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S 120 jio 100 ,9 THE STRUCTURE AND LIFE 3I \\ \II\ III JV J'Aj/axrant/iifie ii \ \- I Or&n coloring matter cfo w fo 3i> 7" Fig. 3- 4o OBQ Spectra given by certain diatoms and by chlorophyl (after P. Petit. Copy Engraving belonging to R.M.S. ) I. Chlorophyl of higher plants. 3. Pxycoxanthin extracted from diatoms. 3. The green colouring matter (chlorophyl) of diatoms. . 4. 5. 7. Spectra of the endochrome of various diatoms.
HISTORY OF DIATOMS. 7 of alcohol at 90 . Thus the two colouring elements are isolated, and it only remains to evaporate the solvents to obtain the elements in a solid state. The plate on the preceding page represents the spectra of various kinds of endochrome which have been obtained by Mr. Petit in a pure state, compared with the spectra of chlorophyl. Petit's researches are very important, but according to an anonymous critic, published in a note in the English Mechanic, they are incomplete. At the time when Petit published his work, says the critic, he was unacquainted with the long and important paper published by Sorby in 1873 on the colouring materials of the vegetable kingdom. U) It is shewn in Sorby's paper that certain colouring materials which had, t<strong>ill</strong> then, been considered simple, could be separated into many others. Thus the phycoxanthine of Petit, which is identical with the phycoxanthine of Kraus, consists of the yellow xanthophyl of Sorby with the addition of chlorofuchsine, true fucoxanthine and lichnoxanthine, the whole being slightly stained by the presence of a little chlorophyl (which is itself a compound substance) ( 2 ) and of a very small quantity of phycoxanthine. We must refer the reader who desires to study these different substances to Sorby's paper, as this subject exhaustively treated. cannot here be It w<strong>ill</strong> be sufficient for the diatom student to know that diatomine is extremely analogous to the chlorophyl of higher plants, and that like it, it decomposes the carbonic acid of the air under the influence of solar light, rejecting the oxygen, and assimilating the carbon. It is in consequence of this action that diatoms are able to perform the important function of purifying water. The valves of diatoms assume every variety of shape and form ; they are, as a rule, mutually symmetrical, slightly convex on the outside and (') On Comparative Vegetable Chromatology, by H. C. Sorby. Proceedings of Royal Society, N. 146, June, 1873, pp. 442-483. 3 The ( ) green colouring matter of higher plants, according to Sorby (op. cit. ), is of very complex composition and that in leaves taken from the shade differs from that in those exposed to the sun. In the leaves of Aucuba Japonica, for example, Sorby found what he called "blue chlorophyl," "yellow chlorophyl," "orange chlorophyl," and "mixed chlorophyl,'' in which latter again he detects " yellow xanthophyl " and "lichnoxanthine." The latest researches of the French chemists, Messrs. Fremy and Arm. Gautier, have not pronounced it of so complex a composition ; Mr. Arm. Gautier has shewn that the chlorophyl is a distinct substance, crystallizing in intensely green flat needle-like crystals, which are slightly acid. By oxidizing or deoxidising the chlorophyl a variety of derivative salts of yellow, green, red, and brown colours can be formed. When digested in warm concentrated hydrochloric acid, it divides a brown solution in into two substances the one which is insoluble in this ; liquid, but forming warm alcohol or ether, is the phylloxanthine of Fremy while the ; other, which is of a bluish green hue, has acid properties and is the phyllocyanic acid (which he formerly called phyllocyanine) of the same author.
Page 1: ill!Ill mmm il
Page 8 and 9: PRINTED BY W. E. BAXTER LIMITED, LF
Page 11: &rd&(?ea?c&if -Aetccac^
Page 14 and 15: vi. author's preface. Every effort
Page 16 and 17: Vlll. TRANSLATOR S PREFACE. In spit
Page 18 and 19: Page
Page 20 and 21: XII. CONTENTS. Genus 32. Anorthonei
Page 22 and 23: XIV. CONTENTS. Genus 68. .... Page
Page 24 and 25: XVI. CONTENTS. Genus 103. Genus 104
Page 26 and 27: XV111. CONTENTS. Genus 15?. Genus 1
Page 28 and 29: XX. Genkra dubia et Inceiote sedis
Page 30 and 31: 2 THE STRUCTURE AND LIFE Finally, t
Page 32 and 33: 4 THE STRUCTURE AND LIFE Mr. Otto M
Page 36 and 37: 8 THE STRUCTURE AND LIFE concave on
Page 38 and 39: IO THE STRUCTURE AND LIFE ^y- ,.0 "
Page 40 and 41: 12 THE STRUCTURE AND LIFE either si
Page 42 and 43: 14 valve over each divided surface
Page 44 and 45: x 6 THE STRUCTURE AND LIFE matter i
Page 46 and 47: S THE STRUCTURE AND LIFE of Bacteri
Page 48 and 49: 20 THE STRUCTURE AND LIFE F 'g- J 3
Page 50 and 51: 22 THE STRUCTURE AND LIFE " I have
Page 52 and 53: 24 STUDY OF DIATOMS. have undertake
Page 54 and 55: 26 STUDY OF DIATOMS. Fig. 17. The V
Page 56 and 57: 28 DRAWING AND DETERMINING THE SPEC
Page 58 and 59: 30 COLLECTING DIATOMS. The only len
Page 60 and 61: 32 COLLECTING DIATOMS. " Let us ste
Page 62 and 63: 34 COLLECTING DIATOMS. ellipsis. On
Page 64 and 65: 36 COLLECTING DIATOMS. " The sand i
Page 66 and 67: 38 COLLECTING DIATOMS. at present e
Page 68 and 69: 40 COLLECTING DIATOMS. Special appa
Page 70 and 71: 42 COLLECTING DIATOMS. S.W.iW. or S
Page 72 and 73: 44 CULTIVATION OF DIATOMS. Dr. Macc
Page 74 and 75: 4 6 CULTIVATION OF DIATOMS. even th
Page 76 and 77: 48 CULTIVATION OF DIATOMS. A short
Page 78 and 79: 50 CULTIVATION OF DIATOMS. deranged
Page 80 and 81: 52 CULTIVATION OF DIATOMS. The puri
Page 82 and 83: 54 CULTIVATION OF DIATOMS liquid, s
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56 TERATOLOGY OF DIATOMS. appreciab
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58 TERATOLOGY OF DIATOMS. Deformed
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60 TERATOLOGY OF DIATOMS. ii. Same
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62 TERATOLOGY OF DIATOMS. " In the
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64 TERATOLOGY OF DIATOMS. But not o
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66 PREPARATION OF DIATOMS. diatoms
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68 PREPARATION OF DIATOMS. cohering
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70 PREPARATION OF DIATOMS. for the
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72 fall to the bottom ; then PREPAR
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74 PREPARATION OF DIATOMS. The liqu
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76 PREPARATION OF DIATOMS. " This d
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78 PREPARATION OF DIATOMS. However,
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80 PREPARATION OF DIATOMS. or if I
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82 PREPARATION OF DIATOMS. " These
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84 TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION O
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IOO TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
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102 TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
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CHAPTER III. BIBLIOGRAPHY. i. Gener
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106 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ehrenberg (C. G.)
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108 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Die chromatophore
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IIO BIBLIOGRAPHY. English Edition o
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112 BIBLIOGRAPHY. from which the pr
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114 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bossey (Dr. Franc
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[l6 BIBLIOGRAPHY. On the presence o
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[l8 BIBLIOGRAPHY. On the analysis o
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120 BIBLIOGRAPHY. On the British sp
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122 MEASUREMENT. Unit of Measuremen
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124 CYMBELLE.E. SUB-FAMILY I. RAPHI
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126 AMPHORA. Connecting -[ zone not
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128 AMPHORA. Very small. Frustule o
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130 AMPHORA. rather large, often fu
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f Fr 0. E o !3 2 AMPHORA. 5. Halamp
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134 AMPHORA. A. acutiuscula Kutz. (
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j -g AMPHORA. Gregory's figure is v
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138 AMPHORA. A. bacillaris Greg. (D
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140 CYMBELLA. ll quadrata Breb. ! (
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142 CYMBELLA. Sect. i. Ventral and
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144 CYMBELLA. straight, slightly ar
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146 CYM BELLA. C. abnormis Grun. (i
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148 ENCYONEMA. C. tumida Breb (Cocc
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150 ENCYONEMA. ;i rather broad hyal
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w u bo o w a S _o C o _rt o s rt a
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i54 MASTOGLOIA. A. Valves with stri
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'& STIGMOPHORA. B. Valve having hya
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158 U-'Ji Fig. 30. Stauroneis Phcen
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160 STAUR0NE1S. tabular, showing th
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162 NAVICULA. GENUS 7. NAVICULA BOR
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164 Valves not 1 inear. NAVICULA. c
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1 65 NAVICULA. Valve linear-ellipti
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i 68 NAVICULA. **Minores. Frustules
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170 NAVICULA. N. borealis Ehr. (Ver
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172 NAVICULA. space round the raphe
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174 NAVICULA. 2. Valves bi-undulate
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ij6 '] no NAVICULA. b. STRLE VERY D
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178 NAVICULA. var. Meniscus Schum.
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l8o NAVICULA. Valve broadly lanceol
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1 82 NAVICULA. Differs from the pre
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184 NAVICULA. cave sides, showing a
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1 86 NAVICULA. the apex of the valv
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1 88 NAVICULA. We give the descript
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TQO NAVICULA. N. compressicauda Ad.
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192 A . NAVICULA. Valve furnished w
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194 NAVICULA. N. Weissflogii A. Sch
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196 NAVICULA. raphe; 6 or 7 striae
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198 NAVICULA. Much more frequently
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20D NAVICULA. N. notabilis Grev. (T
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202 NAVICULA. are less marked, and
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204 pi. NAVICULA. N. praetexta Ehr.
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206 NAVICULA. My group, Aspera, cor
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208 NAVICULA. N. integra W. Sm. (S.
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210 NAVICULA. N. elegans W.Sm. (S.B
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2T2 NAVIGULA. N. Scandinavica (Lag.
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2T4 NAVICULA. Valve very elongate,
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2l6 N.WICULA. N. fusoides Grun. (Ar
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21 8 NAVICULA. N. formosa Greg. (T.
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2 20 NAVICULA. robust. Striae 16 or
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22 2 NAVICULA. XIX. Lineares. N. Li
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224 NAVICULA. N. Bacillum Ehr. (Mik
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226 f Valve with coarse striae simu
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228 NAVICULA. N. Falaisensis Grun.
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230 SCHIZONEMA. somewhat dilated ne
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232 SCH1Z0NEMA. Valve excessively s
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234 LIBELLUS. Caloneis Cleve. (rSor
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236 NKIDIUM. N. Hyalosira Cleve. (i
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23* Fig. 36. RHOICONEIS. we are dea
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240 VANHEURCKIA. I. Stria quite par
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242 AMPHIPLEURA. dots, arranged in
Page 272 and 273:
!44 BREBISSONIA. GENUS 16. BREBISSO
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246 SCOLIOPLEURA. GENUS 19. SCOLIOP
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248 Fig. 49. Donkinia recta. DONKIN
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Striae decussate (cutting one anoth
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252 PLEUROSIGMA. of points sometime
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254 PLEUROSIGMA. PI. acutum Norm. (
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256 PLEUROSIGMA. aa. LONGITUDINAL A
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258 PLEUROSIGMA. var. curvula Grun.
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260 RHOICOSIGMA. GENUS 23. RHOICOSI
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262 AMPHIPRORA. A. alata Klltz. (Ba
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264 TROPIDONEIS. var. pusilla. (A.
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2 66 AURICULA. This singular form h
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2 68 GOMPHONEMA. A. minuta Cleve, (
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270 GOMPHONEMA. space. Median stria
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272 GOMPHONEMA. Median stride much
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274 GOMPHONEMA. Valve rather broadl
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276 ACHNANTHIDIUM. var. marinum. (G
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278 ACHNANTHKS. ANALYSIS OF SPECIES
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2 8o ACHNANTHES. A. parvula Kutz. B
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282 ACHNANTHES. in i c.d.m., and mo
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284 genus. ANORTHONEIS. Cleve unite
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286 COCCONEIS. GENUS 34. COCCONEIS
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288 COCCONEIS. 4 or 5 longitudinal
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29O COCCONEIS. C. Pelta Ad. Schm. (
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292 PSEUDO-RAPHIDIEjE. SUB-FAMILY I
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294 Fig. 66. Epithemia turgida. Two
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296 EPITHEMIA. E. gibba Kutz. (Baa,
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298 EUNOTIA. central nodule (which
Page 328 and 329:
300 EUNOTIA. E. major (W. Sm.) Rabe
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3
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304 EUNOTIA. var. subarcuata (Naeg.
Page 334 and 335:
3o6 ACTINELLA. C. Arcus Kiitz. (Baa
Page 336 and 337:
3 o8 Strias extending throughout ne
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, I0 S. Vaucherise Kutz. ! SYNEDRA.
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312 SYNEDRA Valve narrowly lanceola
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314 SYNKDRA. A A. STRL MARGINAL, OR
Page 344 and 345:
3*6 SYNEDRA. S. fulgens (Kutz.) W.
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3*8 CAMPYLOSTYLUS. Alongside of the
Page 348 and 349:
3 2 PSEUDO-SYNEDRA. HI Fig. 76. Pse
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322 THALASSIOTHRIX. \ \ ! scattered
Page 352 and 353:
3 2 4 FRAGILARIA. F. undata W. Sm.
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326 FRAGILARIA. var. binodis Grun.
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328 Valves with apices similar. Val
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33 All beads , of equal size. RAPHO
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33 2 CRUNOVIELLA. Sceptroneis Caduc
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334 I GLYPHODESMIS. Tribe x. Plagio
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336 DIMEREGRAMMA. ANALYSIS OF SPECI
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338 PLAGIOGRAMMA. P. Gregorianum Gr
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34< GEPHYRIA. Fig. 97. Entopyla inc
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342 LICMOPHORA. Licmophora are foun
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3 44 LICMOPHORA. II. Frustules prof
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346 CLIMACOSPHENIA. Four species of
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348 DIATOMA. var. constrictum. (H.V
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350 DIATOMA. Very narrow, delicate,
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352 DENTICULA. D. tenuis Klitz. (Ba
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354 GRAMMATOPHORA. ANALYSIS OF SPEC
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356 Fig. 106. Tabellaria fenestrata
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35 TABELLARIA. B. Entetracyclus (Ra
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36 RHABDONEMA. GENUS 71. RHABDONEMA
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362 STRIATELLA. GENUS 73. STRIATELL
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3 6 4 Fig. 116. Lamella oculata. LA
Page 394 and 395:
3 66 HYDROSILICON. III I '1/ GENUS
Page 396 and 397:
3 68 SURIRELLA. GENUS 78. SURIRELLA
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370 SURIRELLA. var. amphioxys. (S.
Page 400 and 401:
372 SURIRELLA. S. Gemma Ehr. (Abh.,
Page 402 and 403:
374 SURIRELLA. II. Valves twisted,
Page 404 and 405:
376 CAMPYLODISCUS. Analysis of the
Page 406 and 407:
378 CAMPYLODISCUS. Valve large, orb
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3 8o HANTZSCHIA. Valve suborbicular
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3 82 NITZSCH1A. H. marina (Donkin)
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384 TRYBUONELLA. Group i. Tryblione
Page 414 and 415:
386 NITZSCHIA. Valve narrowly linea
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3^8 NITZSCHIA. N. acuminata (W. Sm.
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39 NITZSCHIA. transversely elongate
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392 Group NITZSCHIA. 12. Bacillaria
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394 NITZSCHIA. Differs from the pre
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396 N. Brebissonii W. Sm. ! NITZSCH
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398 NITZSCHIA. Shorter, narrower, a
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400 NITZSCHIA. var. recta (A 7 , re
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4
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44 Fig. 126. Nitzschia longissima (
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406 NITZSCHIA. var. incurva Grun. (
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4o8 GOMPHONITZSCHIA. N. (H.) subcoh
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4io CRYPTO-RAPHIDIE/E. SUB-FAMILY I
Page 440 and 441:
412 Frustules consisting of numerou
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414 here, RHIZOSOLENIA. Mr. Peragal
Page 444 and 445:
416 DACTYLIOSOLEN. R. alata Brightw
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4i8 I.AUDF.RIA GENUS 87. LAUDERIA C
Page 448 and 449:
420 GENUS 88. Fig. 138. At they a d
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422 CH/ETOCEROS. Valve elliptic, ha
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4^4 DITYLUM. GENUS 90. DITYLUM BAIL
Page 454 and 455:
426 Fig. 143. Pyrgodiscus armatus.
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428 GONIOTHECIUM. GENUS 95. GONIOTH
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43 PYXILLA. GENUS 96. PYXILLA (GREV
Page 460 and 461:
432 SYNDETOCYSTIS. GENUS 100. SYNDE
Page 462 and 463:
434 STEPHANOPYXIS. at the acute api
Page 464 and 465:
43 6 THALASSIOSIRA. var. delicatula
Page 466 and 467:
433 MELOSIRA. Fig. 164. Pantocsekia
Page 468 and 469:
4+ MELOSIRA. ANALYSIS OF SPECIES. I
Page 470 and 471:
442 MELOSIRA. M. Jurgensii Ag. (Sys
Page 472 and 473:
444 MELOSIRA. beads are, in error,
Page 474 and 475:
446 I CYCLOTELLA. ANALYSIS OF SPECI
Page 476 and 477:
448 DRURIDGEA. The genus Podosira o
Page 478 and 479:
f ; Valves unlike d > f Tribe XXI.
Page 480 and 481:
45 2 TERPSINOE. Fig. 175^. Isthmia
Page 482 and 483:
454 ANAULUS. Three forms inhabiting
Page 484 and 485:
45 6 HEM1AULUS. The figures in the
Page 486 and 487:
453 GRAYA. Ploiaria petasiformis Pa
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460 l'.AXTERIA. Rutilariopsis recen
Page 490 and 491:
462 CLIMACODIUM. GENUS 128. CLIMACO
Page 492 and 493:
4 6 4 BELLEROCHEA. StreptOtheca Tam
Page 494 and 495:
466 BIDUULPHIA. IV. Eubiddulphie/E.
Page 496 and 497:
468 a. Girdle view. a. BIDDULPHIA.
Page 498 and 499:
470 f Valves furnished with costae
Page 500 and 501:
472 BIDDULPHIA. Valve elliptic, lan
Page 502 and 503:
474 BIDDULPHIA. formed of rather co
Page 504 and 505:
476 ENTOGONIA. Valve triangular, wi
Page 506 and 507:
47 8 ODONTOTROPIS. GENUS 136. ODONT
Page 508 and 509:
480 HUTTONIA. Fig. 213. Huttonia al
Page 510 and 511:
4 g 2 AULISCUS. GENUS 1M.-AULISCUS
Page 512 and 513:
4 8 4 MONOPSIS. Valves elliptic or
Page 514 and 515:
4 86 BERGONIA. GENUS 147. BERGONIA
Page 516 and 517:
488 AULACODISCUS. A large number of
Page 518 and 519:
49 ROPERIA. GENUS 151. ROPERIA GRUN
Page 520 and 521:
492 Fig. 230. Perithyra denaria, PE
Page 522 and 523:
494 ' Fig; 233. A. ( Debya) undulat
Page 524 and 525:
49 6 ACTINOPTYCHUS. Symbolophora Eh
Page 526 and 527:
49 3 ANTHODISCUS. GENUS 160. ANTHOD
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5 ASTEROLAMPREÊ. W. insignis Panl.
Page 530 and 531:
o2 CLADOGRAMMA. GENUS 163. CLADOGRA
Page 532 and 533:
504 ASTEROLAMPRA. GENUS 166. ASTERO
Page 534 and 535:
So6 GENUS 170. Fig. 254. b Stictodi
Page 536 and 537:
508 A single species : Radiopalma R
Page 538 and 539:
5i B. Valves linear, rcniform, or c
Page 540 and 541:
5*2 XANTHIOPYXIS. GENUS 175. XANTHI
Page 542 and 543:
5*4 15RIGHTWELUA. Sect. II. Brightw
Page 544 and 545:
5^ PORODISCUS. GENUS 180. PORODISCU
Page 546 and 547:
5*8 P.RUNIA. rising in order to ben
Page 548 and 549:
520 STEPHANODISCUS. Sect. IV. Hyali
Page 550 and 551:
522 ACTINOCYCLUS. GENUS 186. ACTINO
Page 552 and 553:
524 ACTINOCYCLUS. at the centre of
Page 554 and 555:
526 COSCINODISCUS. works by Mr. Gru
Page 556 and 557:
528 COSCINODISCUS. although the rea
Page 558 and 559:
53 COSCINODISCUS. C. nobilis Grun.
Page 560 and 561:
532 COSCINODISCUS. C. decipiens Gru
Page 562 and 563:
534 COSCINODISCUS. and notes, as we
Page 564 and 565:
536 1 Hi H JANISCHIA. p Fig. 2S1. H
Page 566 and 567:
538 EUODIA. Section VI. Hemidisceê
Page 568 and 569:
54 VAN HEURCKIELLA. Genera dubia v.
Page 570 and 571:
542 Fig. 291. Heribaudia ternaria.
Page 572 and 573:
544 angusta Greg. (Amphora) 130, pi
Page 574 and 575:
54^ corona Ehr. (Systephania) 435 c
Page 576 and 577:
548 Formosa? (Navicula) 164, 217, 2
Page 578 and 579:
55 lanceolatum Donk. (Pleurosigma)
Page 580 and 581:
55- var. gracilis 127, pi. 1, f. 16
Page 582 and 583:
554 rupicola Gr. ( Cymbclla) 144 Ru
Page 584 and 585:
556 Tryblionella (W. Sm.) Grunow. 3
Page 586:
558 Terms Described. Acuminate 86,
Page 591:
^^^^M^â-^^Mi^Âa^ru^JtC&î^tey y /
Page 595:
SSfflZrffcmt* vim -Sua i&L6tafa)rui
Page 599:
' /A \ JT?.//.*Zssz fy/z^&Ur&Jûauy
Page 603:
îZ&jmidjVui* a/uat^^ca^w#sSst/Jr/a
Page 607:
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Page 611:
^^^^nu/'a-fyc^^^t^^taîî/î^^f/yû
Page 615:
__ . .' /f?/!,uâw&u
Page 619:
J MALVAUX- ' ' j, ' Sfr /7 u/anZ^Lx
Page 623:
' __/ '/{'tut/*'/. "flMel6&2&!ul&me
Page 627:
J^Z/fontefai zâ^/Âa^n^^^0f4yu^ JV
Page 631:
Jz^S?^fc*As/û>i^MM^^ca^ru^JtiiiM^/
Page 635:
J M*LV*VA. PHDTQ7YP
Page 641:
PLATE XIV. Fig. 593. Oampylodiscus
Page 645:
PLATE XV. Tig. 438b. Hantzsohia amp
Page 649:
Fig. PLATE XVI.
Page 653:
PLATE XVIL Fig. 548. Nitzschia lanc
Page 657:
PLATE XVIII. Fig. 603. Chaetoceros
Page 661:
PLATE XIX. iig. 614. Melosira Roese
Page 665:
Fig. PLATE XX.
Page 669:
PLATE XXI. Fig. 638. Biddulphia tur
Page 673:
PLATE XXII. Fig. 64-8. Actinoptychu
Page 677:
PLATE XXIII. Fig. 658. Actinocyclus
Page 681:
PLATE XXIV. Fig. 670. Amphora robus
Page 685:
PLATE XXV. Fig. 695. Cymbella amphi
Page 689:
Fig. PLATE XXVI.
Page 693:
PLATE XXVII. Fig. 755. Navicula Hen
Page 697:
Fig. PLATE XXVIII.
Page 701:
PLATE XXIX. Fig. 803. Amphiprora ob
Page 705:
PLATE XXX. g. 825. Epithemia gibber
Page 709:
PLATE XXXI. Fig 350. Licmophora Ji.
Page 713:
PLATE XXXII. Fig. 868. Campylodiscu
Page 717:
PLATE XXXIII. Fig. 877. Nitzschia v
Page 721:
PLATE XXXIV. Fig. 891. Isthmia nerv
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PLATE XXXV. Fig. 906. Amphora Pusio
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