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2.4 Constraints in adoption of rwhs Krishnappa et al. (1988) in their study on Kabbalanala watershed at Bangalore reported that simultaneous adoption of all the components of technology was obstructed by lack of adequate capital and credit in the case of majority of farmers. Agro-climatic conditions, scanty and uneven distribution of rainfall, undulating topography, shallow depth of soil, low moisture retention capacity, low fertility of soil, small and fragmented nature of holdings and the lack of adequate market facilities also came in the way of adoption of new agronomic practices. Singh (1988) analysed the constraints of rabi crops in Parva Nala watershed of Madhya Pradesh and found that lack of capital at the time of major farm operations was the main constraint. Other constraints found were non-availability of desired fertilizers. Lack of HYV seeds, non-availability of desired variety seeds and lack of technical know. He also reported that, constraint of ‘nonavailability of credit’, was felt more intensively by marginal and small farmers. Norman et al. (1991) suggested that the official machinery should have been streamlined to co-ordinate the implementation of the project in Palakkad district of Kerala. Lack of perception of the objectives of the programme by the target group was the main lacunae in the project implementation. It should also be noted that some important components like forestry programme, pasture development dairying were not given enough weightage. Randhir and Ravichandran (1991) in their policy implications in Anakatti region of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, included the implementation of the programme by enlisting the participation of farmers, educating them in soil and water conservation, bringing more area under watershed management, encouraging farmers in the maintenance of structures and subsidizing the inputs for watershed management. Narayanagowda (1992) reported that the adoption level of soil and moisture conservation practices was higher among the participants of Chitravati watershed in Kolar district of Karnataka as compared to non-participants. However, he observed that a higher percentage of farmers had not adopted the practice of stabilization of bunds with vegetative species, lack of conviction and difficulty to establish were the dominant reasons for their lack of adoption. Anand (2000) in his study conducted in Bidar district of Karnataka revealed that the major problems/reasons for non-adoption or partial adoption of watershed technology include, lack of capital for contour bund and land levelling, unawareness of technology for compartment bunding and live bunds, lack of knowledge and hard sub-surface soil in opening of ridges and furrows and plantation of horticulture and forest tree species. Naik (2000) reported the major reasons for non-adoption of water harvesting structures and grade stabilization structures in the Kanakanala and Indawar-Hullalli watersheds in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka and found that credit non-availability and high interest rates were severe problems (69% each) followed by long gestation period (68%), high hiring charges of improved implements (65%) and small holdings (61%) etc. in the non-watershed area. Nirmala (2003) reported that the farmers perception and constraint analysis under impact study of watershed development programme on socio-economic dimensions in Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh and found that technologies were beneficial in the form of increased income (58.33%), increased moisture (51.66%) and increased productivity (48.33%) along with increased employment generation. Reduced soil erosion integrated ground water recharge etc. were other benefits of technology as perceived by the farmers. Further observed that the major reasons for nonadoption of structures in non-watershed area were lack of capital (51.6%) technical know-how (46.60%), size of holding (45%) followed by problems of irrigation, inadequate input availability nonavailability of labour, inadequate extension services, poor quality of land etc.
III. METHODOLOGY The design of the study is an important component of research. To realize the various objectives of the study, an appropriate methodology describing sampling design, data collection and tools of analysis for the conduct of the study are inevitable. In this chapter the methodology adopted for the present study, including the selection and description of the study area, sampling design, collection of data and analytical tools employed are presented under the following heads. 3.1 Description of the study area 3.2 Selection of the study area 3.3 Sampling design 3.4 Collection of data 3.5 Analytical tools employed 3.6 The terms and concepts used in the study 3.1 Description of the study area An assessment of any development activity can be made only with a detailed understanding of the physical and natural characteristics of the region as well as the socioeconomic status of the population. Hence an attempt has been made to describe the physical, natural and socio-economic features of Dharwad district, with special reference to Dharwad and Kalaghatagi taluks those are chosen for the study, and secondary data were collected from the District Statistical Office of Dharwad district. 3.1.1 Geographic location and extent Dharwad district falls in the northern part of Karnataka state (Fig. 1). It is situated in the interior of the Deccan peninsula and lies between the Northern latitudes of 15°15’ and 15°35’ and East longitudes of 75°00’ and 75°20’. It is bound on the North by Belgaum district, while on the South by Haveri district, on the East by Gadag district and on the West by Uttar Kannada district. The total geographical area of the district is 4.27 lakh hectares, which is about 2.22 per cent of the state. The district has five taluks viz., Dharwad, Hubli, Kalaghatagi, Kundgol and Navalgund. Out of the five taluks, Dharwad and Kalaghatagi taluks were chosen for the study. This district has 127 gram panchayaths encompassing 397 villages. 3.1.2 Rainfall and temperature The average annual rainfall of the district is around 670 mm with a bimodal distribution. The first peak occurs in May-June while the second in October. The maximum temperature is 38°C with minimum of 16°C in April-May and December-January respectively. 3.1.3 Soils The soils of the district are predominantly red sandy loams with patches of black soils. The soils of the Dharwad and Kalaghatagi taluks are practically homogeneous and red sandy loams with medium to deep black soils. Most of the area of both the taluks comes under rainfed condition and depends more or less absolutely on rain. 3.1.4 Land utilization pattern Land utilization pattern of a particular area is an indicator of the natural endowment and opportunities for development of the area. The land utilization pattern of the study area during 2001-02 has been given in Table 3.1. The total geographical area of the district was 4,27,329 hectares, that of Dharwad taluk has 1,11,788 hectares and Kalaghatagi taluk accounted for about 68,757 hectares. The forest cover was more (28.39%) in Kalaghatagi taluk compared to Dharwad taluk (12.23%). The land not available for cultivation, other cultivable waste and fallow lands together constituted around 14.18 per cent in Dharwad district, 22.83 per cent in Dharwad taluk and 10.5 per cent in Khalaghatagi taluk to their respective geographical area. In Dharwad district the total cropped area was 4,80,267 hectares accounting 112.38 per cent and in Dharwad and Kalaghatagi taluk the total cropped area was 88.56 and 66.66 per cent respectively with more than 60 per cent net sown area, indicated that more than100 per cent cropping intensity existed in the study area. In Dharwad
Page 1 and 2: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RAIN WATER
Page 3 and 4: Chapter No. C O N T E N T S Title P
Page 5 and 6: Figure No. LIST OF FIGURES Title Be
Page 7 and 8: Appendi x No. LIST OF APPENDICES Ti
Page 9 and 10: agriculture. An improved crop produ
Page 11 and 12: Therefore, the results of the study
Page 13 and 14: Prasad (1994) opined that watershed
Page 15 and 16: vistas of productive and remunerati
Page 17: conservation measures on watershed
Page 21 and 22: Table 3.1 Land utilization pattern
Page 23 and 24: district canals are the major sourc
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 2. Showing districts covered u
Page 27 and 28: 3.3 Sampling design For the present
Page 29 and 30: If the benefit cost ratio of the wa
Page 31 and 32: 3.6.15 Seed Farm produced seed has
Page 33 and 34: Plate 4. Nala bunding Plate 5. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Table 4.1. Age and education status
Page 37 and 38: Table 4.2. Family type and size of
Page 39 and 40: Table 4.4. Extent of use of RWHS in
Page 41 and 42: Table 4.5. Investment on RWHS throu
Page 43 and 44: 4.4.3 Productivity of major crops T
Page 45 and 46: Area (ha) Yield (q/ha) 160 140 120
Page 47 and 48: Table 4.10. Cost and returns profil
Page 49 and 50: Table 4.12. Cost and returns profil
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.14. Employment levels in di
Page 53 and 54: V. DISCUSSION The results of the st
Page 55 and 56: A critical observation of cost and
Page 57 and 58: VI. SUMMARY AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Page 59 and 60: Farm-ponds were found to have posit
Page 61 and 62: HAZRA, C.R., 1997, Sustainable agri
Page 63 and 64: SHARMA, H.C. AND HOOJA, R., 1981, W
Page 65 and 66: IV. Important Crops, Area, Yield an
Page 67 and 68: Sl No Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 Education G
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Crop: __________ Variety: _________
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VIII. Constraints for non-adoption
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APPENDIX III Per ha cost of cultiva
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APPENDIX V Per ha cost of cultivati
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An economic analysis of rain water
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