Cultural aspects in Christian and Islamic religions - unesdoc - Unesco

y the Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican
Music’ to express its importance and its necessity
(Articles 112 to 121):
to be considered the more holy in proportion as
it is more closely connected with the liturgical
action, whether it adds delight to prayer, fosters
unity of minds, or confers greater solemnity upon
the sacred rites… Accordingly, the sacred Council
… having regard to the purpose of sacred music,
which is the glory of God and the sanctification of
the faithful…’ (Article 112).
There is no religious music in the Christian
religion without a text and without an organized
community to sing it. From there on, the stand of
the Church as concerns musical instruments and
their use in celebrations varies between those
that forbid instruments completely – such as in
use of instruments – such as in Latin Church, some
Eastern Churches and Protestant Churches.
jayyid’,
meaning good and betterment, is a science which
is about the emission points of the letters and the
characteristics of the latter. The emission point of a
letter is the sound it emits that distinguishes it from
the rest.
Tajwid is in three ranks: tartil is slow and measured
recitation of the Koran; Hadr is rapid recitation
taking into account rules of pronunciation; tadwir
is recitation at a moderate speed.
Tajwid is divided into scientific tajwid and practical
tajwid. The former is linked with the emission
points of the letters, their characteristics, and the
provisions of madd (i.e. the prolongation and the
extension of the sound), waqf, maqtu’, mawsul,
taskin, tanwin, and so on.
As to practical tajwid, it is articulating every letter
from its articulation point without changes or
distortion, and giving each letter its rights and
dues of characteristics.
These include jahr (i.e. holding of breath when
pronouncing a letter due to strength in its
articulation point); al-shaddah [the stress] (i.e.
holding of the running sound when pronouncing
a letter to complete the stress on the articulation
isti’la’ [elevation] (i.e. directing pressure
istifal [dropping or
lowering] (i.e. the tongue dropping to the bottom
of the mouth when speaking); characteristics that
are constant or characteristics that are occasional
such as tafkhim (the letter pronounced with a
isti’la’ and tarqiq which
istifal.
Tajwid is done for the Koran and Hadith; it was set
tajwid and written down by Imams
of qira’a.(reading)
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