Bushland Weeds Manual - Environmental Weeds Action Network

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Chapter 3 Grass <strong>Weeds</strong> Management Table Species Alopecurus myosuroides Common name Lifeform Growth form 28 Photosynthetic pathway Staggered germination Growing season Flowering Reproductive unit Dispersal agent Seedbank persistence (years) Slender Foxtail a c C3 win-spr spr seed mammal 4+ Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass p r C3 spr? spr-sum rhizome (seed) water, wind, mammal Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass p r/c C3 win-spr spr-sum seed, rhizomes water, wind, bird, mammal, slash Arundo donax Giant Reed p r C3 spr-aut sum rhizomes, (seed) water (bird, wind) (some seed/seed sterile?) short-med-long? (rarely seeds) Avena barbata Bearded Oat a c C3 no win-spr spr seed mammal, wind 3+ (shorter unburied) Avena fatua Wild Oat a c C3 yes win-spr spr seed mammal, wind 10 (shorter unburied) Axonopus compressus Broad-leaved Carpet Grass Brachypodium distachyon Briza spp (B. maxima, B. minor) p r/s C4 spr-sum sum-aut seed, stolon wind short False Brome a c C3 aut-win spr seed mammal, wind Blowfly Grass a c C3 no late aut-win spr seed water, wind, mammal, slash Bromus diandrus Great Brome a c C3 win-spr spr seed mammal, wind short Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome a c C3 win-spr spr seed mammal, wind short Bromus rigidus Rip Gut a c C3 win-spr spr seed mammal, wind short? Cenchrus ciliaris Buffel Grass p c C4 spr-aut opportunistic seed, short rhizome wind, mammal, water, bird Cenchrus echinatus Mossman River Grass a c C4 warmer months opportunistic seed wind, mammal mod Cortaderia selloana Pampas Grass p c C3 win-sum opportunistic seed, rhizome wind, water, slash, mammal Cynodon dactylon Couch p s/r C4 spr-aut sum seed, rhizome, stolon Cynosurus echinatus Rough Dog's Tail a c C3 sum seed water, ant, wind, slash, Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot p c C3 variable spr-sum seed, tillers water, animal, slash, Digitaria ciliaris Summer Grass a c C4 spr-aut sum seed Digitaria sanguinalis Crab Grass a c C4 spr-aut sum seed Echinochloa crusgalli Barnyard Grass a c C4 spr-aut sum seed water, bird 1-9+ Ehrharta brevifolia a c C3 spr seed Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldgrass p c/sr C3 cooler months Ehrharta erecta Panic Veldgrass p c/sr C3 slows in hot conditions spr (2 flushes) spr-sum (all year) seed, short rhizome water, wind, bird, mammal, slash seed, short rhizome water, wind, bird, slash Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldgrass a c C3 yes aut-spr win-spr seed water, wind, mammal, slash 3 5+ 2 3-4 1-4+ short-med short 1yr/long lived? Ehrharta villosa Pyp Gras p r C3 spr-sum spr-sum rhizome, seed? med-long? Eragrostis curvula African Lovegrass p c C4 warmer months opportunistic seed water, wind, mammal, slash Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet Grass p r C3 spr-aut sum seed, rhizome water med Hainardia cylindrica Common Barbgrass a c C3 win-spr spr-sum seed wind, water, mammal Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog p c C3 win-spr spr-sum seed wind, water, mammal Holcus setiger Annual Fog a c C3 yes aut-win spr seed mammal Hordeum glaucum, H. leporinum, H. marinum Northern Barley Grass, Barley Grass, Sea Barley Hyparrhenia hirta Tambookie Grass p c C4 warmer months a c C3 yes aut-win spr seed mammal 2 sum erratic seeder, tiller Lifeform: a = annual, p = perennial. Growth form: c = caespitose, r = rhizomatous, s = stoloniferous, sr = shortly rhizomatous. Photosynthetic pathway: C3 = cool season grass, C4 = warm season grass. Growing season: usual period of active growth. Flowering: period over which grass flowers. Seedbank persistence: length of seed viability in years (where known). 1+ 4+
Chapter 3 Grass <strong>Weeds</strong> Management Table Fire response Suggested methods of management and control References killed 17, 60, 167, 242 resprouts Dig out very small infestations; spray with glyphosate 1 % + penetrant. 281, 256, 30, 167, 242 resprouts Cut out plants, ensure rhizomes are removed; spray with grass-selective herbicide in winter/spring. Follow-up with seedling control. 231, 260, 241, 30, 167, 242 resprouts Cut down close to ground and paint with neat glyphosate; carefully spot spray regrowth with 1 % glyphosate before 60 cm high (requires 4-6 treatments) or Verdict 120 ® 10 mL/L + wetting agent or Fusilade ® 10 mL/L + wetting agent. 162, 241, 316, 290, 300, 126, 193, 222, 167, 242 Spray at 3-5 leaf stage with Fusilade ® 10 mL/ 10 L (500 mL/ha) + wetting agent; repeat over following 2 years. 17, 316, 237, 60, 228, 222, 167, 242 Spray at 3-5 leaf stage with Fusilade ® 10 mL/ 10 L (500 mL/ha) + wetting agent; repeat over following 2 years. 17, 316, 237, 60, 228, 222, 167, 242, 156 fire rare in habitat but survives resprouts, stimulates seed production Spray when actively growing from spring to autumn with 8 mL/L (4 L/ha) Fusilade ® +wetting agent. 17, 316, 222, 167, 242 Prevent seed set. Spray in winter 1 % glyphosate. 60, 222, 167, 242 Prevent seed set - hand pull or spray at 3-5 leaf stage with Fusilade ® 10 mL/ 10 L (500 mL/ha) + wetting agent; repeat for 2 - 3 years. 231, 212, 30, 313, 228, 222,167, 242 Prevent seed set - hand pull or spray at 3-5 leaf stage with Fusilade® 10 mL/ 10 L (500 mL/ha) + wetting agent; repeat following year if required. 154, 300, 60, 228, 167, 242 Prevent seed set - hand pull or spray at 3-5 leaf stage with Fusilade ® 5 mL/10 L (250 mL/ha) + wetting agent; repeat following year if required. 165, 60, 228, 167, 242 Prevent seed set - hand pull or spray at 3-5 leaf stage with Fusilade ® 10 mL/ 10 L (500 mL/ha) + wetting agent; repeat following year if required. 154, 60, 167, 242 Cut out small populations, entire plants with dormant buds must be removed; spray with Fusilade ® 600 mL/ha + wetting agent or spot spray with glyphosate 1 %. Follow-up with seedling control. 241, 307, 33, 208, 300, 289, 310, 101,167, 242 Prevent seed set, spray with Verdict 520 ® 5 mL/10 L (250 mL/ha) + wetting agent or spot spray with glyphosate 1 %. Follow-up with seedling control. 241, 248, 95, 289, 101, 222, 167, 242 resprouts Cut out small plants, do not leave uprooted plants lying on ground - they can resprout; remove flower heads - slash/burn clumps and spray regrowth with 1 % glyphosate . Treat young plants with 0.5 % Fusilade ® plus spray oil. May require more than one application. resprouts Solarisation; shade out; spray Fusilade ® 5 mL/L + wetting agent in late spring/summer and then in autumn or glyphosate 1 %; follow-up always required. Particularly effective after fire. Spot spray 50g 2,2 DPA + wetter in 10 L of water. 222 231, 21, 152, 134, 241, 300, 30, 331, 228, 222,167, 242 231, 307, 241, 59, 24, 289, 53, 222, 101,167, 242 resprouts, increases Cut out plants; slash/burn clumps and spray regrowth with glyphosate 1 %. Follow-up with seedling control over following years. 231, 30, 17, 241, 298,167, 242 Spray 0.5 % glyphosate in spring/summer or Verdict 520 ® 2 mL/10 L (100 mL/ha) + wetting agent. 241, 222, 247,167, 242 Spray 1 % glyphosate in spring. 300,167, 242 probably killed Prevent seed set; intolerant of dense shade; spray Verdict 520 ® 5 mL/10 L (250 mL/ha) + wetting agent at 3-5 leaf stage up to first tillering. 17, 118, 222,167, 242 resprouts, enhances seed production and germination resprouts, enhances seed production and germination Spot spray 1 % glyphosate. Cut out - ensure crown removal; spray with Fusilade ® 8 mL/L (4L/ha) + wetting agent - follow-up in subsequent years; utilise unplanned fires and spray regrowth and seedlings within 4-6 weeks. Do not slash. 231, 97b, 216, 102, 289, 68, 167, 242 Cut out small populations removing all rhizomes; spray with Fusilade ® ; utilise unplanned fires and spray regrowth and seedlings within 4-6 weeks. 231, 210, 167, 242 Hand pull; spray with Fusilade ® 20 mL/10 L + wetting agent before flowering stem emerges; or 10 mL/ 10 L (500 mL/ha) at 3-5 leaf stage - secondary seedling flush often occurs - repeat if necessary. 231, 30, 228, 222, 167, 242 resprouts Spray with Verdict 520 ® 10 mL/ 10 L (500 mL/ha) or glyphosate 1 % + penetrant. 228, 222, 167 resprouts Cut out small plants; spray with 1 % glyphosate; utilise unplanned fires and spray regrowth at 5-10 cm. Always requires follow-up treatment. 231, 345, 248, 92, 102, 228, 167, 242 resprouts Spray monocultures with 1 % glyphosate + Pulse® or Fusilade® (10 mL/L) + Agral (3.5 mL/L) towards end of summer, respray begining of following summer. 240, 21, 96, 167, 242 Spray glyphosate 0.5 % 17, 60, 30, 222, 167, 242, 222 Spray glyphosate 0.5 % 167, 242, 222 Prevent seed set - hand pull or spray with Fusilade ® 10 mL/ 10 L (500 mL/ha) + wetting agent 4-6 weeks after opening rains . 228, 222, 167, 242 resprouts Cut out small populations - ensure tiller bud removal; spray with 1 % glyphosate between November and March. Spray seedlings at 5 leaf stage with Fusilade ® at 20 mL/10 L (1L/ha) or slash in spring and spot spray regowth when 15cm high with glyphosate. 167, 242 247, 313, 209, 167, 242 29
Page 1 and 2: Bushland Weeds A practical guide to
Page 3: Acknowledgments This manual is the
Page 6 and 7: iv Introduction The Banksia, Tuart
Page 8 and 9: 2 Chapter 1 The Project Blue Gum La
Page 10 and 11: 4 Chapter 1 The Project Both Arum L
Page 12 and 13: 6 Chapter 2 Managing Weeds in Bushl
Page 14 and 15: 8 Chapter 2 Managing Weeds in Bushl
Page 16 and 17: 10 Chapter 3 Grass Weeds Many grass
Page 18 and 19: 12 Chapter 3 Grass Weeds Box 3.3 Gr
Page 20 and 21: 14 Chapter 3 Grass Weeds • Transi
Page 22 and 23: 16 Chapter 3 Grass Weeds Control te
Page 24 and 25: 18 Chapter 3 Grass Weeds Rhizomatou
Page 26 and 27: 20 Chapter 3 Grass Weeds Case Studi
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 3 Grass Weeds Management Ta
Page 38 and 39: 32 Chapter 4 Corms, Bulbs and Tuber
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 4 Corms, Bulbs and Tubers W
Page 60 and 61: Iridaceae Moraea miniata Two Leaf C
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 5 Broadleaf Herbs, Sedges a
Page 64 and 65: 58 Chapter 5 Broadleaf Herbs, Sedge
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 5 Annual Broadleaf Herbs, S
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 5 Annual Broadleaf Herbs, S
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 5 Perennial Broadleaf Herbs
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 5 Perennial Broadleaf Herbs
Page 80 and 81: 74 Chapter 6 Trees, Shrubs and Clim
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78 Chapter 6 Trees, Shrubs and Clim
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Chapter 6 Trees, Shrubs and Climber
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Chapter 6 Trees, Shrubs and Climber
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90 Chapter 7 Weed Mapping in Remnan
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92 Chapter 7 Weed Mapping in Remnan
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94 Chapter 8 Herbicide Use in Bushl
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100 Final Note In the end, environm
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102 References 1 Aarssen, L.W., Hal
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104 References 101 Dixon, B. (2002)
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106 References 204 Mann, R. (1998)
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108 307 The Nature Conservancy (200
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