Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ...

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3.8 CELTIC LANGUAGES..............................................................................95 3.8.1 Scots Gaelic .................................................................................95 3.8.2 Irish..............................................................................................98 3.9 SAAMI...................................................................................................99 3.10 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 103 4 PREASPIRATION – DATA............................................................................. 105 4.1 METHOD............................................................................................ 105 4.1.1 Speech materials ........................................................................105 4.1.1.1 Map-task data — CSw and Tórshavn Faroese ......................106 4.1.1.2 SOFI data — Gräsö and Western Åland................................107 4.1.2 Segmentation and measurement criteria....................................107 4.1.3 A note on the graphical presentation of durational data............110 4.2 CENTRAL STANDARD SWEDISH (CSW).............................................. 112 4.2.1 Method and subjects ..................................................................112 4.2.2 Word-initial fortis stops.............................................................112 4.2.2.1 Data overview........................................................................112 4.2.2.2 Postaspiration duration ..........................................................113 4.2.2.3 Preaspiration duration and sonorant voicelessness................116 4.2.3 Word-medial and word-final fortis stops...................................118 4.2.3.1 Data overview........................................................................119 4.2.3.2 Preaspiration duration............................................................120 4.2.3.3 Postaspiration duration ..........................................................126 4.2.3.4 Phonetic variation in word-medial fortis stops......................127 4.2.3.5 Postsonorant fortis stops........................................................131 4.2.4 Comparison of word-initial and word-medial stops ..................134 4.2.5 Postvocalic voiceless fricatives .................................................138 4.2.6 Word-initial lenis stops..............................................................139 4.2.7 Word-medial lenis stops ............................................................142 4.2.8 Summary and discussion ...........................................................145 4.3 TÓRSHAVN FAROESE ......................................................................... 146 4.3.1 Method and subjects ..................................................................147 4.3.2 Word-medial and word-final postvocalic stops.........................147 4.3.2.1 Stop and context classification ..............................................147 4.3.2.2 Data overview........................................................................151 4.3.2.3 Fortis vs. lenis........................................................................152 4.3.2.4 Preaspiration duration............................................................154 4.3.2.5 Postaspiration duration ..........................................................160 4.3.3 Phonetic variation in Faroese preaspiration...............................161 4.3.4 Summary and discussion ...........................................................168 4.4 THE NORTHERN GRÄSÖ DIALECT....................................................... 169 4.4.1 Method and subjects ..................................................................169 4.4.2 Fortis stops.................................................................................170 4.4.3 Lenis stops .................................................................................178 – vi –
4.4.4 Preaspiration duration — SWEDIA 2000 data..........................180 4.4.5 Summary and discussion ...........................................................183 4.5 THE POSTASPIRATING DIALECTS ........................................................ 184 4.5.1 Northern Icelandic .....................................................................185 4.5.2 Bjerkreim and Dalane................................................................188 4.5.3 Western Åland ...........................................................................189 4.5.3.1 Method and subjects ..............................................................190 4.5.3.2 Phonological distribution.......................................................191 4.5.3.3 Spectrographic examples.......................................................192 4.5.3.4 Duration measurements: overview ........................................194 4.5.3.5 Duration measurements: results.............................................196 4.5.3.6 Summary and discussion .......................................................200 4.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS........................................................... 204 5 FROM OLD NORSE TO THE PRESENT........................................................... 213 5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 213 5.2 OLD NORSE STOP PRODUCTION.......................................................... 215 5.2.1 The ON fortes in earlier descriptions.........................................216 5.2.2 The Proto-Nordic fortis ~ lenis contrast: reconstruction ...........223 5.3 WHERE DOES PREASPIRATION COME FROM? ...................................... 228 5.4 E/C CHANGES .................................................................................... 232 5.5 SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 238 5.6 FINAL REMARKS ................................................................................ 239 – vii –
Page 1: Preaspiration in the Nordic Languag
Page 4 and 5: PhD dissertation November 2002 Depa
Page 7: CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........
Page 12 and 13: the following pages. Thanks also to
Page 14 and 15: ported, but these should only be ta
Page 16 and 17: Finally, in Chapter 5, the patterns
Page 18 and 19: lock (ibid:267; boldface mine). Wea
Page 20 and 21: closure, decay time of the glottal
Page 23 and 24: 2 DEFINITION AND TYPOLOGY 2.1 Defin
Page 25 and 26: and Finnish the word [lhti] ‘bay
Page 27 and 28: turn into ChV sequences in which V
Page 29 and 30: 2.2 Linking preaspiration and sonor
Page 31 and 32: The similarity in gestural organisa
Page 33 and 34: The fact that both preaspiration an
Page 35 and 36: have normative preaspiration, other
Page 37 and 38: usually expressed as unaspirated an
Page 39 and 40: while clusters have developed into
Page 41 and 42: ted as voiceless unaspirated or pos
Page 43 and 44: y a middle-aged male speaker. In bo
Page 45 and 46: ut this is not true of the “stand
Page 47 and 48: 2.6 Auditory constraints and the ra
Page 49 and 50: The second criticism of Bladon’s
Page 51 and 52: in discharge rates in the auditory
Page 53: number of languages that possess se
Page 56 and 57: and Lappic (Finno-Ugric). It has be
Page 58 and 59:
For the sake of simplicity and luci
Page 60 and 61:
‘apple,’ [vh] vatnið ‘the wa
Page 62 and 63:
Table 3-1. Reflexes of Old Norse st
Page 64 and 65:
In the Northern dialect, V is sligh
Page 66 and 67:
Pind’s experiments as well as the
Page 68 and 69:
In Area 2, where Tórshavn is situa
Page 70 and 71:
in VC syllables in their speech, ju
Page 72 and 73:
Table 3-4. Reflexes of ON stops in
Page 74 and 75:
long vowel followed by a preaspirat
Page 76 and 77:
grams), with the occasional aid of
Page 78 and 79:
quantity system instead of the ON f
Page 80 and 81:
ON flytja). There are no examples o
Page 82 and 83:
Table 3-7. Reflexes of ON stops in
Page 84 and 85:
whether she thinks that leaving out
Page 86 and 87:
(Hede, Linsäll and Sveg) as well a
Page 88 and 89:
(VC vs. VC). For two pairs (/tak/ v
Page 90 and 91:
stop sequences that remain to be di
Page 92 and 93:
do occur systematic linguistic diff
Page 94 and 95:
Gräsö Forsmark Valö S W E D E N
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There are very few examples of clus
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Kökar, in the Åboland archipelago
Page 100 and 101:
one hand, speakers have a tendency
Page 102 and 103:
ecent studies that corroborate thes
Page 104 and 105:
example, in a particular dialect, t
Page 106 and 107:
does not give her segmentation crit
Page 108 and 109:
Scotland and Ireland 1 [hphthk] 2 [
Page 110 and 111:
approximately 140-150 ms in VC syll
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1. South Saami (Southern & Ume Saam
Page 114 and 115:
1987a), Estonian (Engstrand & Krull
Page 116 and 117:
Table 3-13. Reflexes of ON postvoca
Page 118 and 119:
and Tórshavn Faroese data were eli
Page 120 and 121:
ducing breathiness into the voice q
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Figure 4-3. An example of a sequenc
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4.2 Central Standard Swedish (CSw)
Page 126 and 127:
very large, since postaspiration wa
Page 128 and 129:
Several spectrographic examples of
Page 130 and 131:
The data indicate that there is lit
Page 132 and 133:
produced and in 9 cases there were
Page 134 and 135:
To examine effects of syllable stru
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preaspiration for lexically stresse
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durations exceeding 120 ms, preaspi
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mately 70 ms. Just before the stop
Page 142 and 143:
noise becomes audibly postalveolar
Page 144 and 145:
As regards nasal + fortis stop sequ
Page 146 and 147:
most of the remaining instances he
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(comparable to our taverna type) ha
Page 150 and 151:
The CSw data have shown that word-i
Page 152 and 153:
golf ‘golf,’ in which the utter
Page 154 and 155:
o Figure 4-35. Subj. GT: […tv]
Page 156 and 157:
word-initial lenis stop preceded by
Page 158 and 159:
(i.e., short mVOffT and long mVOT).
Page 160 and 161:
make it easier to refer to stops in
Page 162 and 163:
[mh] ‘food’ is used, and for fu
Page 164 and 165:
clear stop correlate, 26 (7%) had a
Page 166 and 167:
All subjects considered, for lenis
Page 168 and 169:
Figure 4-45(a) plots preaspiration
Page 170 and 171:
cluster and 2 instances with a kt c
Page 172 and 173:
4.3.2.5 Postaspiration duration Ins
Page 174 and 175:
closure gesture. As the escape chan
Page 176 and 177:
fricative constriction cannot be at
Page 178 and 179:
is glottal during the first 50 ms.
Page 180 and 181:
4.3.4 Summary and discussion As reg
Page 182 and 183:
from the preaspiration noise itself
Page 184 and 185:
Many instances of word-medial forti
Page 186 and 187:
In the Gräsö dialect, the sonoran
Page 188 and 189:
that the presence of a voiceless na
Page 190 and 191:
of this type as well. Remarkably, t
Page 192 and 193:
On the whole, the fortis vs. lenis
Page 194 and 195:
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60
Page 196 and 197:
Icelandic listeners, even though th
Page 198 and 199:
discussion of possible reasons for
Page 200 and 201:
Table 4-16. The findings of Indrið
Page 202 and 203:
these speakers will henceforth be r
Page 204 and 205:
lenes are often produced with a voi
Page 206 and 207:
Nasal + stop sequences in the Weste
Page 208 and 209:
inte ‘not’ without the final vo
Page 210 and 211:
ange for the remaining subjects is
Page 212 and 213:
For word-medial contexts data are a
Page 214 and 215:
instances may have preaspiration on
Page 216 and 217:
4.6 Summary and conclusions The sur
Page 218 and 219:
that the ON word-initial lenes have
Page 220 and 221:
dialect in the Åland archipelago.
Page 222 and 223:
clear that ON m, n + p, t, k sequen
Page 224 and 225:
gradual process rather than a leap
Page 226 and 227:
stops that we find in, for example,
Page 228 and 229:
oth found in V()C syllables, but ar
Page 230 and 231:
Some Icelandic linguists seem to ha
Page 232 and 233:
On a quite different note, Liberman
Page 234 and 235:
dialect. With this in mind, Hansson
Page 236 and 237:
(1997:114f), Iceland, the Faroes, J
Page 238 and 239:
observed phonological distribution
Page 240 and 241:
sense, preaspiration is linked more
Page 242 and 243:
higher degree of spectral tilt than
Page 244 and 245:
a failure to apply a process of per
Page 246 and 247:
similar to that in CSw today. Some
Page 248 and 249:
from t1 through t8, the productions
Page 250 and 251:
ation, voiceless nasality before fo
Page 252 and 253:
parameter such as VOT or F0, may th
Page 254 and 255:
identity and paralinguistic informa
Page 256 and 257:
—. 1974. “On the influence of N
Page 258 and 259:
Gillies, William. 1993. “Scottish
Page 260 and 261:
Johanson, Lars. 1998. “The histor
Page 262 and 263:
Lyttkens, Ivar Adolf & Fredrik Amad
Page 264 and 265:
—. 1995b. “Speaking rate, VOT a
Page 266 and 267:
Stölten, Katrin. 2002. Dialektalit
Page 269:
Department of Linguistics, Stockhol
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Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ...

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