Untitled - WWF - Pakistan

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Detailed Ecological Assessment Report 2008 – Keenjhar Lake P = AZ / 2XY Line transects or strip census method is a particularly useful technique when animals are difficult to see and must be flushed to be counted. This methodology was applied at Keenjhar Lake for Jackals. 2.1.6 Pellet counts Pellets’ counting in a specific area is a good technique for locating large mammals and assessing their populations. This technique involves removing all pellet groups from plots and then estimating from subsequent observations on those plots the number of groups per hectare to compare animal use of areas between sampling periods. In some cases it is not possible to remove all the pellet groups from an area therefore under such circumstances; an observer with a little practice can identify the fresh pellets depending on the color and dryness of the pellets. Ten to fifteen 100 m² plots (7.07 x 14.14) can be used for this purpose. These plots should be checked every three to seven days and the periods between samplings should not be so long that feces will decompose or be destroyed by weather or insects. A random selection of plots in the study area and the number of pellet groups in each plot is tallied and summed (Brower et. al 1990). An index of density (ID) of the number of pellet groups per unit area is then determined as; ID = n / A P = population A = total area of study Z = number of animals flushed Y = average flushing distance X = length of strip Where n is the sum of pellet groups counted over all plots and A is the total area sampled (i.e., the sum of the areas of all the plots). This method is effective in the habitats with dry weather and little or no dung beetle activity where pellet groups remain preserved between sampling periods. After counting pellets, one must be assured that they will not be counted on successive sampling periods so they should be removed by the observer. Defecation rates for the species under the study are closely estimated if it is desired to convert pellet counts to number of animals. At Keenjhar Lake as most of the area is covered by stony desert therefore this method was applied to confirm the existence of the mammals reported by locals and not for the estimations of their populations. 2.1.7 Interviews with local residents Interviews with local residents are valuable not only for the survey site selection but also in identifying the potential areas and a good source of primary data about the existing wildlife of the area. This method was very helpful in locating different mammal species in all the five study sites. However, despite the effectiveness of this method, minimal emphasis was placed on this source regarding the populations of different animals as it is assumed that the data regarding the population estimates could be biased. WWF Pakistan – Indus for All Programme Page 24 of 165
Detailed Ecological Assessment Report 2008 – Keenjhar Lake 2.1.8 Capture-mark-recapture This method is applied by using vocalization frequency to estimate the size of different animals’ populations is also an effective method. The technique involves walking along fixed transects to disturb all animals present on a study plot, potentially provoking a vocal response. Those animals heard to vocalize (whether observed or not) are then considered the total number of "marked" individuals in the population. The proportion of "marked" individuals in the population is estimated from the proportion of animals that vocalize in the sub sample of individuals observed (the vocalization frequency). Population size is estimated by dividing the number of marked individuals by the vocalization frequency. If the assumptions are met, this method provides estimates of absolute population size at low cost and with little material investment, because physical capture and marking of animals is not necessary (Reby 1998). Using this technique at Keenjhar Lake, the populations of Jackals were estimated. 2.1.9 Live trapping of nocturnal mammals It was difficult to confirm the existence of some carnivores through above methods because most of the carnivores found in study sites are nocturnal and difficult to locate and observe during day time. Since it is difficult to differentiate between some mammals belonging to Felidae family on the basis of their pug marks techniques for trapping some carnivores were applied and traps were made for trapping live animals such as jungle cat, grey mongoose etc. Such specially designed traps were set for the animals and the trapped animals were released after having been photographed. The traps were designed in such a way that there were no chances of any damage to the animals. This technique was applied near Jaakhra fish ponds at N 24 52 282 and E 68 02 693 Image 1 – Small mammals trap being set for Jungle cat 2.1.10 Equipments and Field Kit Image 2 – Small mammals trap being set for Jungle cat Equipments and field kits used for watching different mammals and assessing their populations in different sites of the Indus for All Programme included; 1. Digital camera to record the photographic evidences of the mammals. 2. Search lights for night vision of nocturnal mammals on 4x4 vehicles. 3. Measuring tape to record the size of foot prints and fecal droppings. 4. Binoculars (10x 50) to observe the diurnal large mammals. 5. Geographical Positioning System (GPS) to record the coordinates. WWF Pakistan – Indus for All Programme Page 25 of 165
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Untitled - WWF - Pakistan

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