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Adaptive Damping of Vibration 265 Relative difference in peak response bewtween reference and controlled cases 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% −20% Efficiency of the vibration amplitude mitigation with respect to the reference case 89% 91% 85% 82% 84% 0% −2% 61% 1.95 −6% 3.54 −6% 3.97 4.42 4.86 5.30 5.74 6.18 6.62 7.06 time stamps of response peaks [s] control procedure disabled enabled disabled Figure 7.17 Relative difference in amplitudes as related to the reference case strain sensor reading [V] 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 2.9 −0.01 3.9 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.9 time [s] −0.02 −0.03 −0.04 −0.05 −0.06 controlled control signal Figure 7.18 Weak effect due to a wrong delamination trigger time
266 Smart Technologies for Safety Engineering obtained response mitigation is less significant. If, in the worst case, the delamination occurs around the equilibrium position of the cantilever, then there is no effect at all since there are no deformation incompatibilities between the layers that could be ‘frozen’. Figure 7.18 shows no damping effect due to a wrong delamination trigger time. 7.5 Possible Applications Among possible applications are: pedestrian bridges, pipelines, truss structures, small-scale mechanical systems. The two-layered beam discussed in Section 7.2 has the span and stiffness of an experimental, lightweight pedestrian bridge located in EMPA Laboratory, Switzerland. Cables sustaining the span, which completely change the dynamic behavior of the structure, were not modeled in the numerical example. In order to apply the PAR strategy effectively to this type of structure, mitigation of higher modes has to be accounted for. For this purpose, only one active member at the support is not sufficient. The detachable spring which was discussed in Section 7.3 could be used at the supports of pipeline systems in order to accumulate the deformation energy and convert it to kinetic energy, which can then be dissipated. References 1. A. Ruangrassamee and K. Kawashima, Semi-active control of bridges with use of magnetorheological damper, in Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, September 2002. 2. F. dell’Isola and S. Vidoli, Damping of bending waves in truss beams by electrical transmission lines with pzt actuators, Archive of Applied Mechanics, 96(2), 1998, 619–626. 3. G.C. Lee, Z. Liang and M. Tong, Development of a semi-active structural control system. in research progress and accomplishments 1997–1999, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research MCEER, July 1999. 4. M.D. Symans and M.C. Constantinou, Semi-active control systems for seismic protection of structures: a state-of-the-art review, Engineering Structures, 21(6), 1999, 469–487. 5. S.J. Dyke, B.F. Spencer Jr, M.K. Sain and J.D. Carlson, Experimental verification of semi-active structural control strategies using acceleration feedback, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Motion and Vibration Control, Chiba, Japan, 1–6 September 1996. 6. D.C. Kamopp, M.J. Crosby and R.A. Harwood. Vibration control using semi active force generation, Journal of Engineering for Industry, 96(2), 1974, 619–626. 7. J. Holnicki-Szulc and Z. Marzec, Adaptive structures with semi-active interfaces, in Proceedings of the EUROMECH 373 Colloquium on Modelling and Control of Adaptive Mechanica Structures, Magdeburg, Germany, 1998. 8. Z. Marzec, J. Holnicki-Szulc and F. López-Almansa, Strategy of impulse release of strain energy for damping of vibration, in Proceedings NATO ARW Smart Structures’98, Pultusk, Poland, 1998. 9. L. Gaul, R. Nitsche and D. Sachau, Semi-active vibration control of flexible structures. in Proceedings of the EUROMECH 373 Colloquium on Modelling and Control of Adaptive Mechanical Structure, 1998.
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SMART TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFETY ENGIN
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Copyright C○ 2008 John Wiley & So
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vi Contents 2.7 Versatility of VDM
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viii Contents 6 VDM-Based Remodelin
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Preface The contents of this book c
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xiv About the Authors The team of s
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Organization of the Book The book h
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1 Introduction to Smart Technologie
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Introduction to Smart Technologies
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12 Smart Technologies for Safety En
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3 VDM-Based Health Monitoring of En
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 39 3.2
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 41 When
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 43 appr
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 45 (7)
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 47 μ i
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 49 μ A
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 51 Figu
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 53 by a
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 55 Figu
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 57 axia
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axial strain 3,2 2,4 1,6 0,8 0 −0
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.27 (a) Screw c
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 63 The
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 65 μ i
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 67 1 3
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 73 form
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 75 Q Q
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 77 Note
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 79 wate
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 81 0 -0
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 83 −0
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 85 impl
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 87 give
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 89 sour
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 91 Rela
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 95 loca
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VDM-Based Health Monitoring 101 8.
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5 Adaptive Impact Absorption Piotr
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 155 Fina
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 157 σ 1
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 159 acce
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 161 norm
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 163 Figu
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 165 Zone
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 167 gas
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 169 moun
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 171 of t
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 173 disp
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 177 of t
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 179 F VD
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 181 forc
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 183 Tabl
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 185 Curr
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 187 (a)
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 189 Vect
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 191 wher
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 193 (a)
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 195 time
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 197 Pres
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 199 towe
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 201 Tabl
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 203 Pres
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 205 5.6.
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 207 Unkn
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 209 Figu
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Adaptive Impact Absorption 211 Dece
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Acknowledgements Parts of Section
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Acknowledgements 325 Parts of Chap
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328 Index Control strategy (Continu
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330 Index Modification coefficient
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332 Index System analogies, 29, 68,
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