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(especially farm ponds) there was an increased in crop yields and employment in case of with farm-pond area and thus resulted in increased income of the farmers. The adoption of RWHS also have resulted in reduction of soil erosion and increased moisture conservation although marginally which led to recharge of ground water and helped in maintaining common assets of environment. Similar findings were also reported by Nirmala (2003). Thus majority of the farmers felt that the RWHS are beneficial and therefore needs to be encouraged to adopt these technologies in rainfed areas. The major constraints as opined by the farmers in adoption of RWHS (Table 4.17) were lack of credit availability (64.44%), heavy investment (51.11%), fragmented land holdings (46.67%) and long gestation period (40%). Poor soil fertility, improper extension service, high labour rates are other reasons for non-adoption of RWHS. Krishnappa et al. (1998), Naik (2002), Nirmala (2003) were also reported similar findings and reported that major reasons for non-adoption of practices were, lack of capital, technical know-how, size of holding, input availability, high interest rates, heavy investments, inadequate extension services and quality of land. There is need to educate the farmers with suitable extension activities on the benefits of RWHS in the long run. Development of suitable low cost and labour effective technology would helps to overcome the problems faced by the farmers for better adoption of RWHS.
VI. SUMMARY AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS Water is the life-blood of the environment, without water no living being can survive, water plays an unique role in development of all sectors in any economy of every country. Water is used for power generation, waste disposal, transportation, recreation, agriculture and other various purposes but gross misuse of water resources causes widespread degradation of soil and disrupts the supply of potable water, and generates massive economic losses. More than 200 million people would live under conditions of high water stress by the year 2050, according to the UNEP reports, which warns that water could prove to be limiting factor for development in a number of regions in the world. About 1/5 th of the world’s population, lack of access to safe drinking water and with the present consumption patterns. Two out of three persons on the earth would live in the water stressed conditions by 2025. Around 1/3 rd of the world’s population now living in countries with moderate to high water stress-where water consumption is more than 10 per cent of renewable fresh water supply, said the GEO (Global Environment Outlook) 2000, the UNEPs millennium report. The present decade in India is characterized by the damage caused by scarcity of rainfall on one hand and flash floods due to heavy rainfall on the other. Since ours is monsoonic country where the rainfall is erratic, uneven and failure occurs at least once in 3 or 4 years, there is a need to take up comprehensive conservation and harvesting of rainwater, by the farmers who have practicing farming under rainfed situations, for the rest of the years. In order to mitigate water scarcity during critical stages of crop production the rain water harvesting structure on watershed basis viz., farm ponds would help in taking supplementary or protective irrigation. Comprehensive research studies that focus on watershed programmes, particularly rain water harvesting structures viz., farm- ponds are few and far between. With this in view, the present study was under taken with the below mentioned objectives and the results obtained from economic evaluation of farm ponds would help in learning and drawing policy guidelines for the future investments planned. The present study was taken up in the Dharwad and Kalaghatagi taluks of Dharwad district of Karnataka state with the following specific objectives. To identify the extent of the use of Rain Water Harvesting Structures (RWHS) in the study area To study the cost involved in construction of various RWHS To examine the impact of farm-ponds on cropping pattern, productivity, employment and income of the farmers To examine the feasibility of investment in farm-ponds 6.1 Sampling and data The present study was purposively undertaken in the rainfed areas of Dharwad and Kalaghatagi taluks at Dharwad district of Karnataka, where the World Bank assisted Sujala Watershed is under operation. For the present study, Managundi MWS in Managundi SWS and Tumari-koppa MWS in Galagi SWS were selected respectively, from Dharwad and Kalaghatagi taluks. From the selected two MWS 25 per cent of the farmers were randomly selected from each MWS based on the availability of farm ponds located on their fields to make a sample size of 45 and for comparison purpose another sample of 45 farmers who do not possess farm ponds i.e. without farm-pond were randomly interviewed and the data pertaining agriculture year 2003-04 was collected using pre-tested interview schedules. The technique of tabular presentation including averages and percentages were adopted in respect to compute socio-economic features of sample farmers, cropping pattern, input usage, cropping intensity, cost and returns using cost concepts etc. and the financial feasibility criteria was used to evaluate the financial feasibility of farm ponds. 6.2 Major findings of the study A brief summary of findings of the study is presented below. The sample farmers in with and without farm-pond area are almost same with respect to age and family type (average of 53.44 and 50.11 respectively) while education status was comparatively higher in with farm-pond (73.33%) area over without farm-pond (53.33%) area.
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AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RAIN WATER
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Chapter No. C O N T E N T S Title P
Page 5 and 6: Figure No. LIST OF FIGURES Title Be
Page 7 and 8: Appendi x No. LIST OF APPENDICES Ti
Page 9 and 10: agriculture. An improved crop produ
Page 11 and 12: Therefore, the results of the study
Page 13 and 14: Prasad (1994) opined that watershed
Page 15 and 16: vistas of productive and remunerati
Page 17 and 18: conservation measures on watershed
Page 19 and 20: III. METHODOLOGY The design of the
Page 21 and 22: Table 3.1 Land utilization pattern
Page 23 and 24: district canals are the major sourc
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 2. Showing districts covered u
Page 27 and 28: 3.3 Sampling design For the present
Page 29 and 30: If the benefit cost ratio of the wa
Page 31 and 32: 3.6.15 Seed Farm produced seed has
Page 33 and 34: Plate 4. Nala bunding Plate 5. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Table 4.1. Age and education status
Page 37 and 38: Table 4.2. Family type and size of
Page 39 and 40: Table 4.4. Extent of use of RWHS in
Page 41 and 42: Table 4.5. Investment on RWHS throu
Page 43 and 44: 4.4.3 Productivity of major crops T
Page 45 and 46: Area (ha) Yield (q/ha) 160 140 120
Page 47 and 48: Table 4.10. Cost and returns profil
Page 49 and 50: Table 4.12. Cost and returns profil
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.14. Employment levels in di
Page 53 and 54: V. DISCUSSION The results of the st
Page 55: A critical observation of cost and
Page 59 and 60: Farm-ponds were found to have posit
Page 61 and 62: HAZRA, C.R., 1997, Sustainable agri
Page 63 and 64: SHARMA, H.C. AND HOOJA, R., 1981, W
Page 65 and 66: IV. Important Crops, Area, Yield an
Page 67 and 68: Sl No Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 Education G
Page 69 and 70: Crop: __________ Variety: _________
Page 71 and 72: VIII. Constraints for non-adoption
Page 73 and 74: APPENDIX III Per ha cost of cultiva
Page 75 and 76: APPENDIX V Per ha cost of cultivati
Page 77: An economic analysis of rain water
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