NON-CHEMICAL APPROACHES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ...

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egg/plant) being on par with untreated control. But Endosulfan 35 EC (0.07%) and Imidacloprid (2 g/kg) were superior treatments (0.40 egg/plant) over all organics. On 14 DAE, among all tratments, neem oil proved to be the best recording 0.86 eggs per plant and was on par with endosulfan (0.86 egg per plant) and Imidacloprid (0.83 egg per plant) (Table 2). NSKE (5%) and Azagro (5%) (1 ml/l) were the best treatment all recording 1 egg per plant and plant mixture (5%) was on par with these (1.03 egg/plant). Next best was A. squamosa (1.26 egg/plant) and B. monosperma seed extract (5%), B. monosperma leaf extract (5%), (1.30 egg/plant each), jatropha leaf extract (5%) and jatropha oil (2%) (1.33 egg/plant each) were on par with A. squamosa (5%). Next best were pongamia oil (2%) garlic bulb extract (5%) pongamia leaf extract (5%) which recorded 1.43, 1.46 and 1.47 egg/plant respectively and were on par with each other. V. negundo leaf extract (5%) and castor leaf extract (5%) were least effective (1.63 and 1.60 egg/plant, respectively). Cow urine (5%) and vermin wash were ineffective (1.70 egg/plant each) and were on par with untreated control which recorded 1.76 egg per plant. On 21 DAE, best results were recorded by neem oil (1.30 egg/plant), NSKE 5% (1.34 egg/plant) and Azagro 5 per cent (1 ml/l) (1.36 egg/plant) which were on par with each other (Table 2). Next best was plant mixture (5%) which recorded 1.73 eggs per plant. Jatropha leaf extract (5%), P. julifera leaf extract (5%) and A.squamosa leaf extract (5%) were next best each recording 1.86 eggs per plant and Jatropha oil (5%) was on par with them (1.90 egg/plant). B. monosperma seed extract (5%), V. negundo (5%), pongamia leaf (5%) and pongamia oil (2%) recorded 2.00 eggs per plant and were on par with each other. B. monosperma leaf extract (5%) and castor leaf (5%) were next best (2.12 and 2.23 egg/plant respectively) followed by garlic bulb extract (5%) which recorded 2.28 egg/plant. Cow urine (5%) and vermiwash (5%) recorded 2.53 and 2.43 eggs per plant and were on par with untreated control (2.53 egg/plant) thus being ineffective. However, Endosulfan 35 EC (0.07%) and Imidacloprid (2 g/kg) were superior to all organics and on par with each other recording 1.00 and 1.03 eggs per plant respectively. 4.1.2 Per cent deadhearts 4.1.2.1 Timely sown sorghum On 14 DAE, NSKE (5%) was superior among organics which recorded the least damage due to shoot fly (8% deadhearts) at 14 DAE and was on par with Imidacloprid (6.66% deadhearts) (Table 3). Next best treatments were Azagro 5 per cent (1 ml/l) (9.00% deadhearts), neem oil (9.33% deadhearts) and plant mixture (5%) (10% deadhearts) all being on par with NSKE (5%). This was followed by pongamia leaf extract (5%) which recorded 13.33 per cent deadhearts while garlic bulb (5%) (14% deadhearts), pongamia oil (14.33% deadhearts), B. monosperma seed extract (5%) (14.66% deadhearts) and castor leaf extract (5%) (15.66% deadhearts) were on par with it. Jatropha leaf extract (5%) and jatropha oil (2%) were next best treatments (16.66% and 17.66% deadhearts, respectively) and on par with V. negundo leaf extract (5%) and P. julifera leaf extract (5%) (18.33% deadhearts each). However, these were on par with untreated control (21.66% deadhearts) cow urine and vermiwash were also on par with untreated control (23.33 and 21.66% deadhearts, respectively). On 21 DAE neem oil (2%) (15.66% deadhearts), NSKE (5%) (16.33% deadhearts), plant mixture (5%) (17% deadhearts) and Azagro 5 per cent (1 ml/l) (18.33% deadhearts) were the best and on par with each other. (Table 3). B. monosperma leaf extract (5%), B. monosperma seed extract (5%) and pongamia leaf extract (5%) were next effective treatments which recorded 27, 27.66 and 31.00 per cent deadhearts respectively and were on par with each other. Prosopis julifera leaf (5%) (36.66% deadhearts), pongamia oil (2%) (37.33% deadhearts) and garlic extract (5%) (38.00% deadhearts) were next suepior and on par with V. negundo leaf (5%) (38.66% deadhearts), jatropha oil (2%) (39.66% deadhearts). A. squamosa (5%) (44.33% deadhearts) was least effective. Cow urine (5%), vermiwash (5%), castor leaf (5%) were ineffective which recorded 53.33, 50.53 and 50 per cent deadhearts, respectively and were on par with untreated control (53.00% deadhearts). All organics were inferior to chemicals. Endosulfan 35 EC (0.07%) and Imidacloprid (2 g/kg) recorded least per cent deadhearts (9.33 and 9.66%, respectively).
Table 2. Effect of seed treatment with organics on oviposition of shoot fly in late sown sorghum Sl. No. Treatments 7 DAE Number of eggs/plant 14 DAE 21 DAE Mean 1 Cow urine 5% 1.3a (1.52)* 1.70a (1.63) 2.53a (1.88) 1.75ab 2 Vermiwash 5% 1.3a (1.52) 1.70a (1.61) 2.43a (1.85) 1.77ab 3 Butea monosperma seed extract 5% 1.00b (1.41) 1.30d (1.52) 2.00d (1.73) 1.43cde 4 Butea monosperma leaf extract 5% 0.86c (1.37) 1.30d (1.52) 2.12c (1.77) 1.44cde 5 Vitex negundo leaf extract 5% 1.00b (1.41) 1.63b (1.62) 2.00d (1.73) 1.63abc 6 Castor leaf extract 5% 1.00b (1.41) 1.60b (1.61) 2.23bc (1.80) 1.72ab 7 Garlic bulb extract 5% 1.00b (1.41) 1.46c (1.57) 2.28b (1.81) 1.58bcd 8 NSKE 5% 0.50e (1.22) 1.00e (1.41) 1.34g (1.53) 0.94hi 9 Azagro 5% (1 ml/lit) 0.53e (1.24) 1.00e (1.41) 1.36g (1.54) 0.96hi 10 Pongamia leaf extract 5% 1.00b (1.41) 1.47c (1.57) 2.00d (1.73) 1.49cde 11 Pongamia oil 2% 1.00b (1.41) 1.43c (1.56) 2.00d (1.73) 1.48cde 12 Neem oil 2% 0.50e (1.22) 0.86f (1.36) 1.30g (1.52) 0.90hi 13 Jatropha leaf extract 5% 0.86c (1.37) 1.33d (1.53) 1.86e (1.69) 1.36def 14 Jatropha oil 2% 0.86c (1.37) 1.33d (1.53) 1.90de (1.70) 1.36def 15 Prosopis julifera leaf extract 5% 0.66d (1.29) 1.33d (1.53) 1.86e (1.69) 1.18fg 16 Annona squamosa leaf extract 5% 0.73d (1.32) 1.26d (1.50) 1.86e (1.69) 1.29efg 17 Plant mixture 5% 0.53e (1.24) 1.03e (1.42) 1.73f (1.65) 1.10gh 18 Endosulfan 35 EC (0.07%) 0.40f (1.18) 0.86f (1.37) 1.00h (1.41) 0.76i 19 Imidacloprid 70 WS (2 g/kg) 0.40f (1.18) 0.83f (1.35) 1.03h (1.42) 0.75i 20 Untreated control 1.33a (1.53) 1.76a (1.66) 2.53a (1.88) 1.87a SEm± 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.07 CD at 5% 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.21 * Figures in parentheses are √ x + 1 transformed values Means followed by same alphabet in column do not differ significantly (0.05) by DMRT DAE = Days After Emergence
Page 1 and 2: NON-CHEMICAL APPROACHES FOR THE MAN
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Sl. No. Chapter particular
Page 5 and 6: 23 24 25 26 27 Figure No. Effect of
Page 7 and 8: 1. INTRODUCTION Sorghum (Sorghum bi
Page 9 and 10: Kumar and Sangappa (1984) compared
Page 11 and 12: Anon. (2002) reported that neem lea
Page 13 and 14: fraction (0.25%) and NSKE (1500 ppm
Page 15 and 16: NSKE 5 per cent conserved significa
Page 17 and 18: 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 Managem
Page 19 and 20: Shoot fly egg Shoot fly maggot Shoo
Page 21 and 22: 13. 9, 12 DAE 14. Untreated check S
Page 23 and 24: Plate.3. Fish meal trap
Page 25: Table 1. Effect of seed treatment w
Page 29 and 30: NSKE (5%) was the best (31% deadhea
Page 31 and 32: extract (12.98 q/ha) and they were
Page 33 and 34: Table 6. Effect of seed treatments
Page 35 and 36: Table 8. Effect of seed treatments
Page 37 and 38: On 21 DAE chrysoperla population in
Page 39 and 40: Table 11. Effect of spraying botani
Page 43 and 44: deadhearts). This was followed by A
Page 45 and 46: Table 15. Evaluation of spraying bo
Page 51 and 52: Treatments Table 20. Yield of timel
Page 53 and 54: 4.2.4 Natural enemies 4.2.4.1 Cocci
Page 59 and 60: 4.3.2 Oviposition Effect of differe
Page 61 and 62: 5. DISCUSSION Investigations on the
Page 63 and 64: Mean number of eggs/plant 2 1.8 1.6
Page 65 and 66: Percent deadheart 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 67 and 68: Interaction effect of treatments an
Page 69 and 70: Number of eggs/plant 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.
Page 71 and 72: Percent deadheart 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 73 and 74: Yield (q/ha) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
Page 75 and 76: 5.2.4.2 Chrysoperla Study on effect
Page 77 and 78:
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Investiga
Page 79 and 80:
• Spraying Azagro (5%) and NSKE (
Page 81 and 82:
Deepthi Jose, 2007, Studies on the
Page 83 and 84:
Mendes, J. and Linhares, A.X., 1993
Page 85 and 86:
Sharma, H.C., 1985, Strategies for
Page 87:
NON-CHEMICAL APPROACHES FOR THE MAN
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