to Vatia village is discussed here because it is so close to the park, because it is relatively undisturbed, and because it is a vegetation type under considerable pressure in Samoa. The report on the Ta'u unit of the National Park (1992~) Pisonia is typical of undisturbed beaches where seabird colonies are found (its sticky fruits are discussed a wetland from that island under transported attached to seabird feathers). The "disturbed coastal marsh." The largest marsh on that probable demise of seabird colonies in the past because of overharvesting may account for the limited extent of Pisonja on Tutuila as well as island is located at Ta'u village; it is similar to the one at Vatia, but was not discussed in the 1992 report because it is not within the park boundaries.
Figure 16. Littoral forest north of Vatia. Figure 17. Vatia coastal marsh. 19
Page 1 and 2: COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS I . INTRODUCTION
Page 5 and 6: LEGEND B \ PROPOSED PARK AREA OFU I
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3 VEGETATION TYPE MAP Tutuil
Page 9 and 10: Figure 4. Pago Pago Bay, with Mt. M
Page 11 and 12: 'IJpolu, and 'Ta'u as well). The on
Page 13 and 14: nu pucijicuJ; an Eurya? [Eurya pick
Page 15 and 16: category recognized in the report o
Page 17 and 18: Figure 10. Tuafanua Beach west of V
Page 19 and 20: Figure 12. Littoral shrubland veget
Page 21: Figure 14. Littoral shrubland veget
Page 25 and 26: Soils differ in origin and age of t
Page 27 and 28: example on Tutuila is the climbing
Page 29 and 30: When undisturbed, the floor of the
Page 31 and 32: incrme (aloalo tai) may also be com
Page 34 and 35: coastal ridges, decreases in import
Page 36 and 37: Scvcral other trees are characteris
Page 38 and 39: poIvon/l~os, Dtrvulliu solidu (whic
Page 40 and 41: Although Mauga-o-Tula lacks some of
Page 42 and 43: introduced weeds, many of the Polyn
Page 44 and 45: even mature secondary forest, it le
Page 46 and 47: there). No increased access should
Page 48 and 49: Whistler, W. A. 1976. Wetlands of A
Page 50 and 51: Acrostichum aureum L. [swamp fern]
Page 52 and 53: Uncommon in montane to cloud forest
Page 54 and 55: 171 ; Setchell 393; Christophersen
Page 56 and 57: of the costa. Uncommon in montane t
Page 58 and 59: liom China to I'itcairn Island. USE
Page 60 and 61: lamina deeply cut into 1-10 lobes,
Page 62 and 63: Antrophyum alatum Bracken. VITTARIA
Page 64 and 65: weed in villages and along roadside
Page 66 and 67: 650 111 clevi~tion. A modern introd
Page 68 and 69: Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. [ironwe
Page 70 and 71: Uncomnion in secondary forest, prob
Page 72 and 73:
from near sea level to 400 m elevat
Page 74 and 75:
*Charnaesyce prostrata (Ait.) Small
Page 76 and 77:
elevation. A modern introduction, n
Page 78 and 79:
Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.
Page 80 and 81:
Cyrtandra samoensis A. Gray momolea
Page 82 and 83:
'Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Co
Page 84 and 85:
Ficus prolixa Forst. f. [banyan] ao
Page 86 and 87:
found in Tonga, Futuna, and Fiji. S
Page 88 and 89:
Peperomia pellucida (L,.) Kunth POL
Page 90 and 91:
*Gardenia taitensis DC. "Hedyotis c
Page 92 and 93:
elevation. This species should be t
Page 94 and 95:
"Physalis angulata L. 1 wild cape g
Page 96 and 97:
*Etatosterna scabriusculum Setchell
Page 98 and 99:
Epipremnum pinnaturn (L.) Engl. Ili
Page 100 and 101:
Mariscus secmannianus (Boeck.) Pall
Page 102 and 103:
*Bulbophyllurn samoanum Schlechter
Page 104 and 105:
Malaxis resupinata (Forst. f.) Kunt
Page 106 and 107:
F. homhronii Mart.; it differs from
Page 108 and 109:
this in D. ciliaris, but the two ha
Page 110 and 111:
Paspalurn orbiculare Forst. f. Mcdi
Page 112 and 113:
APPENDIX B: PLOT DATA (Basal area i
Page 114 and 115:
PLOT 4: MULIULU LOWLAND RIDGE FORES
Page 116 and 117:
PLOT 6: TIATAUALA LOWLAND RIDGE FOR
Page 118 and 119:
PLOT 8: OLO LOWLAND RIDGE FOREST (2
Page 120 and 121:
PLOT 10: AMALAU LOWLAND VALLEY FORE
Page 122 and 123:
PLOT 12: ALAVA MONTANE FOREST* (400
Page 124 and 125:
APPENDIX C: SEASONALITY OF IMPORTAN
Page 126 and 127:
MORACEAE Ikus godcfl'royi 1;icus ob
Page 128 and 129:
SPECIES FAMILY FLOWERING DATES FRUI
Page 130 and 131:
2. Littoral Shrubland Two types of
Page 132 and 133:
the relatively undisturbed places,
Page 134 and 135:
harvcyana (laupata), Morinda citrif
Page 136 and 137:
APPENDIX F. SUMMARY OF THE VASCULAR
Page 138 and 139:
VIlTAKIACEAE Amrophyurn alaturn Ant
Page 140 and 141:
Species FAMILY Status* E I P M ....
Page 142 and 143:
MYRSINACEAE Embelia vaupelii Maesa
Page 144 and 145:
Species FAMILY Status* E I P M VEKB
Page 146:
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