NON-CHEMICAL APPROACHES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ...

extract (5%) pongamia leaf (5%), pongamia oil (2%) and garlic bulb extract (5%) which were
on par recording 13.01, 12.98, 12.99, 11.98, 11.92 and 12.07 q/ha, respectively. however,
endosulfan and Imidacloprid proved superiority over rest of the treatments (Fig.3). Trend
remained similar for late sown sorghum (Fig.4).
There were no such documents to support these findings. Hence, these results
neither can be discussed nor compared.
5.1.4 Natural enemies
5.1.4.1 Coccinellids
There was no significant difference in number of coccinellids per plant recorded in all
seed treatments and they were on par with untreated control on 14 DAE coccinellid
population ranged from 0.30 to 0.53 per plant in various treatments. On 21 DAE and 28 DAE
also the trend of coccinellids population being on par in all treatments including untreated
check remained same and so also in late sown sorghum.
The perusal of literature reveal that there is no reports on this aspect as such studies
are wanting.
5.1.4.2 Chrysoperla
On 14 DAE untreated check recorded 0.40 chrysoperla per plant and all organic seed
treatments remained on par with it. On 21 DAE also, though least number found in
Imidacloprid (0.50 chrysoperla/plant) and the highest in untreated check (0.77/plant) but no
significant difference between the treatments was found. The same trend remained on 28
DAE and so also in late sown sorghum.
As this work of seed treatments with organics for the control of insect is first of its
kind, there are no documents to support these findings.
5.1.5 Cost economics
Highest net returns among organics was given by neem oil 2% (2174 Rs./ha)
followed by Azagro (2109 Rs./ha), NSKE (2108 Rs./ha). But Imidacloprid and Endosulfan
were superior in giving highest net returns (2484 and 2446 Rs./ha, respectively). Highest
incremental benefit cost ratio (21.08:1) was obtained NSKE 5 per cent followed by plant
mixture 5 per cent (20.86:1), neem oil 2 per cent (21.08:1) and other botanicals. However,
Endosulfana and Imidacloprid remained superior over organics seed treatments by giving IBC
ratio of 24.22:1 and 21.95:1, respectively.
5.2 Determination of critical stage of management of shoot fly
through botanicals
5.2.1 Number of eggs per plant
Azagro (5%) and NSKE (5%) were the best and on par with each other (0.46
eggs/plant each) among botanicals but inferior to endosulfan 35 EC on 14 DAE. This was not
in agreement with the findings of Singh and Batra (2001) who reported the supremacy of
neem sprays (0.6 eggs/plant) over Endosulfan sprays (1.33 eggs/plant). However in this
study, Endosulfan proved superior over neem based sprays on 14 and 21 DAE in timely as
well as late sown sorghum. The variation may be due to change in variety, environment and
the experimentation.
Irrespective of treatments, spraying @ 3, 6, 9, 12 DAE was the most effective
treatment in 14 and 21 DAE in timely sown crop (0 and 0.49 eggs/plant, respectively). In late
sown crop also spraying at 3, 6, 9, 12 DAE remained best on 14 DAE and 21 DAE (0.17 and
0.59 eggs/plant, respectively) and it was also on par with 3, 6, 9 DAE (0.17 and 0.74
eggs/plant, respectively) and 6, 9, 12 DAE (0.17 and 0.66 eggs/plant). However the trend of
all spraying intervals being significantly superior over untreated control remained same
throught the experiment.