Abstract SCHIRACK, ANDRIANA VAIS. The Effect of Microwave ...

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strong roasted flavor in peanuts (Leunissen et al., 1996; Buckholtz et al., 1980). Methylpropanal, methylbutanal, dimethylpyrazine, and methylethylpyrazine have been related to dark roasted flavor in peanuts (R> 0.84) using both a dynamic headspace technique and direct GC (Crippen et al., 1992). Pyrazine measurements, rather than Hunter LAB value, have also been used with increased accuracy in relating peanut aroma and flavor in industrial processing, where a mix of genotypes may be used (Baker et al., 2003). Several efforts have been made to tie specific pyrazines to the sensory “roasted peanutty” characteristic. Mason and Johnson (1966) suggested that trimethylpyrazine or 2-methyl-5-ethylpyrazine might be responsible for the characteristic roasted note in peanuts. 2, 3, 5-trimethylpyrazine appears also to be a good indicator of roasted peanut flavor especially in Florida MDR 98 peanuts (Baker et al., 2003). However, in peanuts roasted above 150 °C, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine had a high correlation with roasted peanut flavor and aroma, as compared to L-values, for all genotypes of peanuts tested (Baker et al., 2003). Methylpyrazine is associated with the sensory characteristic of "roasted" and is desirable at low concentrations; however, at higher concentrations of methylpyrazines as well as other pyrazines, the flavor becomes more bitter (Leunissen et al., 1996). The peanuts used for roasting are a mix of genotypes, seed sizes, maturities, and seed composition, so establishing the relationship between volatile compounds and roasted peanut flavor would allow for roasting optimization (Baker et al., 2003). However, not only are pyrazines the most substantial compound tied to positive characteristics in roasted peanuts, they also function to obscure some off-flavors. In 42
fact, Ory et al. (1992) suggested that the quality of volatiles in peanuts is easier to determine in raw peanuts, because volatiles formed during roasting may obscure smaller peaks. Roasted peanuts are susceptible to eventual fade in the flavor profile, which may be due to lipid oxidation. Flavor-fade seems to be associated with the masking of pyrazines and other "roasted peanut" flavor compounds by large quantities of low- molecular weight aldehydes produced during lipid oxidation, such as hexanal, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal (Dimick, 1994). Eliminating or decreasing the rate of flavor-fade requires understanding the relationships between carbonyl-amine and lipid oxidation reactions, as well as degradation and polymerization reactions of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds (Warner et al., 1996). The proteins in peanuts may also be involved in off-flavor formation. Basha et al. (1998) isolated a high molecular weight protein fraction from peanut seed which was involved in off-flavor production during the roasting of peanuts. The Maillard reactions of sulfur amino acids with carbohydrates can also cause sulfide or sulfur heterocyclic off-flavors, although small amounts of these compounds can add positively to overall flavor (Sanders et al., 1995). Roasting Parameters Effect on Flavor Although current quality standards for roasted peanut flavor are based on seed color and changes in moisture content after roasting, other factors such as peanut genotype, harvest maturity, planting date, and improper curing and drying also affect roasted flavor (Baker et al., 2003). Pyrazine formation is increased by 43
Page 1 and 2:
Abstract SCHIRACK, ANDRIANA VAIS. T
Page 3 and 4: THE EFFEGT OF MICROWAVE BLANCHING O
Page 5 and 6: BIOGRAPHY Andriana Schirack is orig
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS v Page List of Ta
Page 9 and 10: Materials and Methods..............
Page 11 and 12: Table 3 High Impact Aroma-Active Co
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
Page 15 and 16: The processing parameters used duri
Page 17 and 18: educed from 35-40% moisture to 8-10
Page 19 and 20: REFERENCES Adelsberg GD, Sanders TH
Page 21 and 22: Interdependency and underlying dime
Page 23 and 24: Composition of Peanuts The structur
Page 25 and 26: and Burma. The peanut prices in the
Page 27 and 28: (w.b.) within 3 days, large quality
Page 29 and 30: cdry = Specific heat of dry seeds (
Page 31 and 32: there is no direct correlation publ
Page 33 and 34: Peanuts are commonly stored in flat
Page 35 and 36: lanching has been imitated using a
Page 37 and 38: (1999), no detrimental effects of b
Page 39 and 40: when the air is distributed from ab
Page 41 and 42: y-product (Giese, 1992). Drying is
Page 43 and 44: the material to absorb electromagne
Page 45 and 46: ε' = Relative real permittivity (d
Page 47 and 48: oils, both ε' and ε" are low and
Page 49 and 50: 1969). The flavor characteristics o
Page 51 and 52: et al., 1980). Likewise, sugars pre
Page 53: n-methylpyrrole. Walradt et al. (19
Page 57 and 58: Flavor Research in Other Nuts Sever
Page 59 and 60: changed with time of roasting and i
Page 61 and 62: polyunsaturated acids that have a c
Page 63 and 64: hexanal are intensified to the high
Page 65 and 66: The results of temperature stress i
Page 67 and 68: Brown et al. (1977) found that the
Page 69 and 70: exhibited the fruity fermented off-
Page 71 and 72: (Pawliszyn, 2000). Also, the elevat
Page 73 and 74: compounds eluting from microwave-he
Page 75 and 76: Table 1: Peanut Volatile Analysis b
Page 77 and 78: the identification of volatile comp
Page 79 and 80: the detector. The compounds can the
Page 81 and 82: GC-O Applications High vacuum disti
Page 83 and 84: each half was allocated into one of
Page 85 and 86: Woody/Hulls/Skins Cardboard Table 2
Page 87 and 88: Givaudan-Roure developed Quantitati
Page 89 and 90: during high temperature microwave b
Page 91 and 92: OVM Organic volatiles meter Pa Pasc
Page 93 and 94: References Abegaz EG, Kerr WL, Koeh
Page 95 and 96: odorants in high temperature cured
Page 97 and 98: 17(4): 728-732. Mason ME, Waller GR
Page 99 and 100: partitioning constants and release
Page 101 and 102: Vercellotti JR, Crippen KL, Lovegre
Page 103 and 104: ABSTRACT Peanut blanching consists
Page 105 and 106:
peanut moisture content from 5.5 to
Page 107 and 108:
The computer monitored power output
Page 109 and 110:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Energy Absor
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All treatments using the fan (F) ha
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Treatments 11NF, 8NF, and 5NF also
Page 115 and 116:
lanchabilities as well as a longer
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microwave attain much higher temper
Page 119 and 120:
REFERENCES ADELSBERG, G.D. and SAND
Page 121 and 122:
TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1: Process
Page 123 and 124:
Energy absorbed (kJ) 3000 2500 2000
Page 125 and 126:
Temperature of peanuts (°C) 160 14
Page 127 and 128:
Percent blanchability 100 90 80 70
Page 129 and 130:
Maximum internal temperature (°C)
Page 131 and 132:
ABSTRACT Microwave blanching of pea
Page 133 and 134:
Several methods are used for blanch
Page 135 and 136:
Peanuts MATERIALS AND METHODS Mediu
Page 137 and 138:
Canada) on a laptop computer (Dell
Page 139 and 140:
Sensory Analysis RESULTS AND DISCUS
Page 141 and 142:
significantly lower final moisture
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funded in part by t
Page 145 and 146:
Foods and Beverages, Vol. 29, (G. C
Page 147 and 148:
TABLE LEGENDS Table 1. Microwave ap
Page 149 and 150:
TABLE 2. LEXICON OF PEANUT FLAVOR D
Page 151 and 152:
Sweet Aromatic TABLE 4. CORRELATION
Page 153 and 154:
CHAPTER 5: CHARACTERIZATION OF AROM
Page 155 and 156:
Introduction The most common use of
Page 157 and 158:
The objective of this study was to
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attributes which were different fro
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Volatile compounds from the solvent
Page 163 and 164:
0.25 μm df; J & W Scientific, Fols
Page 165 and 166:
adjusted with the same concentratio
Page 167 and 168:
characterized by the attributes of
Page 169 and 170:
(E,E)-2,4-decadienal (fried/oxidize
Page 171 and 172:
flavor dilution factors, nor did th
Page 173 and 174:
that of the control, but only in th
Page 175 and 176:
e high enough for pyrazine formatio
Page 177 and 178:
sensory panelists analyzing process
Page 179 and 180:
References (ASTM) American Society
Page 181 and 182:
Megahed MG. 2001. Microwave roastin
Page 183 and 184:
Vercellotti JR, Mills OE, Bett KL,
Page 185 and 186:
Table 2- Model system concentration
Page 187 and 188:
28 4-acetoxy-2,5-dimethyl- 3(2H)-fu
Page 189 and 190:
Table 5 - Quantification, sensory o
Page 191 and 192:
Conclusions This research investiga
Page 193 and 194:
microwave technology may provide ma
Page 195 and 196:
protect against colon, prostate, an
Page 197 and 198:
APPENDICES 185
Page 199 and 200:
SAFE (3 SAFE's can be done in 1 day
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2. Turn off waterbath. 3. Turn off
Page 203 and 204:
5. Filter through a third sodium su
Page 205 and 206:
contamination, and run a blank on t
Page 207 and 208:
AC nutty/burnt 975 1.5 NB cabbage/g
Page 209 and 210:
AC oxidized 1289 1.5 NB dusty/nutty
Page 211 and 212:
NB brothy 1612 3.5 NB honey/hay 161
Page 213 and 214:
Table 2: Aroma-Active Compounds in
Page 215 and 216:
AC cedar 1081 3.0 AC burnt sugar/nu
Page 217 and 218:
AC brothy 1350 2.0 NB garlic 1352 5
Page 219 and 220:
NB fruity/floral 1670 3.0 NB rosy 1
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