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vzbudil v italijanskem prostoru in prav tam
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24 Ralph H. C. Davis, The Medieval Warhorse, London 1989, str. 64.
25 Kot je v pogosto citiranem odlomku o bitki pri Montlheryju l. 1465 ugotavljal burgundski
diplomat Commynes, so bili lokostrelci morda najdragocenejši del pozno-
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Commynes, Memoiren, Stuttgart 1972, str. 14.
26 Schäfer 1914, str. 23, 29–30; Keen 1999, str. 219.
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Aufkommen der Feuerwaffen, v: Mitteilungen des österreichischen Staatsarchivs,
Ergänzungsband II, Festschrift zur Feier des zweihundertjährigen Bestandes des
Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchivs, I, Wien 1949, str. 511; Contamine 1984, str. 139;
Bert S. Hall, Weapons & Warfare in Renaissance Europe, Baltimore 1997, str. 45;
prim. tudi Bernhard Rathgen, Das Geschütz im Mittelalter, Berlin 1928.
14 ! V O J A Š K A Z G O D O V I N A
tactical innovations would cause more drastic chang-
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English unit in Pisa performed poorly during its initial
combat ordeal. English archers could not repeat
their success achieved in Scotland and in France on
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in small numbers and the commanders did not ad-
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warfare simply did not permit it. UX The “White
Company” under the command of John Hawkwood
enjoyed greater success. Hawkwood remained in the
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he himself had suffered several defeats in his career.
This is another sign that the experience in Western
European warfare was not easily transferable to regions
with a different military tradition. UR
A New Factor: Firearms
Gunpowder found its way to Europe in the middle
of the 13 th century. It seems that Italian soldiers and
armourers took a particular interest in this explosive
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first cannons were invented. There is a quite ambiguous
chronicle reference which could be interpreted as
suggesting that firearms were used during the defence
of Forli in QUY[. Some more cogent sources
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have any effects whatsoever. Um
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estimate how early artillery developed in the follow-
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Reasons why the firearms developed so slowly are
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obstacle that had to be bridged by medieval gunners
and armourers was not the manufacture of appro-
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which was impeded by the high price of saltpetre. An
25 As the Burgundian diplomat Commynes wrote in the frequently quoted passage
describing the battle at Montlhery in 1465, archers were arguably the most valuable
part of late medieval armies, yet only if they were present in sufficiently large
numbers. Small and dispersed formations of archers were less successful as they
were not able to provide the necessary volume of missiles at the critical locations
2'")>/"D%))$/J,/$+."7>,$,??/"+/"M200P'/49"Memoiren, Stuttgart 1972, p. 14.
26 Schäfer 1914, pp. 23, 29–30; Keen 1999, p. 219.
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Aufkommen der Feuerwaffen, in: Mitteilungen des österreichischen Staatsarchivs,
Ergänzungsband II, Festschrift zur Feier des zweihundertjährigen Bestandes des
Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchivs, I, Wien 1949, p. 511; Contamine 1984, pp. 139;
Bert S. Hall, Weapons & Warfare in Renaissance Europe, Baltimore 1997, p. 45; cf.
Bernhard Rathgen, Das Geschütz im Mittelalter, Berlin 1928.