NON-CHEMICAL APPROACHES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ...

NSKE 5 per cent conserved significantly highest number of coccinellid population
(1.00/plant), V. negundo (5%), V. rosea (5%) recorded significantly least coccinellid population
(0.33/plant) at 14 DAE in sorghum. Also, V. negundo (5%), NSKE (5%), B. monosperma (5%), V.
rosea (5%) conserved significantly higher number of chrysoperla (1.00/plant) but were found next
best to untreated control. (1.67/plant) V (5%) and leaf extracts of P. glabra (5%) recorded least
chrysoperla population (0.33/plant) (Shrinivas 2006).
Significantly higher number of pupae of Cotesia plutellae Kurdj were observed in
untreated control. However it was statistically on par with cow urine (10%) + V. negundo (5%),
panchagavya (3%) + A. vesica (5%), panchagavya alone (3%), cow urine 10% + V. negundo
(10%), cow urine (10%) + A. vesica (5%) panchagavya (5%) + V. negundo (5%), panchagavya
(5%) + A. Vasica (5%) and cow urine (20%) alone in cabbage. (Sajjan, 2006).
Pareet (2006) reported that the population of coccinellids and chrysopids in brinjal seven
days after NSKE 5 per cent spray in different treatments except RPP was uniform (1.36 to 1.78
coccinellids and 0.80 to 1.33 chrysopids) and indicated the safety of NSKE spray to these natural
enemies.
Basappa (2007) carried out an experiment in laboratory which revealed that all the
botanicals used viz. NSKE (5%) custard apple seed extract (5%) pongamia seed extract (5%),
neem oil (2%) and pongamia oil (2%) were found safer to C. sexmaculata and T. chilonis.
Duso et al. (2008) evaluated comparative toxicity of botanical insecticides to
Mediterranian population of mites Tetranychus urticeae and its predator Phytoseulus persmilis.
Pyrethrins and rotenone were more toxic to P. persmilis tha T. urticeae while azadirechtin showed
apposite tendency. Rotenone significantly affected P persmilis egg hatching.
2.3 Management of shoot fly through traps
Starks (1970) stated that fish meal has been reported to attract shoot flies. It has been
used in traps for monitoring at ICRISAT.
Seshu Reddy et al. (1981) reported that the fish meal yeast ammonium sulphide was the
most potent mixture for shoot fly catch, but readily available fish meal was adequate. They also
observed that 85 per cent of the files attracted to trap were females containing 30 per cent gravid.
Bonzi and Gahukar (1983) reported fishmeal as effective bait for A. soccata and related
species on sorghum in Upper Volta. Adults were active during August-September and number of
males caught in traps represented 4-43 per cent of the total adult population. 24 species of
Atherigona were identified. Among them, Atherigona marginiflora Emden. was the most abundant
species forming 36 pet cent whereas A. soccata constituted 14 per cent.
Natarajan and chellaiah (1983) developed a hanging trap for attracting shoot flies which
consisted of a plastic jar (11 cm diameter and 14 cm length) with entry holes (2 cm diameter) for
the flies, a dispenser with a fish meal and a small tube holding an insecticide (Dichlorvos) to kill
the trapped flies . These traps caught upto 342 adults daily and were more effective than pan type
of water traps.
Taneja and Leuschner (1986) compared plastic fishmeal trap over conventional metal
trap. No significant difference was observed in shoot fly catches in these traps.
Gahukar (1987) recorded 23 species of Atherigona from fishmeal trap. Among them, A.
soccata was the most abundant accounting 80 to 97 per cent female population.
Singh and Verma (1988) reported peak activity of sorghum shoot fly during August. The
activity of fly was adversely affected by atmospheric temperature (>40 o C). There was a positive
correlation of fly population in traps with egg laying and dead hearts formulation in field.
Zongo et al. (1991) recorded 34 species of the subgenus Acritochaeta during trap catch
studies at Burkina Faso. Among them A. soccata, A. occidentalis chandler and A. tomerntigena
were predominant.
Lyra Netto et al. (1989) conducted studies in Brazil to evaluate six insecticides with or
without molasses at 10 lit/ha a bait against Diatraea spp on sorghum chlorpyrifos + molasses was
the most effective bait.