NON-CHEMICAL APPROACHES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ...

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Yield (q/ha) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Azagro 5% NSKE 5% Plant mixture 5% Endosulfan 35 EC (0.05%) Treatments Fig.10:Yield of late sown sorghum as influenced by spraying botanicals at different intervals Fig.10. Yield of late sown sorghum as influenced by spraying botanicals at different intervals Spraying interval (DAE) 3 6 9 12 3,6 3,6,9 3,6,9,12 3,9 3,12 6,9 6,9,12 6,12 9,12 Untreated control
5.2.4.2 Chrysoperla Study on effect of spraying botanicals at different intervals on chrysoperla population in sorghum ecosystem revealed that irrespective of spraying intervals, all treatments recorded statistically same chrysoperla population (1.54-1.58/plant). Also all spraying intervals irrespective of treatments and all interactions were on par with untreated check thus proving to be safe for chrysoperla. Similar trend noticed in late sown sorghum. Results of this study were in agreement with Ravikumar (2004) who reported the population of chrysopids in chilli after NSKE (5%) spray recorded 1.46 chrysoperla per plant which was on par with untreated control (2.12 chrysoperla/plant) and indicated the safety of NSKE spray to chrysoperla. However, the study by Shrinivas (2006) indicated opposite results. He found NSKE (5%) spray conserved 1.00 chrysoperla per plant which was next best to untreated control (1.67 chrysoperla/plant). 5.2.5 Cost economics Cost economics for the management of sorghum shoot fly through spraying botanicals at different intervals (Table 26) indicated that highest net returns among that highest net returns were obtained by spraying NSKE 5% at 3, 6, 9, 12 DAE (27615 Rs./ha) followed by spraying endosulfan at 6, 9, 12 DAE (27075 Rs./ha). Highest IBC ratio was obtained by spraying NSKE at 6, 9, 12 DAE (46.14:1) followed by spraying the same at 3, 6, 9 DAE (46.08:1). Spraying endosulfan at 3, 6, 9 DAE, 6, 9, 12 DAE and 3, 6, 9, 12 DAE recorded comparatively low IBC ratios of 19.60:1, 19.62:1 and 14.61:1, respectively. This is in agreement with Deepthi (2007) who reported that NSKE (5%) spray gave net returns of 5454 Rs./ha for control of sorghum stem borer but Endosulfan proved its supremacy by giving net returns of 6704 Rs./ha. 5.3 Management of shoot fly through traps 5.3.1 Number of shoot flies attracted to different traps Highest number of shoot flies were trapped in fishmeal trap 10 per acre (10482 shoot flies) followed by fishmeal trap 8 per acre (8293.5 shoot flies) and chicken trap 10 per acre (8297.5) both being on par with each other (Fig. 11). Dead frog traps showed least attractiveness to shoot fly by recording 2059 to 6268 flies in different treatments. Attractiveness of callphorid and muscid flies to chicken viscera bait and rodent carcasses was reported by Mendes and Linhares (1993b). 5.3.2 Number of eggs per plant Least number of eggs per plant was recorded by fishmeal trap 10 per acre on 14 DAE and 21 DAE (0.5 and 1 egg/plant respectively). All other treatments did not differ significantly. No documents were reported to support these findings. 5.3.3 Per cent deadhearts On 21 and 28 DAE, fishmeal trap 10 per acre recorded last per cent deadhearts (44 and 64% respectively) (Fig. 11). Remaining treatments showed no significant difference. As the work is first of its kind there were no documents to support these findings. 5.3.4 Yield Highest yield was recorded in fishmeal traps 10 per acre treatment (10.09 q/ha) which was significantly superior over other treatments. Remaining treatments showed no significant difference in yield (Fig. 11). No documents were reported to support these findings. Future line of work • Other various commonly available botanicals should be evaluated for seed treatment and spraying against shoot fly • Botanicals should be evaluated on large area. • More than 10 fish meal traps/acre should be evaluated for management of shoot fly.
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NON-CHEMICAL APPROACHES FOR THE MAN
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CONTENTS Sl. No. Chapter particular
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23 24 25 26 27 Figure No. Effect of
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1. INTRODUCTION Sorghum (Sorghum bi
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Kumar and Sangappa (1984) compared
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Anon. (2002) reported that neem lea
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fraction (0.25%) and NSKE (1500 ppm
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NSKE 5 per cent conserved significa
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3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 Managem
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Shoot fly egg Shoot fly maggot Shoo
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13. 9, 12 DAE 14. Untreated check S
Page 23 and 24: Plate.3. Fish meal trap
Page 25 and 26: Table 1. Effect of seed treatment w
Page 27 and 28: Table 2. Effect of seed treatment w
Page 29 and 30: NSKE (5%) was the best (31% deadhea
Page 31 and 32: extract (12.98 q/ha) and they were
Page 33 and 34: Table 6. Effect of seed treatments
Page 35 and 36: Table 8. Effect of seed treatments
Page 37 and 38: On 21 DAE chrysoperla population in
Page 39 and 40: Table 11. Effect of spraying botani
Page 43 and 44: deadhearts). This was followed by A
Page 45 and 46: Table 15. Evaluation of spraying bo
Page 51 and 52: Treatments Table 20. Yield of timel
Page 53 and 54: 4.2.4 Natural enemies 4.2.4.1 Cocci
Page 59 and 60: 4.3.2 Oviposition Effect of differe
Page 61 and 62: 5. DISCUSSION Investigations on the
Page 63 and 64: Mean number of eggs/plant 2 1.8 1.6
Page 65 and 66: Percent deadheart 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 67 and 68: Interaction effect of treatments an
Page 69 and 70: Number of eggs/plant 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.
Page 71 and 72: Percent deadheart 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 73: Yield (q/ha) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
Page 77 and 78: 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Investiga
Page 79 and 80: • Spraying Azagro (5%) and NSKE (
Page 81 and 82: Deepthi Jose, 2007, Studies on the
Page 83 and 84: Mendes, J. and Linhares, A.X., 1993
Page 85 and 86: Sharma, H.C., 1985, Strategies for
Page 87: NON-CHEMICAL APPROACHES FOR THE MAN
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