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116 Smart Technologies for Safety Engineering Figure 4.12 Impact identification. Standard deviation of identified values compared to exact values (solution map approach): (left) mass; (right) velocity 4.1.6.2 Approach Based on Force and Acceleration The objective was to minimize the impact identification time towards the real-time. Equation (2) is used, and it is assumed that measurements from two sensors (force and acceleration) are available. Mass identification was tested in two cases: with the accelerometer attached (1) to the falling body and (2) to the piston rod. Examples of accelerations measured in these two locations are shown in Figure 4.13, along with the measured force. The figure shows the very first impulse due to the first contact between the falling mass and the piston rod (the beginning of phase A of the impact). The procedure was tested for the whole variety of impacting masses used in the experiments. Chosen results of identification in the first phase of impact are presented in Figure 4.14. The identified mass m shows a very volatile behaviour. This is mainly due to the intrinsic feature of accelerometers, which are very sensitive to external factors like, for example, vibration of the testing stand caused by the impact. The graph shows temporary values of the identified mass, the mean value in the considered time interval and the accurate value of the falling mass. If accelerations of the piston rod are measured (Figure 4.14, left), the identified mass value is almost independent of the actual falling mass and its velocity. This behaviour turned out to be typical for the first impact phase, which is characterized by no joint movement and several
Dynamic Load Monitoring 117 Figure 4.13 Examples of measured signals in the first impulse (phase A of impact): (left) falling mass acceleration; (middle) piston rod acceleration; (right) force Figure 4.14 Mass identification in the first phase of the impact (force and acceleration approach). Acceleration measured on: (left) piston rod of the gas spring; (right) falling mass
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SMART TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFETY ENGIN
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Copyright C○ 2008 John Wiley & So
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vi Contents 2.7 Versatility of VDM
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viii Contents 6 VDM-Based Remodelin
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Preface The contents of this book c
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xiv About the Authors The team of s
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Organization of the Book The book h
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1 Introduction to Smart Technologie
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Introduction to Smart Technologies
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12 Smart Technologies for Safety En
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3 VDM-Based Health Monitoring of En
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 39 3.2
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 41 When
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 43 appr
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 45 (7)
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 47 μ i
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 49 μ A
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 51 Figu
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 53 by a
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 55 Figu
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 57 axia
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axial strain 3,2 2,4 1,6 0,8 0 −0
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.27 (a) Screw c
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 63 The
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Page 164 and 165: 5 Adaptive Impact Absorption Piotr
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 167 gas
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 169 moun
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 171 of t
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 173 disp
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 175 comp
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 177 of t
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 179 F VD
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 181 forc
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 183 Tabl
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 185 Curr
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 187 (a)
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 189 Vect
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 191 wher
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 193 (a)
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 195 time
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 197 Pres
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 199 towe
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 201 Tabl
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 203 Pres
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 205 5.6.
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 207 Unkn
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 209 Figu
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 211 Dece
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 213 33.
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216 Smart Technologies for Safety E
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7 Adaptive Damping of Vibration by
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Adaptive Damping of Vibration 253 x
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Adaptive Damping of Vibration 255 t
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Adaptive Damping of Vibration 257 K
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Adaptive Damping of Vibration 259 M
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Adaptive Damping of Vibration 261 w
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Adaptive Damping of Vibration 263 1
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Adaptive Damping of Vibration 265 R
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Adaptive Damping of Vibration 267 1
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Acknowledgements Parts of Section
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Acknowledgements 325 Parts of Chap
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328 Index Control strategy (Continu
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330 Index Modification coefficient
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332 Index System analogies, 29, 68,
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