Human-Computer Interaction and Presence in Virtual Reality

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3.3.3 State information..................................................................................................... 29 3.3.4 Overview................................................................................................................. 29 3.4 Gathering data................................................................................................................. 30 3.4.1 HCI Data gathering techniques ............................................................................... 30 3.4.2 Data gathering in VRET.......................................................................................... 31 3.5 Current VRET practice .................................................................................................... 32 3.5.1 Current state-of-the-art............................................................................................ 32 3.5.2 Virtual Reality testbed............................................................................................. 34 3.5.3 Case: acrophobia treatment ..................................................................................... 35 3.5.4 Interpreting observations......................................................................................... 36 3.5.5 Identifying sequence ............................................................................................... 38 3.5.6 Conclusions............................................................................................................. 40 3.6 Current In Vivo therapy................................................................................................... 41 3.6.1 Current In Vivo practice.......................................................................................... 41 3.7 Task Model....................................................................................................................... 42 3.7.1 High-level goals ...................................................................................................... 43 3.7.2 Media ...................................................................................................................... 43 3.7.3 Task decomposition ................................................................................................ 44 3.7.4 Functional requirements.......................................................................................... 49 3.7.5 Informational requirements..................................................................................... 50 3.7.6 Usability problems in VRET................................................................................... 52 3.8 Conclusions...................................................................................................................... 53 4 PRESENCE....................................................................................................................... 55 4.1 On the nature of presence................................................................................................ 55 4.1.1 Definitions...............................................................................................................55 4.1.2 Theories................................................................................................................... 57 4.1.3 Conclusions on the nature of presence.................................................................... 59 4.2 Impact of presence........................................................................................................... 59 4.2.1 Subjective sensation................................................................................................ 59 4.2.2 Task performance.................................................................................................... 60 4.2.3 Responses and emotions ......................................................................................... 60 4.2.4 Simulator sickness................................................................................................... 61 4.2.5 Conclusions on results of presence ......................................................................... 62 4.3 Measuring presence......................................................................................................... 62 4.3.1 Subjective measures: Questionnaires ...................................................................... 62 4.3.2 Other subjective measures....................................................................................... 67 4.3.3 Objective measures: Behavioral.............................................................................. 67 4.3.4 Objective measures: Physiological.......................................................................... 68 4.3.5 Conclusions on measures ........................................................................................ 68 4.4 Causes of presence........................................................................................................... 69 4.4.1 VR characteristics ................................................................................................... 70 4.4.2 User characteristics ................................................................................................. 74 4.4.3 Conclusions on causes of presence ......................................................................... 75 4.5 The role of presence in VRET .......................................................................................... 76 4.6 HCI and the effectiveness of VRET.................................................................................. 77 4.6.1 The PGMC model ................................................................................................... 78 4.7 Conclusions...................................................................................................................... 79 vi
5 PATIENT'S USER INTERFACE ................................................................................... 81 5.1 Requirements ................................................................................................................... 81 5.2 Design options ................................................................................................................. 82 5.2.1 Input devices ........................................................................................................... 83 5.2.2 Output devices......................................................................................................... 84 5.2.3 Locomotion techniques ........................................................................................... 84 5.2.4 Locomotion in immersive VR................................................................................. 85 5.2.5 Evaluations.............................................................................................................. 86 5.2.6 Conclusions............................................................................................................. 88 5.3 Experiment 1: Patient vs. therapist control ..................................................................... 88 5.3.1 Method ....................................................................................................................89 5.3.2 Results..................................................................................................................... 91 5.3.3 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 92 5.4 Experiment 2: Patient vs. therapist control ..................................................................... 93 5.4.1 Method ....................................................................................................................94 5.4.2 Results..................................................................................................................... 96 5.4.3 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 99 5.5 Experiment 3: Patient Control....................................................................................... 100 5.5.1 Method .................................................................................................................. 100 5.5.2 Results................................................................................................................... 104 5.5.3 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 107 5.6 Discussion...................................................................................................................... 107 5.7 Conclusions.................................................................................................................... 108 6 THERAPIST'S USER INTERFACE............................................................................ 111 6.1 Requirements ................................................................................................................. 111 6.2 Design options ............................................................................................................... 111 6.2.1 SUDs recording..................................................................................................... 113 6.2.2 Free viewpoint....................................................................................................... 113 6.2.3 Automatic pilot ..................................................................................................... 114 6.2.4 Graphical controls................................................................................................. 115 6.3 Experiment 4: Exploratory evaluation........................................................................... 115 6.3.1 Method .................................................................................................................. 115 6.3.2 Results................................................................................................................... 116 6.3.3 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 116 6.4 Experiment 5: Patient vs. Therapist control .................................................................. 117 6.4.1 Method .................................................................................................................. 117 6.4.2 Results................................................................................................................... 118 6.4.3 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 121 6.5 Experiment 6: Free viewpoint........................................................................................ 122 6.5.1 Method .................................................................................................................. 122 6.5.2 Results................................................................................................................... 123 6.5.3 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 124 6.6 Discussion...................................................................................................................... 124 6.7 Conclusions.................................................................................................................... 125 7 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................. 127 7.1 Task Analysis method..................................................................................................... 127 7.1.1 Instructing the computer ....................................................................................... 127 vii
Page 1: Human-Computer Interaction and Pres
Page 4 and 5: Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd doo
Page 8 and 9: 7.1.2 Determining the patient's fea
Page 11 and 12: 1 Introduction Human Computer Inter
Page 13 and 14: Introduction do to other humans. In
Page 15 and 16: Introduction the patient can slowly
Page 17 and 18: 2 Research approach Computer scienc
Page 19 and 20: Research approach developer. Howeve
Page 21 and 22: Research approach Second, we can te
Page 23 and 24: Research approach directly, so they
Page 25 and 26: Research approach interface that do
Page 27 and 28: 3 Analysis As stated in the previou
Page 29 and 30: Analysis 3.1.3 Agoraphobia In an ex
Page 31 and 32: Analysis works (Benyon & Imaz, 1999
Page 33 and 34: Analysis actors. Besides this, Cont
Page 35 and 36: Analysis 1979; Habermas, 1981; Diet
Page 37 and 38: Analysis influence each other. To b
Page 39 and 40: Analysis 3.3.3 State information No
Page 41 and 42: Analysis Unfortunately, this will m
Page 43 and 44: Analysis Name system URL website Ph
Page 45 and 46: Analysis have assumed that stereosc
Page 47 and 48: Analysis several modalities of comm
Page 49 and 50: Therapist 1. Regulative: Look 2. Re
Page 51 and 52: Analysis 3.7, and since it provides
Page 53 and 54: Analysis 3.7.1 High-level goals At
Page 55 and 56: Goals Procedures Sound T.Controls T
Page 57 and 58:
Analysis Figure 3.20 shows the deco
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Goals Procedures Sound HMD screens
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Analysis that the patient keeps loo
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Analysis aligned with virtual ones.
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4 Presence The research described i
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Presence Witmer & Singer 1998). In
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Presence used to understand and pre
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Presence (Regenbrecht et al., 1998)
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Presence Sometimes these questionna
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Presence al., 1999a) state that the
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Presence colleagues did find a marg
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Presence The Igroup Presence Questi
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Presence Presence Finding (se = Exp
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Presence Interactivity Steuer defin
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Presence (Slater & Usoh, 1993) use
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Presence because the situations tha
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Presence usability are focused on t
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Chapter 5 locomotion technique suit
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Chapter 5 a base transmitter that g
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Chapter 5 3. Gaze-directed: This te
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Chapter 5 content of labels distrib
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Chapter 5 Measures Prior to the exp
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Chapter 5 Unstandardized Coefficien
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Chapter 5 phobia that often involve
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Chapter 5 subjects were all diagnos
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Chapter 5 VE does show a significan
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Chapter 5 possible explanation coul
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Chapter 5 Large drop Large drop A2
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Chapter 5 5.5.2 Results Subjects Mi
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Chapter 5 the SUD scores in the dif
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Chapter 5 The third experiment clea
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6 Therapist's user interface The UI
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6.2.1 SUDs recording During therapy
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Therapist’s user interface Figure
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Therapist’s user interface The st
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Therapist’s user interface The 2D
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Therapist’s user interface Heartr
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Therapist’s user interface • To
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Therapist’s user interface elemen
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7 Conclusions In this dissertation
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7.1.2 Determining the patient's fea
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Conclusions patient control allowed
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Conclusions Guideline 5: A tool for
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References Alcaniz , M. Banos , R.M
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References Dietz, J.L.G., Widdersho
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References Hodges, L., Rothbaum, B.
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References Lombard, M., Ditton, T.(
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References Reeves, B., Nass, C. (19
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Slater, M. (1999). Measuring Presen
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References van Welie, M. (2001) Tas
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UED User Environment Design VE Virt
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Appendix A Complaints and wishes 'F
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Appendix A A.4 Experiment 3 Compute
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Appendix A 3. Were you able to see
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Appendix A 28. 'If you had to choos
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Appendix B Element: Instruct patien
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Appendix B Element: Inform patient
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Appendix B Element: Listen for resp
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De TA methode is getoetst door deze
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Curriculum vitae Martijn Schuemie w
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2000-1 Frank Niessink (VU) Perspect
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2002-09 Willem-Jan van den Heuvel(K
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