Bushland Weeds Manual - Environmental Weeds Action Network

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58 Chapter 5 Broadleaf Herbs, Sedges and Succulents • Success will often depend on at least one or two year’s site preparation and seed collection and a long-term access to resources for follow-up work. • Results will vary across sites, soils, seasons, plant communities and species selected. • Ensure appropriate permits have been acquired before seed collection is undertaken. Control methods There are 60 species of annual weeds listed in the table at the end of the chapter. Methods of control are often going to be quite specific for each species. Nevertheless, some useful generalisations can be made. Physical control • Hand-removal is only useful before seed set and all flowering material should be taken from a site. Left behind, it may well go on to produce seed. • Mowing or brushcutting can reduce seed production and reduce populations if carried out well before seed set. As slashing is non-specific it is really only useful in highly degraded sites. Work needs to be Box 5.3 Managing annual weeds after Arum Lily control – experience from the banks of Bennett Brook Trials on different methods to control Arum Lily along Bennett Brook highlight the invasive potential of annual weeds. The trials were located in a very degraded patch of Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus rudis) – Swamp Paperbark (Melaleuca rhaphiophylla) woodland. The understorey in most places was a monoculture of Arum Lily. <strong>Weeds</strong> that moved into areas where Arum Lily had been controlled included 12 species of annual weeds (nine broadleaf herbs and three species of annual grasses) (Table 1.). Interestingly, the only natives to move into the site were four species of herbaceous perennials, all of them fast-growing, easily-propagated, mat-forming plants highly suitable for displacing weeds, particularly those with an annual life-cycle. Such species are often present in disturbed wetland sites and they provide a great opportunity to quickly fill gaps, helping prevent further germination of annual weeds. Slender Knot Weed (Persicaria decipiens). Water Buttons (Cotula coronopifolia). Table 1. <strong>Weeds</strong> and natives that colonised the site following removal of Arum Lily. WEEDS Annual Grasses Annual Rye Grass Lolium sp. Annual Veldgrass Ehrharta longiflora Annual Barb Grass Perennial Grasses Polypogon monspeliensis Phalaris Annual Herbs Phalaris aquatica Bushy Starwort (annual or biennial) Symphyotrichum subulatum Pimpernel Anagallis arvensis Common Starwort Callitriche stagnalis Pattersons Curse Echium plantagineum Lesser Loosestrife Lythrum hyssopifolium Slender Birds Foot Trefoil Lotus angustissimus Plantain (or short-lived perennial) Plantago major Sow Thistle Sonchus oleraceus Sharp Buttercup Perennial Herbs Ranunculus muricatus Clustered Dock Rumex conglomeratus Water Cress NATIVES Perennial Herbs Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Juncus microcephalus Water Buttons Cotula coronopifolia Centella Centella asiatica Joy Weed Alternanthera nodiflora Slender Knot Weed Persicaria decipiens
Chapter 5 Broadleaf Herbs, Sedges and Succulents carefully timed; too early and some species will resprout. Slash too late (after seed set) and the result will be further spread of propagules and expanding populations of the weed the following year. Chemical control Spot spraying with glyphosate generally well before flowering is the recommended herbicide control for many annual weeds. There are some species of annual weeds not killed by glyphosate. Check the table at the end of the chapter. Box 5.4 Using local provenance seed in restoration (from Keighery et al. 1998) This is a list of species from Brixton Street Wetlands that can be easily propagated for restoration purposes. The list highlights the importance of using locally collected seed. Many species have locally occurring forms that could be lost with the introduction of genetic material (seeds or cuttings) from other areas. FAMILY/SPECIES Anthericaceae HABITAT PROPAGATION Sowerbaea laxiflora dry division/seed Tricoryne humilis Asteraceae dry division/seed Hyalosperma cotula dry/damp/wet seed # Podolepis gracilis Haemodoraceae damp/wet seed Anigozanthos manglesii Mimosaceae dry seed # Acacia lasiocarpa dry/damp seed # Acacia pulchella dry seed # Acacia saligna Myrtaceae dry seed # Astartea aff. fascicularis wet seed Baeckea camphorosmae dry/damp seed Eucalyptus calophylla dry seed Hypocalymma angustifolium dry/damp cuttings/seed Hypocalymma robustum dry cuttings/seed # Melaleuca rhaphiophylla wet seed # Melaleuca viminea wet seed Pericalymma ellipticum Papilionaceae damp/wet seed Kennedia prostrata dry/damp seed Viminaria juncea Proteaceae damp/wet seed # Grevillea bipinnatifida dry/damp cuttings/seed # Hakea trifurcata dry/damp seed # Hakea prostrata dry/damp seed # Hakea varia damp/wet seed Key # Species with recognised local variants Habitats dry = uplands damp = waterlogged areas wet = inundated areas. As glyphosate is non-specific it needs to be carefully targeted and is only useful in degraded sites where there is no danger of off-target damage. In direct seeding trials, the Main Roads Department has found that Lontrel at 500 mL/ha controls Lupins and Cape Weed in the early stages with little off-target damage to native species (Grist and Thompson 1997). Clopyralid, the active ingredient of Lontrel, is particularly effective on members of the Asteraceae (daisy family) and the Fabaceae (pea family). Important note: Lontrel can persist in the soil for several months, is not bound by soil particles, and is highly soluble. It should only be applied in bushland by well-qualified, responsible operators with a thorough knowledge of the native flora (see Chapter 8.). Key points • The majority of annual weeds do not have serious impacts in bushland and are often not a priority for management. • Annual weeds often germinate from soil stored seed or disperse into a site following removal of more serious perennial weeds. • Their management is then the next step in the restoration process – sometimes simply waiting for native perennials to fill the gap. • Preventing the establishment of annual herbs in bushland is about minimising soil disturbance, nutrient run-off and fires. • Limiting spread is about preventing or reducing seed set. • Restoration of native plant communities along the disturbed edges, either through germination of the native seedbank stored in the soil or direct seeding, is often part of a long-term solution to management of annual weeds. Perennial herbs Perennial plants have a life span that extends over two or more years. The perennial herbs covered in the table at the end of this chapter are a diverse group. They include everything from succulents and sedges to plants with underground storage organs, to Pelargonium and perennial members of the daisy (Asteraceae) family. They have a diverse range of lifecycles and mechanisms for spreading into bushland. As management and control strategies vary accordingly, it is not possible or useful to provide general information for the group as a whole. Instead, case studies are presented for three weedy perennial herbs of the Swan Coastal Plain and Jarrah Forest. They illustrate how some of the weeds in this group can be managed where they are invading bushland. Detailed control techniques and information on the biology for specific species that are serious weeds in the region are provided in the final table. 59
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Bushland Weeds A practical guide to
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Acknowledgments This manual is the
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iv Introduction The Banksia, Tuart
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2 Chapter 1 The Project Blue Gum La
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4 Chapter 1 The Project Both Arum L
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6 Chapter 2 Managing Weeds in Bushl
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Page 38 and 39: 32 Chapter 4 Corms, Bulbs and Tuber
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Page 106 and 107: 100 Final Note In the end, environm
Page 108 and 109: 102 References 1 Aarssen, L.W., Hal
Page 110 and 111: 104 References 101 Dixon, B. (2002)
Page 112 and 113: 106 References 204 Mann, R. (1998)
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108 307 The Nature Conservancy (200
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