NON-CHEMICAL APPROACHES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ...

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Percent deadheart at 28 DAE 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 fish meal trap 2/acre fish meal trap 4/acre fish meal trap 6/acre fish meal trap 8/acre fish meal trap 10/acre Per cent dead hearts at 28 DAE Yield (q/ha) chicken trap 2/acre chicken trap 4/acre chicken trap 6/acre chicken trap 8/acre chicken trap 10/acre dead frog trap 2/acre dead frog trap 4/acre dead frog trap 6/acre dead frog trap 8/acre dead frog trap 10/acre Treatments Fig.11: Evaluation and optimization of traps for the management of shoot fly in sorghum Fig.11. Evaluation and optimization of traps for the management of shoot fly in sorghum 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Yield (q/ha)
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Investigations on non-chemical approaches for the management of shoot fly in kharif sorghum were undertaken in order to tailor a suitable management strategy against shoot fly. The present investigations were carried out at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2008. The results obtained from the present studies are summarized here under: Effect of seed treatment with organics on oviposition shoot fly revealed that NSKE (5%), Azagro (5%), neem oil (2%) and plant mixture (5%) offered least egg load per plant in sorghum and were on par with chemicals. Cow urine (5%), vermiwash (5%), Vitex negundo leaf extract (5%) and castor leaf extract were inferior treatments similar to untreated check. However, all the other botanical seed treatments were superior over untreated check. Evaluation of seed treatments with organics against shoot fly in sorghum revealed that NSKE (5%), Azagro (5%), neem oil (5%) and plant mixture (5%) were best of all organics offering least dead heart percentage due to shoot fly. But these were inferior to chemical seed treatment V. negundo leaf extract (5%), garlic bulb extract (5%) and Annona squamosa leaf extract (5%) were least effective treatments and cow urine (5%) vermiwash (5%), castor leaf extract (5%), jatropha leaf extract (5%) and jatropha oil (2%) were ineffective as that of untreated check. In late sown sorghum, highest protection against shoot fly was offered by NSKE (5%), Azagro (5%) and neem oil (2%). But those were inferior to chemicals. Garlic bulb extract (5%) and jatropha leaf extract (5%) were inferior to other botanicals and cow urine (5%) ad vermiwash (5%) was ineffective as that of untreated check. Highest grain yield of sorghum was obtained in NSKE (5%), Azagro (5%), neem oil (2%) and plant mixture (5%). However these treatments were inferior to chemical seed treatments. Lowest yield was recorded in cow urine (5%), vermiwash (5%), castor leaf extract (5%), jatropha leaf extract (5%), jatropha oil (2%) and untreated control. Similar trend was noticed in late sown sorghum where highest yield recorded in NSKE (5%), neem oil (5%) and plant mixture (5%). But these treatments were inferior to endosulfan and imidacloprid. Lowest yield was recorded in cow urine (5%), vermiwash (5%), castor leaf extract (5%), jatropha leaf extract (5%), jatropha oil (2%) and untreated control. Remaining all seed treatments were superior to untreated control. Study on effect of organic seed treatments on coccinellid population in timely sown sorghum revealed no statistical differences in coccinellid population per plant on 14, 21 and 28 DAE. All organic treatments were on par with untreated control in conserving coccinellid predators. Also, in late sown sorghum, same trend was observed. Study on evaluation of organic seed treatments on chrysoperla population in timely and late sown sorghum revealed that on 14, 21 and 28 DAE all organic seed treatments conserved same chrysoperla population per plant as that of untreated check. Cost economics for the management of sorghum shoot fly through seed treatments indicated that highest net returns were obtained in neem oil 2 per cent treatment but Endosulfan and Imidacloprid remained superior recording highest net returns than organics. Also among organics, highest IBC ratio was obtained in NSKE 5 per cent seed treatment. However, chemicals (Endosulfan and Imidacloprid) remained superior recording higher IBC ratio than all other organics used. Effect of spraying botanicals at various intervals on shoot fly oviposition on 14 DAE in normal sown sorghum revealed that the Azagro (5%) and NSKE (5%) were superior over plant mixture (5%) recording less egg load per plant. But these were inferior to endosulfan spray. All spraying intervals irrespective of treatments were superior over untreated check and best results were obtained with spraying at 3, 6, 9, 12 DAE and least with spraying at 3 DAE and 12 DAE. Interaction effect revealed that spraying Azagro (5%) at 3, 6, 9 DAE, 3, 6, 9, 12 DAE and 6, 9, 12 DAE, spraying NSKE (5%) at these intervals and spraying plant mixture (5%) at 3, 6, 9, 12 DAE were best treatments as that of spraying endosulfan at these intervals. On 21 DAE also NSKE (5%) and Azagro (5%) were superior to plant mixture inspective of spraying internvals but were inferior to endosulfan. All spraying intervals irrespective of treatments were superior to untreated check but best results given by spraying at 3, 6, 9, 12 DAE which
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NON-CHEMICAL APPROACHES FOR THE MAN
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CONTENTS Sl. No. Chapter particular
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23 24 25 26 27 Figure No. Effect of
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1. INTRODUCTION Sorghum (Sorghum bi
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Kumar and Sangappa (1984) compared
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Anon. (2002) reported that neem lea
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fraction (0.25%) and NSKE (1500 ppm
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NSKE 5 per cent conserved significa
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3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 Managem
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Shoot fly egg Shoot fly maggot Shoo
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13. 9, 12 DAE 14. Untreated check S
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Plate.3. Fish meal trap
Page 25 and 26: Table 1. Effect of seed treatment w
Page 27 and 28: Table 2. Effect of seed treatment w
Page 29 and 30: NSKE (5%) was the best (31% deadhea
Page 31 and 32: extract (12.98 q/ha) and they were
Page 33 and 34: Table 6. Effect of seed treatments
Page 35 and 36: Table 8. Effect of seed treatments
Page 37 and 38: On 21 DAE chrysoperla population in
Page 39 and 40: Table 11. Effect of spraying botani
Page 43 and 44: deadhearts). This was followed by A
Page 45 and 46: Table 15. Evaluation of spraying bo
Page 51 and 52: Treatments Table 20. Yield of timel
Page 53 and 54: 4.2.4 Natural enemies 4.2.4.1 Cocci
Page 59 and 60: 4.3.2 Oviposition Effect of differe
Page 61 and 62: 5. DISCUSSION Investigations on the
Page 63 and 64: Mean number of eggs/plant 2 1.8 1.6
Page 65 and 66: Percent deadheart 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 67 and 68: Interaction effect of treatments an
Page 69 and 70: Number of eggs/plant 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.
Page 71 and 72: Percent deadheart 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 73 and 74: Yield (q/ha) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
Page 75: 5.2.4.2 Chrysoperla Study on effect
Page 79 and 80: • Spraying Azagro (5%) and NSKE (
Page 81 and 82: Deepthi Jose, 2007, Studies on the
Page 83 and 84: Mendes, J. and Linhares, A.X., 1993
Page 85 and 86: Sharma, H.C., 1985, Strategies for
Page 87: NON-CHEMICAL APPROACHES FOR THE MAN
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