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Detailed Ecological Assessment Report 2008 – Keenjhar Lake Chapter 2: Material and methods WWF Pakistan – Indus for All Programme Page 22 of 165
Detailed Ecological Assessment Report 2008 – Keenjhar Lake 2.1 Large Mammals 2.1.1 Team composition Apart from the permanent team members from WWF Pakistan, different professionals, field biologists and supporting staff members from different site offices of Indus for All Programme, Sindh Wildlife Department, Sindh Forest Department and Karachi University accompanied the study team. The study teams comprised of 6-9 members for different sites during summer and winter surveys. Details of study teams for each site are given in Appendix I. Most of the large mammals reported from the sites are mostly nocturnal whereas few diurnal medium sized and larger mammals are also distributed in the area. The aquatic mammals are reported only from Keti Bunder and Keti Shah. Therefore, different direct and indirect methods of detection were applied; first to locate various mammalian species and secondly, to estimate the populations of some mammals of concern. The following direct and indirect observation methods applied during the survey included; 2.1.2 Point surveys In this method, observation points were established along roads, edges of ponds or marshes, at a higher place or at any other location suitable for viewing the habitat. For a period of 15 to 60 minutes at each observation point, the observer recorded all sightings of the mammals at that site and then calculated an index of abundance of each species as the number of animals seen per hour of observation (Brower et. al 1990). 2.1.3 Roadside counts Roadside counts technique was applied at Keenjhar Lake mostly for the nocturnal mammals like foxes, jackals and cats. Additionally this technique was used in Keenjhar Lake as a means to locate different nocturnal mammals using search lights on 4x4 jeeps as well as diurnal mammals like mongooses. 2.1.4 Track counts Tracks can be the first indication of the presence of animals in an area. Track counts especially after rain can be useful in identifying different animals especially those which are nocturnal and secretive in habits. A fresh rain eliminates the previous tracks and the recent tracks of animals entering or leaving the study area can be used as a measure of their abundance. During the survey period, track counts technique was applied at all the five study sites and at Keenjhar Lake this technique was applied just for the confirmation of the presence of nocturnal mammals. 2.1.5 Line transects The line transect or strip census method of population estimation involves counting the animals seen by an observer traversing a predetermined transect line and recording the distances at which they were seen or flushed. The average of the flushing distance is determined and used to calculate the effective width of the strip covered by the observer. The population for the entire area then is considered to be the number of animals flushed, divided by the area of the strip and multiplied by the total area (Schemnitz 1980). WWF Pakistan – Indus for All Programme Page 23 of 165
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