Human-Computer Interaction and Presence in Virtual Reality

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 2 The designs for the patient and therapist UI are the products of the design method combined with the presence model. As such they are valuable in evaluating these research products as discussed in the previous paragraphs. Needless to say, they are also valuable since they are prescriptive of what user interfaces should look like for VRET applications. Furthermore, some aspects of these user interfaces are generalizable to other types of applications within the same class as VRET as well. For a few aspects, such as the locomotion technique for the patient, we might even expect that these will contribute to a golden standard for what a UI for VR technology should look like, similar to the WIMP interface for 2D graphical user interfaces. However, proving this generalizability falls beyond the scope of this dissertation and will only be looked into briefly. 2.4 Conclusions In this chapter we have discussed the research approach necessary to fulfill our research goal. Since the research goal entails the design of artifacts, we have stated that a design methodology is appropriate. The artifacts that need to be designed are: a design method, a model describing the relationship between the HCI and the effectiveness of VRET therapy using the concept of presence, and the designs of the user interfaces for our system that are a product of the former two artifacts. These artifacts will have to be built and will have to be evaluated. Building the design method and presence model will be described in chapter 3 and 4 respectively. The design of the user interfaces will proceed according to these products and will form the basis for evaluating them. In chapter 3, our TA method will be applied to the case of VRET. The evaluation of the designs resulting from this analysis and the presence model will be discussed in chapter 5 and 6. 16
3 Analysis As stated in the previous chapter our primary focus when creating a new design method specifically tailored for developing applications such as VRET is on the Task Analysis (TA) phase of the design process. According to most researchers, the TA is the basis for designing interactive systems. It is used not only for identifying usability problems but also forms the basis for future HCI designs. We will begin this chapter by taking a closer look at our application of choice: VRET. We will do this by reviewing the brief history of VRET. After this, we will look at existing TA methods and the extent to which they can be applied to applications such as VRET. Several adaptations will be proposed to improve the existing TA methods. By subsequently applying our adapted TA method to VRET, we can both demonstrate how the TA can be applied and evaluate its usefulness. For this, we will need to look at the possible sources of data concerning VRET and the techniques that can be used for gathering this data. Gathering and analyzing the data using our TA will result in a Task Model (TM) of the HCI in VRET and insight into the areas in which the HCI could be improved. 3.1 A Brief History of VR Exposure Therapy Phobias are a common mental disorder and can be divided into three main types (American Psychiatric Association, 1994): • Agoraphobia: The fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing. • Social phobia: The fear of situations in which the person is exposed to possible scrutiny by others and fears that he or she may do something or act in way that will be humiliating or embarrassing. • Specific phobia: The fear of a circumscribed stimulus (object or situation), such as the fear of heights or the fear of enclosed spaces. Researchers have already experimented with treatments of a wide variety of these phobias using VR. In the following paragraph we will review these experiments to gain insight into the current status of VR phobia treatment. 3.1.1 Fear of Heights The first studies concerning treatment of phobias using VR were conducted at the end of 1993 (Rothbaum et al., 1995) as a collaborative effort by computer scientists and therapists from three Atlanta universities: Georgia Tech, Clark Atlanta and Emory. The phobia selected was acrophobia: the fear of heights. Seventeen students, selected for their fear of heights, participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a wait-list control group. The treatment group had one pre-treatment session to learn how to work with the VR equipment. After this they participated in seven weekly 35- to 45-minute sessions during which they were exposed to three virtual height situations: an elevator, a series of bridges and a series of balconies. Anxiety, avoidance, distress, and negative attitude towards height decreased significantly for the treatment group but not for the wait-list group. Seven of the ten persons to complete the VR treatment exposed themselves to height 17
Page 1: Human-Computer Interaction and Pres
Page 4 and 5: Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd doo
Page 6 and 7: 3.3.3 State information............
Page 8 and 9: 7.1.2 Determining the patient's fea
Page 11 and 12: 1 Introduction Human Computer Inter
Page 13 and 14: Introduction do to other humans. In
Page 15 and 16: Introduction the patient can slowly
Page 17 and 18: 2 Research approach Computer scienc
Page 19 and 20: Research approach developer. Howeve
Page 21 and 22: Research approach Second, we can te
Page 23 and 24: Research approach directly, so they
Page 25: Research approach interface that do
Page 29 and 30: Analysis 3.1.3 Agoraphobia In an ex
Page 31 and 32: Analysis works (Benyon & Imaz, 1999
Page 33 and 34: Analysis actors. Besides this, Cont
Page 35 and 36: Analysis 1979; Habermas, 1981; Diet
Page 37 and 38: Analysis influence each other. To b
Page 39 and 40: Analysis 3.3.3 State information No
Page 41 and 42: Analysis Unfortunately, this will m
Page 43 and 44: Analysis Name system URL website Ph
Page 45 and 46: Analysis have assumed that stereosc
Page 47 and 48: Analysis several modalities of comm
Page 49 and 50: Therapist 1. Regulative: Look 2. Re
Page 51 and 52: Analysis 3.7, and since it provides
Page 53 and 54: Analysis 3.7.1 High-level goals At
Page 55 and 56: Goals Procedures Sound T.Controls T
Page 57 and 58: Analysis Figure 3.20 shows the deco
Page 59 and 60: Goals Procedures Sound HMD screens
Page 61 and 62: Analysis that the patient keeps loo
Page 63 and 64: Analysis aligned with virtual ones.
Page 65 and 66: 4 Presence The research described i
Page 67 and 68: Presence Witmer & Singer 1998). In
Page 69 and 70: Presence used to understand and pre
Page 71 and 72: Presence (Regenbrecht et al., 1998)
Page 73 and 74: Presence Sometimes these questionna
Page 75 and 76: Presence al., 1999a) state that the
Page 77 and 78:
Presence colleagues did find a marg
Page 79 and 80:
Presence The Igroup Presence Questi
Page 81 and 82:
Presence Presence Finding (se = Exp
Page 83 and 84:
Presence Interactivity Steuer defin
Page 85 and 86:
Presence (Slater & Usoh, 1993) use
Page 87 and 88:
Presence because the situations tha
Page 89:
Presence usability are focused on t
Page 92 and 93:
Chapter 5 locomotion technique suit
Page 94 and 95:
Chapter 5 a base transmitter that g
Page 96 and 97:
Chapter 5 3. Gaze-directed: This te
Page 98 and 99:
Chapter 5 content of labels distrib
Page 100 and 101:
Chapter 5 Measures Prior to the exp
Page 102 and 103:
Chapter 5 Unstandardized Coefficien
Page 104 and 105:
Chapter 5 phobia that often involve
Page 106 and 107:
Chapter 5 subjects were all diagnos
Page 108 and 109:
Chapter 5 VE does show a significan
Page 110 and 111:
Chapter 5 possible explanation coul
Page 112 and 113:
Chapter 5 Large drop Large drop A2
Page 114 and 115:
Chapter 5 5.5.2 Results Subjects Mi
Page 116 and 117:
Chapter 5 the SUD scores in the dif
Page 118 and 119:
Chapter 5 The third experiment clea
Page 121 and 122:
6 Therapist's user interface The UI
Page 123 and 124:
6.2.1 SUDs recording During therapy
Page 125 and 126:
Therapist’s user interface Figure
Page 127 and 128:
Therapist’s user interface The st
Page 129 and 130:
Therapist’s user interface The 2D
Page 131 and 132:
Therapist’s user interface Heartr
Page 133 and 134:
Therapist’s user interface • To
Page 135 and 136:
Therapist’s user interface elemen
Page 137 and 138:
7 Conclusions In this dissertation
Page 139 and 140:
7.1.2 Determining the patient's fea
Page 141 and 142:
Conclusions patient control allowed
Page 143 and 144:
Conclusions Guideline 5: A tool for
Page 145 and 146:
References Alcaniz , M. Banos , R.M
Page 147 and 148:
References Dietz, J.L.G., Widdersho
Page 149 and 150:
References Hodges, L., Rothbaum, B.
Page 151 and 152:
References Lombard, M., Ditton, T.(
Page 153 and 154:
References Reeves, B., Nass, C. (19
Page 155 and 156:
Slater, M. (1999). Measuring Presen
Page 157:
References van Welie, M. (2001) Tas
Page 160 and 161:
UED User Environment Design VE Virt
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix A Complaints and wishes 'F
Page 164 and 165:
Appendix A A.4 Experiment 3 Compute
Page 166 and 167:
Appendix A 3. Were you able to see
Page 168 and 169:
Appendix A 28. 'If you had to choos
Page 170 and 171:
Appendix B Element: Instruct patien
Page 172 and 173:
Appendix B Element: Inform patient
Page 174 and 175:
Appendix B Element: Listen for resp
Page 176 and 177:
De TA methode is getoetst door deze
Page 179:
Curriculum vitae Martijn Schuemie w
Page 182 and 183:
2000-1 Frank Niessink (VU) Perspect
Page 184 and 185:
2002-09 Willem-Jan van den Heuvel(K
show all

Human-Computer Interaction and Presence in Virtual Reality

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?