Prenesite datoteko - Vojaški muzej

B-&!:4&'-B"3#:!&2&3#-=$2-&P$%!"H-#-&3"8*"#"1:&
2%.:1-& "1-& I-B/:& *$;/:(& A%"2& 2& *:!&0$'1:4>& 8$&
Q2-H"%#-&0%:8:'1-&82$#:&"3*-;3:&0%:4=$43-/:&-3&
4%>'$& 0$4$B3$& 0:=$*$& 2& F2%$0-L& /-& #:& ."%"4-&
*:+"2&0%-&!"3:2%-%"3#>&4:1$2"1"&0%:*:+3$&4:-
P:3.-23$&-3&B$1#&8*"*-;3$( 53 Tudi obstreljevanje
.:1$&I*:2-1;3:'"&B>%'>348/:'"&*$03-I*2"&0%$*-&
tako gibljivim nasprotnikom ni imelo pravega
>;-3/"(& Q2-H"%8/"& 0:=$*"& #:& B>%'>348/:!>&
vojvodi zadala smrtni udarec v bitki pri Nancyju
januarja 1477. Simbol propada burgundskega
vojaškega sistema je bila najdba Karlo-
2:'"&*%>01"&0$&B-*/-L&0%:B$4:3:'"&8&8>1-;3-!-&
$8*!-(& K#:'$2& $B%".& #:& 0%:8:/"1"& =:1:B"%4"&
neznanega švicarskega vojaka. 54
,$'"*"&B>%'>348/"&."0>I;-3"&#:&*"/$#&0$2-
.%$;-1"&3$2:&2$#3:(&X3*:%:8:&2$#2$4$2:&=;:%:&-3&
4:4-3#:&)"%-#:&#:&."8*$0"1&3#:3&!$+L&="B8B>%I/-&
princ Maksimiljan. Kljub mladosti se je izkazal
/$*&80$8$B:3&2$#8/$2$4#"(&D&P1"!8/-!-&-3&3:!škimi
najemniki – razvpitimi Landsknechti – je
>80:I3$& 0$83:!"1& I2-H"%8/$& 0:=$*3$& *"/*-/$&
-3& 1:*"& R\kW& 0%:0%-;1#-2$& 0%:!"'"1& P%"3H$8/$&
vojsko v bitki pri Guinegatu. 55 Zaposlovali pa
so ga tudi dogodki v srednji Evropi. Tedaj se je
turška ekspanzija usmerila predvsem na osva-
#"3#:& I-B/:#I-=& 4%+"23-=& *2$%B& 3"& ,"1/"3>& -3&
%$0"%8/:&24$%:&0%$*-&8:2:%$."=$4>L&/-&8$&*:+/$&
0%-."4:1-&*>4-&81$2:38/:&4:+:1:(&D*%"*:'-#"&-.;%-
0"2"3#"&#:&0$2.%$;-1"&=>4$&$0>8*$I:3#:&,"1/"-
3"&-3&#>+3:'"&$B%$B#"&3:!I/:'"&H:8"%8*2"(&9"&
>;-3/$2-*$&$B%"!B$&0%:4&%:43-!-&20"4-&#:&B-1$&
*%:B"&%".2-*-&3$2L&0%$+3:#I-&-3&."3:81#-2:#I-&2$jaški
sistem. Ogrski kralj Matija Korvin je za ta
namen svojim silam dodal velike kontingente
=>."%8/:&/$3#:3-H:L&80:H-"1-.-%"3:&."&B$#&8&*>%škimi
roparskimi oddelki. 56 Cesar Maksimiljan
0"& #:& 2& 3$*%"3#:"28*%-#8/-=& 4:+:1"=& 0$80:I-1&
8-8*:!"*-;3:& %:P$%!:& $B%"!B3:& $%'"3-."H-#:&
v smeri stalne vojske s centraliziranim poveljstvom
– k temu so ga navsezadnje vsaj toliko
kot turška nevarnost napeljali burgundski in
."=$43$:2%$08/-&.'1:4-( 57
Turška nevarnost je zares prodrla v širšo
:2%$08/$& ."2:8*& I:1:& $B& 3$2:!& 2"1>& 2:1-/-=&
53" 78,0."c$),4"@AA!9"4)8."T:OTS.
54 Strickland – Hardy 2005, 361–368; Smith – DeVries str. 186–200; Vinzenz Bartlome,
Murten 1476 – die Schicksalsschlacht der jungen Eidgenossenschaft, v:
Von Krieg und Frieden, Bern und die Eidgenossen bis 1800"_*8."7/)/8"a/W$/89"7/)/8"
Martig, Bernisches Historisches Musem, r. k.), Bern 2003, str. 22.
55 Hall 1997, str. 122; Contamine 1984, str. 137.
56 Keen 1999, str. 196, str. 281.
57 Vasko Simoniti, Vojaška organizacija na Slovenskem v 16. stoletju, Ljubljana 1991,
str. 30 sl.; Smith – DeVries 2005, str. 41.
22 ! V O J A Š K A Z G O D O V I N A
The rich Burgundian inheritance instantly became
the cause of new wars. The interests of the
Duke’s daughter and heiress Mary were represented
IC& :3%& :BEI"28-& ':3& b"IEIB%O& >%*2F3& !"a*6*1*"2.&
43E>*'3& :*E& C$B':-& !"a*6*1*"2& >%$@38& :*6E31;& "E& "&
capable commander. With Flemish and German mercenaries
– the notorious Landsknechte – he success-
;B11C&F$>*38&':3&N]*EE&*2;"2'%C&'"F'*FE&"28-&*2&Q[mV-&
heavily defeated the French army in the Battle of
Guinegate. 55 He was also kept busy by the events in
032'%"1&3.&/'&':"'&'*63-&':3&5B%,*E:&3a>"2E*$2&
was directed particularly to conquering the weaker
state formations of the Balkans and raids towards
':3& 2$%':Z3"E'-& ]:*F:& "1E$& E3@3%31C& ";;3F'38& ':3&
Slovenian territory. The strategy of attrition caused
severe devastation to the Balkans and the southern
peripheries of the German empire. For an effective
defence against these constant raids it was neces-
E"%C& '$& 83@31$>& "& 23]-& 6$%3& ;13a*I13& "28& %31*"I13&
6*1*'"%C& ECE'36.& P$%& ':*E& >B%>$E3-& ':3& bB2O"%*"2&
,*2O-&!"'':*"E&0$%@*2BE-&"8838&1"%O3&F$2'*2O32'E&$;&
bBEE"%& F"@"1%C-& E>3F*"1*+38& ;$%& F$6I"'*2O& 5B%,*E:&
raider detachments. 56 The emperor Maximilian accelerated
systematic reforms for the defence organisation
in Inner-Austrian lands aiming at creating a
standing army with a centralised command. He decided
for such a step in response to the threats posed
by the Turks as much as following the Burgundian
and Western European examples. 57
The Turkish threat finally broke through into the
broader European consciousness only with the new
]"@3&$;&_''$6"2&$;;32E*@3E&*2&':3&QXUSE. 58 &E&':3&$21C&3aF3>'*$2&]"E&W'"1C-&
where commanders started to hire the light cavalry
of rambunctious Albanian stradiots by the late 15 th
century. XV & /;'3%& ':3& P%32F:& *2@"E*$2& *2& Q[V[-& W'"1C&
became the main European battlefield where some
of the most significant innovations were introduced.
/16$E'&;$%&"2&32'*%3&O323%"'*$2-&*'&]"E&8$6*2"'38&IC&
the Swiss pikemen who experienced their first decisive
defeat only against the Spanish arquebusiers in
Bartlome, Murten 1476 – die Schicksalsschlacht der jungen Eidgenossenschaft,
in: Von Krieg und Frieden, Bern und die Eidgenossen bis 1800"_/+."7/)/8"a/W$/89"
7/)/8"F%8),E9";/8',4=>/4"5,4)28,4=>/4"F*4/09"/j>,D,),2'"=%)%$2E*/b9";/8'"QRRK9"
p. 22.
55 Hall 1997, p. 122; Contamine 1984, p. 137.
56 Keen 1999, p. 196, p. 281.
57 Vasko Simoniti, Vojaška organizacija na Slovenskem v 16. stoletju, Ljubljana 1991,
p. 30 ff.; Smith – DeVries 2005, p. 41.
58 Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman Warfare 1500–1700, New Brunswick 1999, p. 6 ff.
59 Contamine 1984, pp. 128–129.